Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria

Bp. Epifanio B. Surban Street, Dumaguete City

COLLEGE OF LBERAL ARTS EDUCATION

MITERM MODULE

Course Code Math 103

Course Title Modern College Trigonometry

Module Presentation
Congratulations! You have done well with the first module – Solution of a Right Triangle. Let us
embark on the next topics which are Logarithm and Circular Identities and Equations
PRETEST
Answer all questions
1. What is Logarithm?
2. What is the relationship between Logarithm and Exponents?
3. What are the properties of Logarithm?
4. What is the relationship of the properties of logarithm and the laws of exponents?
5. What are the 8 Fundamental Identities

Module Lesson 3
Title (Topic) LOGARITHM
Intended At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
Learning 1) Define Logarithm
Outcome/s 2) Convert logarithmic expression to exponential expression
4) Solve logarithmic equation
5) Solve circular equation

3.1 LOGARITHMS

The logarithm of a number N is the exponent x of the power to which a certain base b is raised in
order to yield the number N. Symbolically, we write this statement as

logb N = x if N = bx

where b is greater than positive one.

The logarithmic form has exactly the same meaning as the exponential relation. This fact is
clearly shown below:
Exponential Form Logarithmic Form

23 = 8 log2 8 =3
2
4 = 16 log4 16 =2
1 1
3-3 = log3 = -3
27 27
1 1 −3
16-3/2 = log16 =
64 64 2

7x = 2401 log7 2401 = x

Example 1. Find the value of x if

log2 16 = x

Solution: WE transform the logarithmic equation to the exponential form, then solve for x. Thus,

2x = 16 but 16 = 24 so

2x = 2 4

x=4

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Example 2: Find the value of x if log2 x = 5

Solution: Convert to exponential form: x = 25 = 32

Example 3: Find the value of x if log2 16 = x - 5

x-5
Solution: Convert to exponential form: 2 = 32

Express 32 in exponential form with base 2: 32 = 25

x-5
So, 2 = 25

With equal bases, the exponents must also be equal:

x-5=5

Solving for x: x=5+5

x = 10

Example 4: Solve for x if log x 64 = 4

Solution: Convert to exponential form: x4 = 64

Express 64 in exponential form with 4 as exponent: 64 = 43

So, x4 = 43

With equal exponents, the bases must also be equal:

Therefore: x=4

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Example 5: Sove for x if log x =-4
81

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Solution: Convert to Exponential Form: x-4 =
81

Give the reciprocal of both sides of the equation: x4 = 81

By extracting the 4th root of both sides, we get: x=3

Exercises/Activity No. 3.1

Solve each equation fro x:

6) logx 25 = 2 11) log2 64 = x
1) log5 x = 2
1 1
2) log½ x = 3 7) logx =-3 12) log½ = x
8 81

3) log25 x = ½ 8) logx 125 = 3 13) log2 64 = x + 3

4) log81 x = 4 9) logx 81 = 4 14) log3 27 = 9 – 2x

5) log4 x = -1 10) logx (3x + 10) =2 15 log4 16 = 3x - 7

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3.1 SYSTEMS OF LOGARITHMS
The system with base 10 is called common logarithm, and it is very convenient for
computational work. To denote the logarithm of a number N to the base 10, we write log N with
the base omitted. In general, if the base is not indicated, it is 10. Hereafter, we merely write
log 100 = 2, instead of log10 100 = 2.

The system with base e which is approximately equal to 2.7183 is called natural or Naperian
logarithm. It is encountered in the analytical work of calculus and higher mathematics. To
distinguish the two systems we denote Naperial logarithm by the symbol N, which is read “ the
natural logarithm of N” or briefly, ln N.
Thus, ln N = x if N = e x

3.2 LAWS OF EXPONENTS

3.3 PROPERTIES OF LOGRATIHM

logb b = 1

Why? Because b1 = b

Example 1: log4 4 = 1 because 41 = 4

Other laws of exponents are also applied to derived the other properties of logarithm.

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Law III. The logarithm of the product of two numbers M and N is equal to the sum of the
logarithms of the factors, that is,

logb MN = logb M + logb N

Example 2: log 23 x 47 = log 23 + log 47

Example 3: logb 6xy = logb 6 + logb x + logb y

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Example 4: log = log 29 – log x
𝑥

Example 5: log x2 = 2 log x

Law VI. The logarithm oif the nth root of a number N is equal to one over n of the
logorathm of N; that is,
𝑛
1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 √𝑁 = logb N
𝑛

3
1
Example 6: log √10 = log 10
3

2𝑥
Example 7: log = log 2 + log x – ½ log (x + y)
√𝑥+𝑦

Example 8: log x (2x – 5)2 = log x + 2 log (2x – 5)

Reverse operations also apply combinations of 2 or more of the above properties of logarithms.

Example 9: Reduce each expression to a single equivalent logarithmic form:

a) log5 8 + log5 x = = log5 8x

b) log3 (x – 2) + log3 (x + 2) = log3 (x – 2) ( x + 3)
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c) log 3 + 3 log x – log y = log 3x
y
4
d) ¼ logb (x – 4) – 2 logb x = log √𝑥 + 4
x2

The same properties can also be applied with the natural of Naperian logarithm

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3.5 LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL EQWUATIONS

To solve a logarithmic equations, follow the following steps:

1) Reduce the given equation to a single equivalent logarithmic form using the properties of
logarithm
2) Change the single logarithmic to exponential form using the definition of logarithm
3) Solve for the unknown by an appropriate method in algebra

Example 1: Solve for x,

loga 8 + loga (x – 3) = 4 loga 2

solution: We transpose all logarithmic terms to one side of the equation:

loga 8 + loga (x – 3) - 4 loga 2 = 0

then express the left side as a single logarithmic form using properties of logarithms

loga 8(x – 3) = 0
24
Convert it to the exponential form:

a0 = 8(x – 3) = 1 ( a0 = 1)
24

Solve the equation using algebra: 8(x – 3) = 1

16
8(x – 3) = 1(16)

16
Divide both sides by 8: x–3=
8

x–3= 2

x=2+3=5

Example 2: Solve for x,

ln 10 + ln (x + 4) - 3 ln 2 = ln (x + 6)

solution: We transpose all logarithmic terms to one side of the equation:

ln 10 + ln (x + 4) - 3 ln 2 - ln (x + 6) = 0

then express the left side as a single logarithmic form using properties of logarithms

ln 10 (x + 4) = 0
23 (x + 6)

Convert it to the exponential form:

e0 = 10(x + 4) = 1 ( e = base of natural logarithm, ln))

23 (x + 6)
Solve for x using algebra: 10(x + 4) = 1
8 (x + 6)

10( x + 4) = (1) (8) (x + 6) 2x = 8

10x + 40 = 8x + 48 x=4
10x – 8x = 48 - 40

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Example 3: Solve for x, correct to 4 decimal places:

12x = 85

Solution: Taking the common logarithm of both sides of the equation and solving for x, we have

log 12x = log 85

x log 12 = log 85
x = log 85
log 12

Using your scientific calculator: x = 1.7879

Example 4: Find the value of x, correct to 4 decimal places.

ex – 4e-x = 3
Solution: First multiply the equation by ex to get rid of the negative exponent of e
ex ( ex – 4e-x = 3 ) = e2x - 4 = 3ex
or e2x - 3ex - 4 = 0

This is a quadratic equation which can be solved by factoring. Thus,

(ex + 1) (ex – 4) = 0

ex + 1 = 0 ex – 4 = 0

ex = 1 ex = 4

Since ex can never be negative, ex = - 1 must be discarded. Taking the natural logarithm of both
sides of ex = 4, we have

ln ex = ln 4

x lne = ln 4

Since ln e = 1 (Law II), then x = = ln 4 = 1.3863

Exercises/Activity 3.3
Solve for x: Solve for x correct to 4 decimal places:

1) 1)

2) 2)

3) 3)

4) 4)

5) 5)

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 Module Lesson 4 – Circular Identities
Objective At the end of the module the students are expected to prove circular identities and solve
circular equation

THE 8 FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES

In mathematics, trigonometric identities are equalities that involve trigonometric functions

and are true for every value of the occurring variables where both sides of the equality
are defined. Geometrically, these are identities involving certain functions of one or more
angles. Proving identities is show that both sides of the equation are equal.

The eight fundamental identities are grouped into 3, namely, the Reciprocal, the Quotient and
the Pythagorean relations. They are as follows:

The above 8 fundamental identities are sued to simplify a given trigonometric expression into a single
form or single function. Let us take the following examples:

Example 1) Express sin2Ѳ (1 + tan2Ѳ) in terms of a single function

Solution: From the Pythagorean relations 1+ tan2 Ѳ = sec2 Ѳ ( identity #7)

sin2Ѳ (1 + tan2Ѳ) = sin2Ѳ sec2Ѳ

and by the reciprocal relations :

by Quotient relation or identity # 4.

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 2.

= csc Ѳ ( Reciprocal relation # 1)

Exercises/Activity 3.4. Express each of the following expressions into a single function.

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

RULES IN PROVING CIRCULAR IDENTITIES

8
3
.

4
..
..
.

cos Ѳ = cos Ѳ

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Example 5 Prove that

𝒄𝒐𝒕 Ѳ 𝒄𝒔𝒄 Ѳ

Exercises/Activity 3.5

Good Luck!!! God bless!!!

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