12/08/2021 Parameters

Have you ever thought about what

parameters are essential and have higher
priority for each battery

FIND OUT MORE

What Battery Key Performance Indicators

are?

Multiple Markets and Chemistry Types

Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and
wristwatches to small, thin cells used in smartphones, to large lead-acid batteries used in cars
and trucks, and at the largest extreme, battery banks the size of rooms that provide standby or
emergency power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.  
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emergency power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.  

Electric Vehicle Market

The rechargeable battery industry is targeting the electric vehicle market (both pure EVs and
hybrids) almost to the exclusion of other markets. Battery technology developments are geared
towards EVs, with other market sectors such as energy storage likely to benefit from these
developments, as well as the reduction in battery costs from increasing economies of scale. 

Lithium-Ion Battery Forecasting

The predicted growth in the lithium-ion battery industry is likely to put increasing pressure on
the supply chain for battery materials, both for the cathode (lithium, cobalt, nickel and
manganese) and the anode (graphite). Capacity additions are on track to ensure there is
sufficient supply to meet the demands of the lithium market until towards the end of the next
decade. 

Power

Power capabilities of a battery start with cell anode and cathode loading to maximum current
abilities of the battery system. Power capabilities from a battery are not constant discharges
and charges.

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Degradation

The main degradation is the breakdown of the active material (cathode material & electrolyte)
due to cycling.  Damage is done on every cycle.  This degradation process can be accelerated.

Temperature

High-temperature breaks down the electrolyte causing it to lose its ionic transfer efficiency.
Voltage is the stressor and temperature is an accelerator.

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SOC (State of Charge)

The battery is kept at a State of Charge (SOC) above 80% for a prolonged period. To improve
SOC potentially battery charge voltage could be reduced gradually over time

Swelling

Nothing can prevent this. It is normal and expected with battery aging. But if there is a battery
management system that is adaptive it could prolong battery life and avoid swelling.

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Thickness

Since the thickness of the foil and separator are fixed as the cell decreases in thickness the
ratio of active material to other components decreases.

Key Performance Indicators and Battery

Parameters

Price or Cost

Short life applications (CE) tend to focus more on Price. Long-life applications (EV, ESS, UPS)
concentrate more on Cost. All batteries start to degrade as soon as their formation is complete
and so the price is going down too.

Energy Density

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Higher densities enable larger capacity cells per unit volume. This is a crucial parameter for
consumer electronics and electrical vehicles. Used to distinguish technology nodes. Energy
density is dependent on the thickness of the battery cell.

Depth of Discharge (DoD)

Calendar life is the non-operational aging effects. Used as a comparison with other
technologies, not a useful measure of actual usable time. Degradation or loss of capacity over
time that is not recoverable.

Capacity

Usually specified at conditions (Temp & C-Rate) that show the greatest value. Given in units of
Amp-hours (Ah), used to determine overall run time based on power demands.
True Capacity: What it really is
Nameplate Capacity: What you buy
Effective Capacity: What you get to use

C-Rate
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Relates directly to power capabilities, both in discharge and charge. Usually defined by
maximum, typical, and some chemistries will note a minimum. Manufacturing could use it as
Current / Nominal Capacity. Because it is easier for Capacity in Amp-hours (Ah), used to
determine overall run time based on C-Rate

Safety

Contingencies can be designed to mitigate specific hazards. There is no “safe” energy storage,
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but rather “safer.” Battery Safety design is multi-layered and starts at the cell and continues up
to the whole device.

The Importance of Battery Testing

Performance and Costs

 Battery manufacturers are liable for their end products. They have to comply with several
standards like IEEE, and they compete in the market to make the best offer in terms of both
performance and cost. They need to make a well thought out decision on every aspect of the
device, and so it's not surprising that they want to base their choice on the best information
available. Also, most of the manufacturing is all in China, Japan or Korea. For battery cells,
modules, or packs, information often comes in the form of a battery data sheet provided by the
battery manufacturer. Strikingly, there is no real standard for such datasheets with time,
current, voltage, capacity, and other parameters. The data you find on one Excel spreadsheet
might be missing on another.  

Testing to Access the Battery Value

To assess the value of a battery objectively, it should be subjected to more elaborative testing.
To obtain reliable results, testing activities should be carried out at dedicated battery testing
laboratories with multiple measurement techniques like HPPC, DST, FUDS, and impedance
spectroscopy. 
These facilities are often equipped with multiple testing devices specifically designed for
testing battery cells, modules, and complete packs or even systems. Testing can include
electrical, mechanical, and thermal test programs.  
Examples of measurements related to the performance, aging, and safety of batteries
included common measurements, state of health and state of charge of the battery.

Common Measurements
1. Capacity at different charging and discharging rates in different thermal conditions
2. Internal resistance or impedance at different life stages
3. Calendar and cycle life in different (operational) requirements
4. Robustness of the battery
5. Heat generation during charging and discharging processes
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6. Frequency, Impedance, Theoretical Capacity

7. Voltage Drop, Average and Median Voltage
8. The thickness of the Solid Electrolyte Interface layer (SEI)
9. Differential capacity and voltage.
 

Data in Different Formats

 Or maybe the characteristics are not defined in the same way. This makes it very difficult to
compare one solution to the next. Moreover, most of the time, datasheet values are measured
in conditions that are not representative of the end application. For these reasons, it’s almost
impossible for product manufacturers to estimate the real value of a battery.     Many different
battery technologies are available on the market today, and each one has its own set of
distinguishing characteristics. But even batteries with the same basic chemistry can exhibit
substantial differences, especially when they come from different manufacturers. So Energsoft
figured that it has to be a way to do an apple to apple comparison across tests, hardware, and
battery types. 

Drive for New Software Platform

 As the drive for new solutions to address common issues like efficiency, sustainability, climate
change, and user-friendliness accelerate, so too makes the demand for high-performance
battery systems.   It is ranging from mobile applications such as electric bikes, cars, buses and
boats, and power tools like drills, screwdrivers, and chain saws to stationary solutions that
support the electricity grid and local energy systems.   Some systems consistently operate in a
well-controlled and stable environment, while others need to be able to survive in harsh
conditions. From this, it’s clear that manufacturers of end applications need to select the most
appropriate battery technology for their specific products. You might think that’s an easy job.  

Testing Equipment
 Testing equipment can run standard testing protocols, as defined by the international
community, but can also be programmed to perform specific testing that is more relevant to the
end application. Testing equipment can run standard testing protocols, as defined by the
international community, but can also be programmed to perform specific testing that is more
relevant to the end application.    Whether you are working in a relevant field or you are just a
battery enthusiast, you likely have a lot of questions about battery testing. What are the correct
approach for testing cells, modules, and packs? Which equipment should be used? How do

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you process testing data to obtain results for end customers? Or how do you process data for
battery modeling or the development of battery management systems (BMS)? Why are these
tests being performed?  

Primary batteries and their characteristics

Additional Information
Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and

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wristwatches to small, thin cells used in smartphones, to large lead-acid batteries or lithium-ion
batteries in vehicles, and at the most significant extreme, huge battery banks the size of rooms
that provide standby or emergency power for telephone exchanges and computer data
centers.   Batteries have much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than conventional
fuels such as gasoline. In automobiles, this is offset by the higher efficiency of electric motors
in converting chemical energy to mechanical work, compared to combustion engines.   A
battery's characteristics may vary over load cycle, over charge cycle, and a lifetime due to
many factors, including internal chemistry, current drain, and temperature. At low
temperatures, a battery cannot deliver as much power. As such, in cold climates, some car
owners install battery warmers, which are small electric heating pads that keep the car battery
warm.   Disposable batteries typically lose 8 to 20 percent of their original charge per year
when stored at room temperature (20–30 °C). This is known as the "self-discharge" rate and is
due to non-current-producing "side" chemical reactions that occur within the cell even when no
load is applied. The rate of side reactions is reduced for batteries stored at lower temperatures,
although some can get damaged by freezing.

Recalls of devices using Lithium-ion batteries have become more prevalent in recent years.
This is in response to reported accidents and failures, occasionally ignition or explosion. 

Learn more about software platform for battery data management & analytics:
sales@[Link]

Learn More
A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections
provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, mobile phones, and electric cars.
When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative
terminal is the anode.

Many important cell properties, such as voltage, energy density, flammability, available cell
constructions, operating temperature range, and shelf life, are dictated by battery chemistry.

The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that will flow through an external
electric circuit to the positive terminal. When a battery is connected to an external electric load,
a redox reaction converts high-energy reactants to lower-energy properties.

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E: sales@[Link] P: +1 425 246 1675

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