Name: Hassan Ahmed Khan Roll No: 201907008 Section: 6th Semester

Q1) List the layers of the Internet model.

 Physical Layer
 Data Link Layer
 Network Layer
 Transport Layer
 Application layer

Q2) Which layers in the Internet model are the network support layers?

 Physical Layer
 Data Link
 Network layer

Q3) Which layer in the Internet model is the user support layer?

An application layer in the Internet model is the user support layer an abstraction layer that
specifies the shared communications protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a
communications network. An application layer abstraction is specified in both the Internet
Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and the OSI model.

Q4) What is the difference between network layer delivery and transport layer delivery?

Transport layer is responsible for process (source) - to - process (destination) delivery of entire
message, whereas network layer oversees host (source) - to - host (destination) delivery of
individual packets across multiple links.

Q5) What is a peer-to-peer process?

The processes at each machine that communicate at a given layer. Physical Layer has a direct
link between 2 devices, while other layers have to pass the information down to the lower layers
on the sender device by adding extra bits at each layer, and the receiver device unwraps the
message at each layer moving upwards till it finally reaches the corresponding communicating
layer.

Q6) How does information get passed from one layer to the next in the Internet model?

At the physical layer, communication is direct between devices. At the higher layers, however,
communication must move down through the layers on sending device, over to receiving device,
and then back up through the layers. Each layer in the sending device adds its own information
to the message it receives from the layer just above it and passes the whole package to the layer
just below it. At layer I the entire package is converted to a form that can be transmitted to the
receiving device. At the receiving machine, the message is unwrapped layer by layer, with each
process receiving and removing the data meant for it.

Q7) What are headers and trailers, and how do they get added and removed?

Additional information wrapped with the data unit at each layer. Usually, a trailer is added at
data link layer. Header and trailer contain information such as source/destination address,

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control bits, error correction bits etc. These extra bits are added at the layer at sender's side,
and removed at the corresponding layer at receiver's side. 

Q8) What are the concerns of the physical layer in the Internet model?

The physical layer is concerned with actual transfer of data bits across a transmission medium
between 2 devices. The physical layer coordinates the functions required to carry a bit stream
over a physical medium. It deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of the
interface and transmission medium. It also defines the procedures and functions that physical
devices and interfaces have to perform for transmission to occur. Physical characteristics of
interfaces and medium, Representation of bits, data rate, synchronization of bits, line
configuration, physical topology, transmission mode.

Q9) What are the responsibilities of the data link layer in the Internet model?

Transforms physical layer to reliable link, framing, physical addressing, flow, error and access
control.

Q10) What are the responsibilities of the network layer in the Internet model?

Source to destination delivery of packet across multiple links, logical addressing, routing.

Q11) What are the responsibilities of the transport layer in the Internet model?

Process - to - process delivery of entire message, service point addressing, segmentation and
reassembly, connection, flow and error control.

Q12) What is the difference between a port address, a logical address, and a physical address?

Port address - transport layer, logical address - network layer, physical address - data link and
physical layer.

Port address is the address of a process on a host.

A logical address (IP) in the Internet is currently a 32-bit address that can uniquely define a host
connected to the Internet. 

Physical address is address of node as defined by it's LAN or WAN. 

Q13) Name some services provided by the application layer in the Internet model.

The application layer enables the user, whether human or software, to access the network. It
provides user interfaces and support for services such as electronic mail, remote file access and
transfer, shared database management, and other types of distributed information services.
Network virtual terminal, file transfer, access and management, mail services, directory services.

Q14) How do the layers of the Internet model correlate to the layers of the OSI model?

The TCPIIP protocol suite was developed prior to the OSI model. Therefore, the layers in the
TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP protocol
suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-network, internet, transport, and application.
However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the host-to-network layer is

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equivalent to the combination of the physical and data link layers. The internet layer is
equivalent to the network layer, and the application layer is roughly doing the job of the session,
presentation, and application layers with the transport layer in TCP/IP taking care of part of the
duties of the session layer. So in this book, we assume that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of
five layers: physical, data link, network, transport, and application. The first four layers provide
physical standards, network interfaces, internetworking, and transport functions that
correspond to the first four layers of the OSI model. The three topmost layers in the OSI model,
however, are represented in TCP/IP by a single layer called the application layer.

Q15) How are OSI and ISO related to each other?

ISO is the organization (International Standards Organization), and OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection) is its model.

Q16) In Figure A, computer A sends a message to computer D via LANl, router Rl, and LAN2.
Show the contents of the packets and frames at the network and data link layer for each hop
interface.

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