Transportation Engineering
Pubic Works Directives
Kamal R Pande
Nepal Engineering College
Public Works Directives
The PWD are based upon a combination of
existing procedures and rules contained in
Government laws and regulations,
actual practices in Nepal,
selected procedures from donor guidelines and
international best practices.
Public Works Directives
The objective is to provide a set of
understandable,
effective,
efficient and
practical directives.
Public Works Directives
APPLICATION
The PWD are intended for use of Government's
agencies in the implementation of
central-level projects and district-level projects
carried out by the regional/divisional/district
offices
The PWD also incorporate procedures and
procurement documents for implementing small
projects and thus local bodies may benefit from
adopting many of the contents of the PWD.
Public Works Directives
Organizational Directives
Introduction
Roles Responsibilities
Planning
Implementation
Post-Implementation
Project Staff
Committees
Organization of Project
Coordination with other
agencies
Public Works Directives
Procedural Directives
Project Identification
Feasibility Studies
Environment Assessment
Social Assessment
Project Appraisal & Budget
Approval
Project Implementation Plan
Engineering Design
Pre-construction Activities
Public Works Directives
Procedural Directives
Procurement
Works
Goods
Construction of Works
Post-construction
Accounting and Inventory
Reporting Monitoring and
Inventory
Appointment of Consultants
Technical Audits
Simplified Procedures for small
projects
Requirement of Donor Assisted
Projects
Public Works Directives
Sector Procedures
Strategic Road Sector
Agriculture and Rural Road
Irrigation
Water Supply and
Sanitation
Energy
Urban and Buildings
Civil Aviation
Education
Earthquake Considerations
in Infrastructure
Public Works Directives
Sector Procedures
Guide to Environmental
Considerations
Performance Evaluation
Forms
Performance Evaluation of
Consultants and
Contractors
Standard Procurement
Documents
Pre-qualification
Procurement of Works
Large Contracts
Medium Contracts
Small contracts
Procurement of Goods
ICB
NCB
Sealed Quotation
Standard Procurement
Documents
RFP
Consulting Services Large
Assignment
Consulting Services Small
Assignment
Consultant Complex
Time-Based Assignment
Consultant
Large Lump-Sum
Small Time Based
Small Lump-Sum
Project Stages
Planning stage will include selection and preliminary project
preparatory activities.
Feasibility stage will include Desk Based Study, Environmental
and Social Assessment and initial technical studies.
Survey and Design stage will include all detailed survey and full
design activities
Tendering stage will include contract document preparation,
calling for tenders and award of contract.
Construction stage will include all field level activities to build
infrastructure
Maintenance stage will include activities associated to deliver
efficient and effective service delivery.
Planning: Key Activities
Initial description of project established
Project elaboration carried out
Joint Site Visit carried out
Preliminary Technical Ass. of alternatives carried
out
Geo-technical Field Assessment by Engg. Geologist
Consultation with concerned stakeholders carried
Out
Tentative cost calculated
Overall quality of report acceptable
Survey & Design: Key Activities
Field surveys and centreline fixing carried out
Detailed geotechnical and environmental study
completed
Design studies carried out as per guideline
Materials Investigation carried out
Land Acquisition Assessment carried out
Engineering Cost estimate prepared
Packaging of contract carried out
Tentative Cost Calculated
Bidding Document prepared
Feasibility Study
Feasibility Studies
Introduction;
It provides the basis for the approval of a project.
Central level and district level projects are approved by the NPC
and the concerned sectoral ministry.
Local body projects are approved by the NPC, MOLD and the
District Council.
It may be carried out by in-house staff or by consultants (decided
by the competent authority).
Central Level Projects
FAR requires feasibility study for all central level projects.
Feasibility to be checked for both technical and economic to
enable the ministry and NPC to appraise and approve.
Feasibility Studies
Central Level Projects
Technical feasibility: evaluation of alternatives, level of service,
development of preliminary designs and specifications,
identification of materials sources and estimates of construction,
operation and maintenance costs.
Financial feasibility: evaluation of project revenues and direct
costs in nominal (i.e. financial) terms.
Economic feasibility: evaluation of all project benefits and costs,
and analysis of the project’s return in economic terms.
Institutional sustainability: evaluation of the responsible agency
for operation and maintenance. Determine institutional
strengthening and training assistance that may require to ensure
the sustainability.
Feasibility Studies
District Level Projects; Feasibility study for a
district level project is normally limited to
definition of parameters such as ;
Project objective,
Influenced population,
Alternatives,
Cost estimate,
Funding requirements and
Proposed administrative arrangements.
An economic and financial evaluation is not required for
local body projects (as per LBFAR provisions)
Feasibility Studies
Environmental and Social Assessment;
Social and environmental assessments are also
required at the feasibility stage of a project.
may be conducted as separate components
depending on the complexity of the social and
environmental issues.
there must be close coordination between the
feasibility study and social/environmental teams to
ensure that any social/ environmental mitigation
actions are incorporated into design, implementation
plan, and cost estimates.
Steps in Feasibility Studies
Preparation of Terms of Reference for a Feasibility
Study (guideline)
Appointment of Feasibility Study Consultant
Development of Project Objectives and Scope (Use
of Logical Framework)
Goal
Purpose
Outputs
Inputs
Activities Narrative Summary Objectively Verifiable
Indicators (OVI)
Means of Verification (MOV)
Key Assumptions
Steps in Feasibility Studies
Data Collection;
shows need for mapping, field surveys, design standards, unit
costs, socio-economic data for estimating benefits and
impacts.
Guides to make use secondary and primary data.
Lists out the potential data required for FS
Steps in Feasibility Studies
Development of Project Works
Project concept shall be developed on the basis of the
data collected.
Alternative design shall be developed to a level that
allows their evaluation.
Stakeholder Participation
Guides to use process of consultation with project
stakeholders (users, project affected groups, local and
central bodies)
Steps in Feasibility Studies
Preliminary Engineering
Need for a preliminary engineering design to
establish the technical feasibility and initial cost
estimate of viable alternatives, and
Guideline for preparing such preliminary
engineering design.
Preliminary Cost Estimates
Guideline for preparing such preliminary cost
estimate (quantity, rates, currency)
Steps in Feasibility Studies
Economic and Financial Analyses
Guidelines for conducting the economic and
financial analysis,
Use of lifecycle costs, economic costs, shadow
pricing, net present value of costs and benefits,
EIRR, IRR, Cost Benefit ratio,
Use of sensitivity analysis
Steps in Feasibility Studies
Identification of Institutional and Training
Requirements
guidelines for assessing institutional and training
requirements (organization, staffing, fund,
knowledge and skill for operation and
maintenance)
Steps in Feasibility Studies
Proposed Implementation Modalities
Guidelines for Implementation modalities including
identification of the executing and implementing
agencies, formulation of the project management
organisation, powers, and responsibilities.
Proposed Funding Modalities
Guidelines to address the funding modalities for
GON and Donor assisted projects.
Assessment of Project Risks
Guidelines to assess the project risks (normally
identified in the logical framework analysis as “key
assumptions” and
Managing the risks through appropriate measures
Steps in Feasibility Studies
Initial Implementation Plan and Schedule
Guideline to prepare the initial
implementation plan and schedule in
consultation with the stakeholders.
Feasibility Report; Guide to prepare the
feasibility study report which should contain;
outputs of the feasibility analyses
Social and environmental assessments
Should provide all the information necessary
to fulfil the requirements of schedule 4
"Basis for and method of project approval"
relating to FAR Section 23(l).
Environmental Assessment
Environmental Assessment
Introduction; “Environment”’ defined as per the
EPAct, 2053 “the interaction and inter-relationship
among natural, cultural and social systems,
economic and human activities”.
Environment issues;
Biophysical environment like land, water,
atmosphere, organic/ inorganic matter, living
organisms and the interacting natural systems
(ecosystems).
Socio-economic and cultural environment that
affect the lives of people and communities.
Man-made environment such as buildings,
structures or other physical changes in the
biophysical environment made by people.
Environmental Assessment
Environmental Assessment; a systematic process by
which the effects of a proposed project or other
human action on the environment are evaluated,
Values and principles EA:
Sustainability:- the EA process will result in
environmental safeguards.
Integrity:- the EA process will conform to agreed
standards.
Utility:- the EA process will provide balanced,
credible information for decision making.
Environmental Assessment
Environmental Legislation and Guidelines
Environmental Protection Act and Rules
Guidelines; National EIA Guidelines, EIA
guidelines, for the forestry, industry,
hydropower sector, and Guidelines from
ADB and WB
Standards; Standards to promote
environmental management in Nepal like
vehicle emissions and pesticide residues.
Environmental Assessment
Stages in the Project Cycle Steps in the
Environmental Assessment Process
Project Identification and Pre-feasibility
Environmental Screening
Initial Environmental Assessment (IEE):
Environmental Scoping:
Prepare Terms of Reference for EIA Study.
Baseline Data Collection:
Predict Environmental Impacts:
Develop Mitigation Measures:
Public Consultation and Participation:
Environmental Assessment
Feasibility Studies
Prepare EIA Report
Project Appraisal and Approval
Review and Approve EIA Report
Project Implementation Plan and Engineering
Design
Prepare Environmental Action Plan (EMAP)
Construction of Works
Environmental Monitoring or EMAP compliance
monitoring.
Post-Construction Activities
Environmental Audit: after construction or after
2 years completion.
Environmental Assessment
Steps in the Environmental Assessment Process
Environmental Screening
Threshold Criteria
Project Type Criteria; EPR contains two schedules
either an IEE or EIA:
Schedule 1 require an IEE : for projects likely to
have significant but easily identifiable adverse
impacts and mitigation measures is available.
Schedule 2 require an full EIA : for projects likely
to have significant adverse impacts on the
environment. Also projects in sensitive Areas
Environmental Assessment
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)
Preparation and Approval of IEE Work
Schedule
Main Elements in IEE
IEE Report and Approval; required as
prescribed in Schedule 5 of the EPR.
Checklist of Environmental Parameters Used
in IEE
Table of Contents of IEE (Ref. EPR Schedule
5)
Environmental Assessment
Environmental Scoping; if the screening or the IEE
determine that a full EIA is required,
Method of Scoping
Agencies Responsible for Scoping
Prepare Terms of Reference (TOR)
Preparation and Approval of EIA Work Schedule
Suggested Format for TOR
Work Schedule of EIA Requiring Approval (Ref. EPR
Schedule 4)
Baseline Data Collection;
collection of background information on the proposed
project area.
Secondary or new information may be acquired
through field samplings,
Environmental Assessment
Example of Base Line Data
Geology Environmentally
Topography sensitive areas
Soils Land use
Groundwater resources Demography
Noise levels Socio-economic
Surface water resources Infrastructure services
Terrestrial communities Transport
(botanical and zoological) Cultural resources
Aquatic communities Project economics.
Environmental Assessment
Identify Environmental Impacts
Biophysical Impacts
Cultural Impacts
Health Impacts
Other Impacts
Hazards and Risk in EIA
Categories of Impacts; like direct, indirect
and/or cumulative,
Impact Identification Methods; like
Comprehensive, Selective, Comparative, and
Objective.
Environmental Assessment
Impact Prediction; based on baseline data in
quantitative or qualitative terms. Impact prediction
should consider:
Magnitude of Impact,
Extent of Impact,
Duration of Impact,
Develop Mitigation Measures
Consideration of Alternatives
Compensatory Measures
Corrective Measures
Preventive Measures
Implementation of Mitigation Measures
Environmental Assessment
Public Consultation and Participation;
Involvement of public is vital to the success of the
EIA and implementation of mitigation measures.
It improves
Improved understanding of the potential
impacts
Identification of alternative (sites, designs,
mitigation)
Clarification of values and trade-offs in different
alternatives.
Identification of issues and forum to resolve
them
Creation of accountability and a sense of local
ownership.
Environmental Assessment
Approaches to Stakeholder Involvement; through
Public Meetings, Advisory Panels, Public Information
Centre, Interviews, Questionnaires, and Participatory
Appraisal Techniques:
Develop Environmental Management Action Plan
(EMAP)
Identification of key environmental issues,
Proposal for corresponding environmental
mitigation measures,
Development of implementation, monitoring and
evaluation schedules for construction and operation,
Estimation of costs
Environmental Assessment
Prepare EIA Report; as prescribed in Schedule 6 of the
EPR
Name and address
Summary of the proposal :.
Summary of the report.
Particulars of the proposal :
Basic information relating to the proposal.
Identification of environmental impact :.
Analysis of the alternatives for the proposal :
Measures to reduce environmental impact :
Matters concerning environmental management
plans.
Review of policy and legal provisions.
Monitoring of the proposal/project.
Environmental Assessment
Format and relevancy of environmental examinations.
Reference materials.
List of Annexes:
(a) Maps
(b) Aerial photographs
(c) Questionnaires
(d) Charts and Photographs
(e) Hydrological and climatic data
(f) Data relating to flora and fauna
(g) Geological and risk evaluation data………….
……………….
Environmental Assessment
Approval of EIA Report
Concerned agency shall submit the draft EIA
Report to MOPE for review and approval.
MOPE shall make the draft EIA Report available
for review by the public.
If no substantial adverse impacts MOPE shall
approve the EIA Report.
If there are substantial impacts MOPE shall require
the concerned agency to incorporate appropriate
mitigation measures or it may recommend new
alternatives to be considered to achieve the
project objectives
Environmental Assessment
Environmental Monitoring
Ensure that impacts do not exceed the legal
standards.
Check implementation of mitigation measures in
the manner described in the EIA report.
Provide early warning of potential
environmental damages.
Principles of Monitoring
to generate meaningful information and
improve implementation of mitigation
measures,
Environmental Assessment
Types of Monitoring
Baseline Monitoring: Subsequent monitoring of
base line indicators to assess the changes over
time
Impact Monitoring: measured during the project
construction and operational phases in order to
detect environmental changes, that due to result
of project implementation.
Compliance Monitoring: Uses periodic sampling or
continuous recording of specific environmental
quality indicators or pollution levels to ensure
project compliance with recommended
environmental protection standards.
Environmental Assessment
Development of Monitoring Indicators
For each of the impacts and corresponding
mitigation measures
It should be obviously SMART
Institutional Aspect
Firm institutional commitment id required
EIA monitoring responsibility is given to
monitoring section within the planning
divisions of concerned ministries.
Costs involved in EIA monitoring should be
borne by the project or the
Executing/Implementing agency.
Environmental Assessment
Environmental Auditing: An audit assesses the
actual environmental impact, accuracy of
prediction, effectiveness of mitigation and
enhancement measures, and the functioning
of monitoring mechanisms.
Audit is usually immediately following
completion of construction or two years
after project completion.
Responsibility of audit lies with MOPE,
although the cooperation of the Executing
Agency/Implementing Agency will be
required.
Environmental Assessment
Types of Audit: in different phases of the EIA process:
Decision Point Audit: as a decision-making tool.
Implementation Audit: ensures implementation.
Performance Audit: examines the responses of project
management.
Project Impact Audit: examines env. changes arising
from project implementation.
Predictive Technique Audit: examines the accuracy of
predictive techniques by comparing actual against
predicted environmental effects.
EIA Procedures Audit: critically examines the methods
and approach adopted during the EIA study.
Social Assessment
Social Assessment
Introduction
Definition and Objectives of Social Assessment
Identify all major stakeholders.
Ensure that project objectives are appropriate for
intended beneficiaries (incl. gender & social
differences).
Identify adverse impacts and apply mitigation
measures.
Develop mechanisms to enable participation,
resolve conflict,
Social Assessment
Increase social inclusion.
Establish an appropriate framework for the
participation of key stakeholders in all the stages
including in M&E
Analyze the key social contributions of investment
projects based on empirical information.
Assess the social impact of investment projects,
including evaluation of the adequacy of
mechanisms for involving the poor and vulnerable
groups.
Social Assessment
Types of Project Where Social Assessment is Required;
Populations who have been disadvantaged or excluded from
development projects.
Large social and economic inequalities,
Post-conflict or acute social problems.
Large-scale plans (users’ committees in place of
contractors).
Anticipated adverse impacts upon indigenous people or
cultural heritage.
Involuntary resettlement.
Changes in existing patterns of behaviour, norms or values
is required.
Insufficient understanding of local needs and problems.
Criteria and mechanisms for targeting beneficiaries are
unclear.
Social Assessment
Social Assessment in the Project Cycle
SA should be an integral part of the project cycle
To be integral part of the project feasibility study, or as a
separate study in close coordination with the feasibility
study and environmental assessment.
Steps in Social Assessment
Initial Social Assessment
Create Socio-Economic Profile
Identify Client Population
Create Socio-Economic Profiles for Sub-Groups
Assess Needs of Client Population
Assess Demand of the Proposed Project
Assess Absorptive Capacity
Social Assessment
Steps in Social Assessment
Assess Gender Issues
Adverse Impacts on Vulnerable Groups
Identify Target Beneficiaries and Targeting
Mechanisms
Participatory Development Process
Formulate Implementation Modalities (Project
Delivery Mechanisms)
Involuntary Resettlement Planning
Framework for Monitoring and Evaluation of Project
Benefits
Social Assessment Reports
