MODULE:
ENEL3EB
11 October 2021
University of KwaZulu-Natal
School of Engineering
Name: Thembeka Madinane
Student number: 216013619
Contents
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................. 3
1. Introduction........................................................................................................................... 4
2. Circuit Design....................................................................................................................... 4
3. Current regulator..................................................................................................................4
4. Reset.................................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 1:...................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 2 Proteus circuit design schematic...................................................................................6
Figure 3:...................................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 5: Current regulator...........................................................................................................8
Figure 6 Multism simulation for metering.....................................................................................8
ABSTRACT
Energy meters, whether electromechanical or digital, provide a measurement of the number of
watts hours that have been consumed by the system. To encourage more efficient use of
electricity for an electrical appliance control system. This emphasises that from the perspectives
of both the customers and the electrical companies, it is necessary that certain basic quality
requirements are met by the electrical energy supplied for the electrical fan control system.
1. Introduction
The supplied voltage is the rated value of the equipments in operation. In most of the equipment
they give better overall monitoring and control over the system and enables better management
of the available power resources. They provide near real-time data to the utility companies. This
in turn makes it possible for the utilities to detect power outages and load fluctuations more
quickly and hence take necessary steps to restore the system. This allows the utility companies
to have sufficient data to implement tariff rates based on time-of-use. If the energy meter data is
available to the consumers through the system GIU, it will enable them to continuously monitor
their energy consumption. From the consumers’ perspective, smart meter will put an end to the
practice of estimated billing by the utility companies. The consumers will also know for sure that
there are no abnomalies in the number of units of energy they are paying for and the number of
units of energy they have actually consumed.
2. Circuit Design
The design constructed in this report is an energy metering through an ATmega32
microcontroller with following specifications. In circuit diagram, you can see there are three
blocks named as voltmeter, Ammeter and Power factor meter. In this article, I am not able to
enlighten those blocks due to their lengthy explanations. So, before you start reading this article,
I will advice you to first read the articles which I linked below. The Power output displayed on
LCD will be a product of a constant DC voltage and DC current. It uses a rectifier circuirt to
convert any AC current
3. Current regulator
As the system uses constant voltage of 230 volts , The metering then use current regulator to
regulate the current output. simplified schematic for a current regulator is shown below on
figure 1.A transistor and a Zener diode, together with necessary resistors, are used because
that the Zener diode provides a constant reference voltage... When the circuit functions
properly, the current reading of the ammeter remains constant. In this case the variable resistor
(RV) compensates for changes in the load or dc input voltage.
Figure1
The system energy meter comprises of 220/12 volt transformer to step down the voltage then a
rectifier. A capacitor 47uf will remove the ripples of DC voltage. After that a voltage regulator
LM7805 is present which will hold the output voltage constant. There is a LCD present after the
from the ATMEGA32 microcontroller will display power measured.
P = V x I (P – Power/ Energy, V – Reference voltage, I – current).
We have calculated the Voltage and Current as well. So we can easily measure the power
through multiplying these two parameters. But the main goal of the energy meter is not to find
the power but to find units consumed.
We know:
1unit=1000Wh
So to calculate the unit consumed we have to multiply the power with time. Whole
measurements of voltage, current, power, power factor is done in 3.3 seconds. So, if we multiply
the power with 3.3 seconds then we can get the unit consumed.
Control circuit in Energy Metering is for controlling the supply of the consumer from the control
center. The control circuit enables the control engineer present in the control center to
disconnect or connect the supply of a specific consumer. For the controlling purpose.
Figure 1:
The resistor present here is to limit the current or more precisely it is for the safety of
microcontroller. The transistor is for the amplification of the voltage and diode is to stop the
inductor of the relay to give back emf. In normally open condition the circuit will be complete and
load will get the supply but when someone wants to disconnect the load then a command will
send to the microcontroller which will give high command to the PIND.2. After this the relay will
operate and load will be disconnected. Its coding is as follows: For its coding receive interrupt
will be used. When someone sends the “off” string, the load will be disconnected and when
someone will send “on” string, the load will be connected.
4. Reset
ATmega8 is active low pin which means the pin will become active when it gets a zero or low
signal. Reset Circuit Consists of 10k ohm pull up resistor. A pull-up resistor pulls that pin to high
state until it gets another path of low resistance to complete its circuit. PINC.6 is the reset pin of
ATmega8 which will get a high signal continuously until someone will press the push button
present in the circuit. When the push button will be pressed PINC.6 will get a path of low
resistance to the ground and in this way it will get a low value and reset the microcontroller to
the initial state
Figure 2 Proteus circuit design schematic
Figure 3:
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Figure 4: Current regulator
Figure 5 Multism simulation for metering
