1/18/2020

ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT
Embryology - study of development of the Embryo

5 major stages..
1. Gametogenesis - gamete production
2. Fertilization - gamete --> zygote
3. Cleavage - Zygote --> Blastula
4. Gastrulation - Blastula --> Gastrula
5. Organogenesis - Organ Formation
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

FERTILIZATION
FERTILIZATION
1. Sperm attaches the jelly coat of the egg
Acrosome cap -contains digestive enzymes that  2. Sperm reach vitelline envelope
eat away at jelly layer Vitelline layer-species-specific boundary involved in
sperm-egg recognition
• ensure other species cannot fertilize the egg

FERTILIZATION
 3. Sperm /egg plasma
membrane fuse

Sperm nucleus enters the

egg

Fertilization occurs-sperm
nucleus and egg nucleus
form a 2N zygote

1
 1/18/2020

CLEAVAGE BLASTULA
 continues divisions to form a ball of 32 cells called
• Cleavage-rapid succession of cell division • the morula.
doubling with each division each cell smaller  The morula continues divisions to form the hollow
than zygote blastula with up to several hundred cells.
 The cavity of the blastula is the blastocoel– fluid
•The produced cells named blastomeres. filled cavity forms at the center of embryo

 During this stage the size of the embryo does not

change, the blastomeres become smaller with
each division

Vegetal Hemisphere -the lower, yolky portion of the egg;

opposite the animal hemisphere.

CLEAVAGE OF A FROG

GASTRULATION

GASTRULATION (literal meaning - to form a

Starfish development, unfertilized stomach) is a complex series of cell movements
egg. 2 blastomeres. 4 blastomeres.

Blastula (hollow ball of cells) transformed into the

Gastrula (three layered stage)

Starfish development,
16 blastomeres. 32 blastomeres. nonmotile

morula blastula.

2
 1/18/2020

GASTRULATION GASTRULATION
1. rearranges cells, giving them new neighbors 1. Gastrulation begins- Blastopore formed
(and thus potentially new signals from other Blastopore - midway opening on one side
cells and the environment)
of the blastula
• Site of cell migration from the surface
2. results in the formation of 3 GERM LAYERS into the interior
that will form the subsequent embryo:
ECTODERM, ENDODERM, and MESODERM
• Future site of anus (Deuterostome) or
mouth (Protostome)

GASTRULATION
2. Cell migrating to
form layers
• Archenteron –
An echinoderm gastrula.
primitive gut
formed (endoderm) A - ectoderm;
B - blastocoel;
C - archenteron;
• The open end of the D - endoderm;
archenteron is E - blastopore.
called the
blastopore

GASTRULATION ORGANOGENESIS
[Link] complete - Gastrula formed:  Organogenesis is the formation of the organs
• Endoderm and archenteron -replace the  The layers are germ layers; they have specific
blastocoel fates in the developing embryo:
• Mesoderm - forms a layer between the ectoderm  Endoderm: The innermost lining of digestive
and endoderm tract, liver, pancreas, lungs
• Ectoderm- forms the outer layer except for a
cluster of endodermal cells (yolk plug)  Mesoderm:The middle layer. Goes on to form
• Yolk plug- (endoderm) marks the site of the the blood and muscles, skeleton, gonads,
blastopore and of the future anus excretory system, circulatory system.

 Ectoderm :The outermost. Goes on to form the skin

and nervous system

3
 1/18/2020

DEVELOPMENT OF EGG CELLS

4 stages of embryonic
development

[Link] (Mitosis and

cytokinesis of thezygote, )

[Link] (organize
themselves in layers and
masses)

[Link]

[Link]