Define
PV: is the resistance to the flow of a fluid. It is caused by the mechanical
friction within the drilling mud due to interaction between solids and solids,
the liquids and the deformation of liquid which is under shear stress. ( ө600-
ө300)
Yp: the point at which a material can no longer deform elastically (ө300-PV)
Gel Strength: The shear stress measured at low shear rate after a mud has set
quiescently for a period of time (10 seconds and 10 minutes in the standard
API procedure
What is PHPA, what is used for, what are the limitations for it and why it is
limitation?
Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide (is a high molecular weight anionic
polymer which has multiple applications and benefits.)
A class of water muds that use partially-hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA)
as a functional additive,
Used primarily for shale stabilization
Shale stabilization is achieved through encapsulation, through viscosifying the
water phase, and by the polymer adsorbing free water.
Encapsulation - is the process by which PHPA wraps around the clay
platelets, preventing water from entering the interlayer structure of the clays.
By viscosifying the water phase, fluid movement into the interlayer structure
of the clay is slowed.
Limitations: Ca+2 should be less than 300
Why it is limitation: PHPA is not compatible with divalent content in water as
polyacrylamide is formula is (-CH2CHCONH2-) calcium will react with the
polymer and substitute the NH2 group.
What are the types of shale inhibitor, explain the mechanism of each?
Shale inhibition types: Chemically ( KCl), Asphaltic material ( Soltex and
Gilsonite) , PHPA ( Encapsulator)
Clay grabber: Synthetic polymeric flocculant and clay encapsulater
ID Cap: Dry acrylic acid co polymer, cutting encapsulation & clay dispersion
inhibition
Clay sync: Polymer, Adheres to the surface of the reactive clays and reduce
dispersion and hydration
KLA Stop: it acts as clay hydration suppressant and reducing the space
between clay platelets so that water molecule will not penetrate and cause
shale swelling
Max Shield: works as borehole sealant
Soltex: Asphaltic material that enters pores of shale and prevent it from
swelling via sulphonation process
Baracat: shale stabilizer is a positively charged polymer that absorbs to
opposite negative charge sites on shales and clays, neutralizing the charge
imbalance. The net result reduces the water demand and hydration rates of
reactive formations which helps stabilize cuttings and the well-bore
PHPA: mentioned above ( mechanism: shale has positive charges on the edges
so phpa react with the edges with the negative charge phpa has preventing
water from reacting with shale and a thick filter cake is made that decrease
the depth of filtrate invasion and decrease the chances of swelling)
What is the difference between Soltex and Liquid Gilsonite
Liquid Gilsonite: Liquid that make thin isolation layer between fluid and
shale which prevent the interaction between them
Soltex: Powder which plug all the micro fractures present in shale and
prevent water from interact with shale
Explain the cloud point?
The temperature at which a solution of a surfactant or glycol starts to form
micelles (molecular agglomerates), thus becoming cloudy. This behavior is
characteristic of nonionic surfactants, which are often soluble at low
temperatures but "cloud out" at some point as the temperature is raised.
What are the types of fluid loss reducers?
Natural starch can be used up to 180 degree f ( potato starch)
Modified starch can be used to 300 degree f ( PACs, CMC)
PhPA
What are the bridging materials:
Solids added to a drilling fluid to bridge across the pore throat or fractures of
an exposed rock thereby building a filter cake to prevent loss of whole mud or
excessive filtrate.
How can you determine the convenient size of bridging material?
Depend on whether we have MWD, LWD or DD tools or not, if we have then
medium to fine size is to be used
In surface sections we usually use combination of all sizes to help also in
preventing lost circulation
What is special about graphite material and why it is used in high over
balance wells?
It for thin layer over formation and plug the voids in filter cake which
decrease the fluid loss and increase the lubricity of the hole
This is why we use it in over balance drilling because of that isolating layer
that isolate the formation from the interaction with the high drilling fluid
weight
What are the characteristics of good filter cake?
It should be thin and strong filter cake and to achieve that we should control
the fluid loss, maintain suitable amount of bridging material to strength the
filter cake.
What is formation damage and how can we prevent it?
formation damage is defined as the impairment to reservoir (reduced
production) caused by wellbore fluids used during drilling/completion and
workover operations. ... Typically, any unintended impedance to the flow
of fluids into or out of a wellbore is referred to as formation damage… and to
prevent it we have to use only reservoir friendly chemicals like acid soluble
bridging materials
What is the mechanism of stuck pills free of stuck?
Filter cake degradation and increase lubricity of drill string to assist in
jarring
