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Transient Stability Analysis of 3-Machine, 7-Bus System Using ETAP

Article  in  International Journal of Sciences · January 2019

DOI: 10.18483/ijSci.2105

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 Transient Stability Analysis of 3-Machine,
7-Bus System Using ETAP
Aung Zaw Latt1
1
Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Technological University (Maubin), Maubin, Myanmar

Abstract: Nowadays, electrical power systems are advancing through continuing development in interconnection,
practically through the use of new technology and controls. Therefore, the study of power system stability has been
known as an important and challenging problem for secure power system operation. Generally, power system
stability is classified into steady state, transient and dynamic stability. The analysis of transient stability is one of the
important items in the planning and maintaining for security power system operation. The transient stability is
defined as the ability of the power system to keep up synchronism when subjected to a severe disturbance. In this
paper, the transient stability analysis of 3-machine, 7-bus system has been performed on electrical transient analyzer
program (ETAP) and investigated the determination of whether or not synchronism is maintained when occurred a
three phase fault on a transmission line. In addition, this paper described the improvement of the transient stability
performance by using power system stabilizer (PSS), it was built-in with a specific generator. This PSS is
accomplished by exciter control to provide better response to the system modes of oscillations.
Keywords: Transient Stability, Three Phase Fault, PSS, Exciter, ETAP

1. Introduction to the currents induced by the rotor speed deviations.

The stability of a system defines as the ability of a Therefore, an additional stabilizing signal was needed
system to return back to its steady state when system and the power system stabilizer (PSS) via excitation
occur a disturbance. Electrical power is generated by control was developed with this intend. In this paper,
synchronous generators that operate in synchronism the transient stability analysis of 3-machine, 7-bus
with the rest of the system or with a bus when both of system has been performed on ETAP. ETAP is the
them have same frequency, phase sequence and most inclusive analysis software for the simulation,
voltage. Generally, power system stability is design, operation and automation of generation,
categorized into steady state, transient and dynamic distribution, and industrial power system. ETAP is
stability. Compare to the steady state, the transient developed under an established quality
stability have to be given more attention since its
assurance program and is use worldwide as high
influence greatly on the power system. Transient
impact software. The objective of this paper is to
stability studies are needed to ensure that the system
observe the system can withstand the transient
can withstand the transient condition following a
condition after the system has been subjected to sever
major disturbance such as sudden application of load
a three phase fault on a transmission line.
or sudden load changing, loss of generation, and fault
Furthermore, this paper present the application of
on the system. Occurrence of disturbances may lead
PSS accomplished by excitation control can provide
to instability in a system or the machine fall out of
transient stability improvement of the system.
synchronism and it will no longer working at
synchronous speed. This will lead to power, voltage 2. Study of Transient Stability
and current to oscillate drastically. It can cause a In this paper, transient stability analysis is mainly
reduction of the system components lifetime, concerned with the immediate effects of a
expensive operations of the electrical grids and in the transmission line three phase fault disturbance on
worst case, risks of partial system collapses. On the generator synchronism. Fig. 1 illustrates the typical
other hand, in the synchronous generator, the behavior of a generator in response to a fault
damping that the field and damper windings provide condition. Starting from the initial operating
to the rotor oscillations is weakened due to excitation condition at point 1, a close-in transmission fault
control system action. The reason for this is that in causes the generator electrical output power Pe to be
the rotor circuits appear additional currents induced drastically reduced. The resultant difference between
by the voltage regulation and those currents oppose electrical power and the mechanical turbine power

This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. Publication rights with Alkhaer Publications.
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DOI: 10.18483/ijSci.2105; Online ISSN: 2305-3925; Print ISSN: 2410-4477

 Aung Zaw Latt (Correspondence)

 +
Transient Stability Analysis of 3-Machine, 7-Bus System Using ETAP

causes the generator rotor to accelerate with respect phase characteristics of the excitation system, the
to the system, increasing the power angle at point 2. generator, and the power system, which collectively
When the fault is cleared, the electrical power is determine the transfer function from the stabilizer
restored to a level corresponding to the appropriate output to the component of electrical torque, which
point on the power angle curve at point 3. Clearing can be modulated via excitation control. In this study,
the fault necessarily eliminates one or more IEEE PSS1A simplified version power system
transmission elements from service and at least stabilizer and IEEE Type 1 exciter are applied to
momentarily weakens the transmission system. After extend stability limits by modulating generator
clearing the fault, the electrical power output of the excitation to provide damping to the oscillation of a
generator becomes larger than the mechanical power. synchronous machine rotor. Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show
This causes the unit to decelerate at point 4, reducing IEEE PSS1A simplified version power system
the momentum the rotor gained during the fault. If stabilizer and IEEE Type 1 exciter.
there is enough retarding torque after fault clearing to
make up for the acceleration during the fault, the VSI 1 KS
sT5 1
generator will be transient state stable on the first 1 + sT6 1+ sT5 1+A1s+A2s2
swing and will move back toward its operating point.
The power angle will continue to increase until VSIMAX SI
1+ sT1 1+ sT3
synchronism with the power system is lost if the 1+ sT2 VST
Vs
1+ sT4
retarding torque is insufficient. VSIMIN

VT
OPEN SI RESET TIME DELAY
COMPARATOR
IF VT < VTMIN TCR
VTMIN

Discontinuous Excitation Controller

Fig. 2 IEEE PSS1A simplified version power system stabilizer

SE = f (Efd)
Vref

+ VRmax
-
Vt 1 - KA 1
Efd
1 + sTR 1 + sTA + KE + sTE
- VRmin

Fig. 1 Transient stability illustration sKF

1 + sTF

2.1 Transient stability enhancement

A number of enhancements can be made to improve Fig. 3 IEEE Type 1 Exciter
the system stability, it depend on the causes of
instability problems in a particular system. Typical 2.1.2 Description of generator excitation control
system
enhancements include: (a) application of power
Power system stabilizer (PSS) is an ability of an
system stabilizer (PSS), (b) improve configuration
electric power system, for a given initial condition, a
and system design, (c) increase synchronizing power,
star operating equilibrium after being subjected to a
(d ) design and selection of rotating equipment – use
physical disturbance, with most system variable,
induction motors, increase moment of inertia, reduce
bounded so that practically the entire system remain
transient reactance, improve voltage regulator and
exciter characteristics, (e) add system protection – intact. PSS is used to generator control which is used
in feedback to enhance the damping of rotor
fast fault clearance, system separation, etc and (f)
oscillation caused due to small signal disturbance.
add load shedding scheme. In this paper, PSS
accomplished by excitation control is applied to This disturbance may be caused by the even small
change in the reference voltage of the automatic
provide transient stability improvement of the
voltage regulator which results in ever increasing
system.
rotor oscillation; this is achieved by modulating the
2.1.1 Power system stabilizer (PSS) and Exciter exciter, so as to develop components of electric
The PSS installation has been widely used in the torque in phase with rotor speed derivation. PSS thus
power industry to improve the system damping. To contributes to the enhancement of small signal
provide damping, the PSS must produce a component stability of power system. Fig. 4 show system block
of electrical torque on the rotor that is in phase with diagram of PSS and exciter.
speed variations. The implementation facts vary,
depending upon the stabilizer input signal utilized.
However, for any input signal, the transfer function
of the stabilizer must compensate for the gain and

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Transient Stability Analysis of 3-Machine, 7-Bus System Using ETAP

Generator Voltage system model in ETAP. It consists of 7 buses,

3generators, 3 transformers, 4 loads and 5
transmission lines are connected in between the
buses. Bus 1 is swing bus, buses 2, 3 are voltage
AVR EXCITER GENERATOR
controlled bus and buses 5, 6, 7 are load bus.
Although this system model is a relatively small and
simple power system network, this system works will
PSS assist utility engineers in the planning and
maintaining security of power system operation,
further aiding students’ learning process. The input
Fig. 4 Block diagram of generator excitation control system parameters of generators, loads, transmission lines,
IEEE PSS1A and IEEE Type 1 exciter are given
3. System Implementation, Test and Result below in the following Table 1 to 7. The comparison
3.1 Description of 3-machine, 7-bus test model results of the system parameters can be seen quickly
Fig. 5 shows simulation test of 3- machine, 7-bus in simulation plots by using ETAP software.

Fig. 5 Simulation test of 3-machine, 7-bus model in ETAP

TABLE 1: Synchronous generator parameters

Machine Rating Positive Sequence Impedance(%) Zero

Seq. Z(%)

ID Model MVA kV Ra Xd’’ Xd’ Xd Xq’’ Xq’ Xq X/R R0 X0

Gen 1 Subtransient, round-rotor 117.647 22 1.00 19.00 28.00 155.00 19.00 65.00 155.00 7.00 1.00 7.00
Gen 2 Subtransient, round-rotor 117.647 22 1.00 19.00 28.00 155.00 19.00 65.00 155.00 7.00 1.00 7.00
Gen 3 Subtransient, round-rotor 117.647 22 1.00 19.00 28.00 155.00 19.00 65.00 155.00 7.00 1.00 7.00

TABLE 2: Synchronous generator’s dynamic parameters

Machine Connected Bus Time Constants (Sec) H(Sec.), D(MWpu/Hz)& Saturation

Grounding

ID ID Tdo’’ Tdo’ Tqo’’ Tqo’ H %D S100 S120 Sbreak Conn Type

Gen 1 Bus 1 0.035 6.5 0.035 1.25 39.00 0 1.070 1.18 0.8 Wye Solid
Gen 2 Bus 2 0.035 6.5 0.035 1.25 39.00 0 1.070 1.18 0.8 Wye Solid
Gen 3 Bus 3 0.035 6.5 0.035 1.25 39.00 0 1.070 1.18 0.8 Wye Solid

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 Transient Stability Analysis of 3-Machine, 7-Bus System Using ETAP

TABLE 3: Synchronous generator’s mechanical parameters

Machine Generator / Motor Coupling Prime Mover/Load Equivalent

Total

ID Type RPM WR2 H RPM WR2 H WR2 H RPM WR2 H

Gen 1 Gen. 1500 123904 13 1500 123904 13 123904 13 1500 371712 39

Gen 2 Gen. 1500 123904 13 1500 123904 13 123904 13 1500 371712 39
Gen 3 Gen. 1500 123904 13 1500 123904 13 123904 13 1500 371712 39

TABLE 4: Power System Stabilizer input data (IEEE PSS1A)

Generator ID VSI KS VSTMax VSTMin VTMin TDR A1 A2 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Gen 1 Speed 3.15 0.9 -0.9 1500 0.2 0 0 0.76 0.1 0.76 0.1 1 0.1
Gen 2 Speed 3.15 0.9 -0.9 1500 0.2 0 0 0.76 0.1 0.76 0.1 1 0.1
Gen 3 Speed 3.15 0.9 -0.9 1500 0.2 0 0 0.76 0.1 0.76 0.1 1 0.1

TABLE 5: Exciter input data (IEEE Type 1)

Generator ID Control Bus ID KA KE KF TR TA TE TF VRmax VRmin SEmax SE.75 Efdmax

Gen 1 Bus 1 250 1 0.06 0.005 0.03 1.25 1 17.5 -15.5 1.65 1.13 6.6
Gen 2 Bus 2 250 1 0.06 0.005 0.03 1.25 1 17.5 -15.5 1.65 1.13 6.6
Gen 3 Bus 3 250 1 0.06 0.005 0.03 1.25 1 17.5 -15.5 1.65 1.13 6.6

TABLE 6: Transmission line input data

Line ID Length (Adj meter) R1 X1 Y1

Line 1 2000 16.94 108.9 0.0000134

Line 2 2000 12.1 50.82 0.0000093
Line 3 1000 12.584 84 0.0000070
Line 4 1000 13.552 60.5 0.0000072

Line 5 3000 19.36 104.06 0.0000114

TABLE 7: Load input data

Load ID Connected bus MW Mvar

Lump 1 Bus 5 50 25

Lump 2 Bus 7 100 25

Lump 3 Bus 6 50 33
Lump 4 Bus 4 100 40

3.2 Simulation Test and Result

In this paper, the transient stability performance of 3-
The system frequency is 50 Hz. The 3- phase fault is
machine, 7-bus system is studied by using ETAP
created on line 1 at time 1sec. The fault is cleared
software. Firstly, Newton-Raphson method is applied
after time 1.4 sec by circuit breakers CB1 and CB2.
to analyze initial load flow solution. The maximum
The comparison of various transient stability
number of iteration possible is 99, the solution
performances plots without PSS1A via Type 1 exciter
precision for the initial load flow is 0.0001, and the
and with PSS1A via Type 1 exciter are shown in Fig.
acceleration factor for the initial load
6 to Fig. 10. The transient stability performance of
flow is 0. The time increment for integration steps
the system is enhanced by applying IEEE PSS1A
(∆t) is 0.001 and the time increment for plots is 20
power system stabilizers and IEEE Type 1 exciter.
times ∆t.

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Transient Stability Analysis of 3-Machine, 7-Bus System Using ETAP

(a) (b)
Fig. 6 Electrical power of generators vs time (a) without, and (b) with PSS1A and Type 1 Exciter

(a) (b)
Fig. 7 Terminal current of generators vs time (a) without, and (b) with PSS1A and Type 1 Exciter

(a) (b)
Fig. 8 Generator speed vs time (a) without, and (b) with PSS1A and Type 1 Exciter

(a) (b)
Fig. 9 Generator relative power angle vs time (a) without, and (b) with PSS1A and Type1 Excitee

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 Transient Stability Analysis of 3-Machine, 7-Bus System Using ETAP

(a) (b)
Fig. 10 Bus voltage vs time (a) without, and (b) with PSS1A and Type 1 Exciter

4. Conclusion auxiliary stabilizing signals to control the excitation

In this paper, transient stability analysis of 3- system so as to improve power system transient
machine, 7-bus system has been carried out on ETAP stability performance; this is very effective method of
software. In this study, 3- phase fault is created on enhancing transient stability performance.
transmission line 1 and the fault is cleared by circuit
breakers CB1 and CB2 with the help of transient References
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1994.
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transient stability performance of the system. The Transient Stability- Events & Actions”, www.eltechs.co.jp,
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According to Fig (a) of No.6 to 10, it has been Dynamic Model”, www.isiacademy-eg.com
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