CHAPTER-XI

HYBRID POWER FILTERS

11.10 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS

1. A single-phase VSI with a square waveform ac output of 220 V rms at 50 Hz is feeding a critical load
of 220 V, 50 Hz single-phase 5 kVA at 0.85 lagging power factor. A single-phase universal active
power conditioner (UAPC consisting of shunt and series APFs using two VSCs with a common bus
capacitor as shown in Fig. E11.1) is designed for this critical linear load. Calculate (a) the voltage
rating of shunt element of UAPC, (b) the current rating of shunt elements of UAPC, (c) the VA rating
of shunt element of UAPC, (d) the voltage rating of series element of UAPC, (e) the current rating of
series element of UAPC, (f) the VA rating of series element of UAPC to provide load compensation
for unity power factor at ac mains by shunt element of UAPC and constant regulated sine wave
voltage of a 220 V rms sine wave at 50 Hz across the load by series element of UAPC.
vfse iL
Load
ish
is

Vsdc

5KVA
0.85 pf
Square wave inverter

220 V, 50 Hz

Series Active Filter Shunt Active Filter

Fig. E11.1 Hybrid power filter

Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs = 220 V rms square wave, frequency of supply, f = 50 Hz, a
critical load of 220 V, 50 Hz single-phase 5 kVA at 0.85 lagging power factor. The fundamental component
of supply voltage for square wave voltage is estimated as, V s1 = 0.9*Vs = 0.9*220 = 198 V. The load voltage
is to be regulated at nominal sine wave voltage hence, VL = 220 V.
The ac load current is as, IL = SL/VL = 4000/220 = 22.73 A.
In this system, load reactive power compensation is to be provided by shunt active filter of UAPC. The
voltage compensation is provided by series filter of UAPC. However, there is a difference in magnitude of
fundamental voltage in the supply and load terminals, to compensate that an active power is circulated
between series and shunt active filters as explained earlier in UPQC-P. The rating calculations for both the
VSCs of UAPC are as follows.
The load active power is calculated as, PL = SL*pf = 5000*0.85 = 4250 W.
The active power component of load current is estimated as, IL1a = PL/VL = 4250/220 = 19.32 A.
The supply current after the compensation is estimated as, Is = PL/Vs1 = 4250/198 = 21.46 A.
(a) The voltage rating of shunt element of UAPC is equal to ac load voltage of V fsh = 220 V, since it is
connected across the load of 220 V sine waveform.
(b) The current rating of shunt element of UAPC is computed as,
The shunt element of UAPC is to correct the power factor of the load to unity, hence it supplies the
reactive power required for the load, therefore reactive power component of the shunt APF current is
estimated as, Ishr=Reactive power component of current of the load=IL√(1-PF2) = 22.73*0.53 = 11.97A.
The supply fundamental voltage is lower as compared to the required load voltage. Hence, shunt APF
absorbs active power and that active power is delivered back into the system via series APF. The active
power component of the shunt APF current is estimated as,
Isha = Is-IL1a =( 21.46 - 19.32) A = 2.15 A.
The net current rating of shunt APF is estimated as,
Ish=√(Isha2+Ishr2)=√(2.152+11.972) = 12.16 A.
(c) The VA rating of VSC of shunt APF is as, Ssh = Vfsh*Ish = 220*12.16 = 2675.9 VA.
(d) The voltage rating of series active filter of UAPC is computed as,
 The supply voltage is square wave of V s= 220 V rms and the load voltage at PCC must be sine wave of
VL = 220 V. Therefore the series APF must inject the difference of these two voltages to provide the
required voltage at the load end.
π

 (220-220 2sinθ) 2 dθ
The voltage rating of series APF, Vfse = {1/ 0 } = 98.23 V.
(e) The current rating of series active filter of UAPC is same as supply current,
Ise = Is = 21.46 A.
(f) The VA rating of series active filter of UAPC is as, Sse = Vfse*Ise = 98.23 * 21.46 = 2108.5VA.

2. A single-phase VSI with quasi-square waveform ac output of 220 V rms at 50 Hz is feeding a critical
load of 230 V, 50 Hz single-phase 4kVA at 0.85 lagging power factor. A single-phase universal active
power conditioner (UAPC consisting of shunt and series APFs using two VSCs with a common bus
capacitor as shown in Fig. E11.2) is designed for this critical linear load. Calculate (a) the voltage
rating of shunt element of UAPC, (b) the current rating of shunt elements of UAPC, (c) the VA rating
of shunt element of UAPC, (d) the voltage rating of series element of UAPC, (e) the current rating of
series element of UAPC, (f) the VA rating of series element of UAPC to provide load compensation
for unity power factor at ac mains by shunt element of UAPC and constant regulated sine wave
voltage of a 230 V rms sine wave at 50 Hz across the load by series element of UAPC.
vfse iL

ish Load
is

Vsdc

4KVA
0.85 pf
Quasi-square wave inverter

220 V, 50 Hz

Series Active Filter Shunt Active Filter

Fig. E11.2 Hybrid power filter

Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs = 220 V rms quasi-square wave, frequency of supply, f = 50 Hz, a
critical load of 230 V, 50 Hz single-phase 4 kVA at 0.85 lagging power factor.
The ac load current is as, IL = 4000/230 = 17.39 A.
In this system, load reactive power compensation is to be provided by shunt active filter of UAPC. The
voltage compensation is provided by series filter of UAPC However, there is a difference in magnitude of
fundamental voltage in the supply and load terminals, to compensate that an active power is circulated
between series and shunt active filters as explained earlier in UPQC-P. The rating calculations for both the
VSCs of UAPC are as follows.
The load active power is calculated as, PL = SL*pf = 4000*0.85 = 3400 W.
The active power component of load current is estimated as, IL1a = PL/VL = 3400/230 = 14.78 A.
The amplitude of quasi-square wave is estimated as, Vsdc = Vs/(√(2/3)) = 269.44 V.
The fundamental supply voltage for quasi-square wave is estimated as, Vs1 = (√6/π)*Vsdc = 210.08 V.
The supply current after compensation is estimated as, Is = PL/Vs1 = 3400/210.08 = 16.18 A.
(a) The voltage rating of shunt element of UAPC is equal to ac load voltage of V fsh = 230V, since
it is connected across the load of 230V sine waveform.
(b) The current rating of shunt element of UAPC is computed as,
The shunt element of UAPC is to correct the power factor of the load to unity, hence it supplies the
reactive power required for the load, therefore reactive power component of the shunt APF current is
estimated as, Ishr=Reactive power component of the load current =IL√(1-PF2) = 17.39*0.53 = 9.16 A.
The supply fundamental voltage is lower as compared to the required load voltage. Hence, shunt APF
absorbs active power and that active power is delivered back into the system via series APF. The active
power component of the shunt APF current is estimated as,
Isha = Is-IL1a =( 16.18- 14.78) A = 1.4 A.
The net current rating of shunt APF is estimated as,
Ish=√(Isha2+Ishr2)=√( 1.42+ 9.162) = 9.27 A.
 (c) The VA rating of VSC of shunt APF is as, Ssh = Vfsh*Ish = 230* 9.27= 2132 VA.
(d) The voltage rating of series element of UAPC is computed as.
The supply voltage is quasi-square wave of V s = 220 V rms and the load voltage at load terminal is a
sine wave of VL=230 V. The amplitude of quasi-square wave is as, Vsdc = 269.44 V. Therefore the
series APF must inject the difference of these two voltages to provide the required voltage at the load
end.
The voltage rating of series APF is as,
π/6 5π/6 π

 (-220 2sinθ) dθ   (-220

2
(269.44-220 2sinθ) 2 dθ 2sinθ)2 dθ
Vfse=[1/{ 0 + π/6 + 5π/6 ] = 66.05 V.
(e) The current rating of series element of UAPC is same as supply current,
Ise = Is = 4000*0.85/210.08 = 16.18 A.
(f) The VA rating of series element of UAPC is as, Sse = Vfse*Ise = 66.05* 16.18= 1069 VA.

3. A single-phase active hybrid filter (consisting of three branch passive shunt filter and series APF
using VSC with bus capacitor as shown in Fig. E11.3) is designed for a critical load of 220 V, 50 Hz
single-phase thyristor bridge with constant dc current of 20 A at 30º firing angle of its thyristors.
Calculate the voltage, current and kVA rating of both series APF and passive shunt used in hybrid
filter to provide harmonics and reactive power compensation for unity power factor at ac mains.
vSAF
20A
C3 C5 LH RH

L3 L5
220V CH
Nonlinear
Load
Shunt Passive Filter

Series Active
Filter

Fig. E11.3 Hybrid power filter

Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs =220 V rms, frequency of supply, f = 50 Hz, a nonlinear load of
220 V, 50 Hz single-phase thyristor bridge converter with constant dc current of 20 A at 30º firing angle of
its thyristors.
In this system, load current harmonics and reactive power compensation are to be provided by shunt passive
filter of the hybrid filter and small harmonic voltages are to be provided by a series active filter of the
hybrid filter to force all harmonics current in to the passive shunt filter.
The ac load rms current is as, IL = Idc = 20 A.
The fundamental rms input current of the thyristor bridge converter is as, I L1=(2√2/π)IL = 0.9*20 = 18 A.
The fundamental active power component of load current, IL1a = IL1 cosα = 0.9Idccos30º = 15.59 A.
The fundamental active power of the load, P1 = Vs1IL1 cosθ1 = Vs1 IL1a = 220* 15.59 = 3430 W.
The fundamental reactive power of the load, Q1 = Vs1IL1 sinθ1 = Vs1 IL1 sin α =220*18*0.5 = 1980 VAR.
(a) The passive shunt filter has three branches (3 rd, 5th order tuned filters and high pass damped filter). The
reactive power of 1980 VAR required by single-phase thyristor rectifier has to be provided by all three
branches of the passive shunt filter. Considering that all branches of the passive filter has equal
capacitors, therefore, the value of this capacitor is as,
C = Q/(3VS2ω) = 1980/(3*2202*314) = 43.4 µF. C3 = C5 = CH = C= 43.4 µF.
Therefore, the value of an inductor for 3rd harmonic tuned filter is as,
L3 = 1/ (ω32C3) =25.9 mH.
The resistance of the inductor of 3rd harmonic tuned filter is as,
R3 = X3/Q3 =24.4/20 = 1.22 Ω. (Considering Q3 = 20 as it may be in the range of 10-100 depending upon the
design of the inductor)
The value of an inductor of 5th harmonic tuned filter is as,
L5 = 1/ (ω52C5) = 9.3 mH.
The resistance of the inductor of 5th harmonic tuned filter is as,
R5 = X5/Q5 = 14.6/20 = 0.73Ω. (Considering Q5 = 20 as it may be in the range of 10-100 depending upon the
design of the inductor)
 The value of an inductor for high pass damped harmonic filter (tuned at 7th harmonic) is as,
LH = 1/(ω72CH) = 4.8 mH.
The resistance in parallel of an inductor of a high pass damped harmonic tuned filter is as,
RH = XH/QH = 10.55/1 =10.55 Ω. (Considering QH =1 as it may be in the range of 0.5-5 depending upon the
attenuation required.).
The 3th harmonic load current to flow in to 3th harmonic tuned filter is as,
I3 = IL1/3 = 18/3 = 6 A.
The 3th harmonic voltage at the load end and across the passive filter is as,
V3 = I3*R3 = 6 *1.22 = 7.33 V.
The 5th harmonic load current to flow in to 5th harmonic tuned filter is as,
I5= IL1/5 = 18/5 = 3.6 A.
The 5th harmonic voltage at the load end and across the passive filter is as,
V5 = I5*R5 = 3.6*0.73=2.64V.
All other harmonics load currents to flow in to high pass damped harmonic filter is as,
IH = √[ IL2- IL1/2- I32 –I52] = √[202-182-62 -3.62] = 5.2 A.
All higher order harmonics voltage at the load end and across the passive filter is as,
VH = IH*RH = 5.2*10.55 = 54.48 V.
All harmonics voltages other than the fundamental voltage at the load end and across the passive filter is as,
VLH = √(V32+V52+ VH2) = 55.03 V.
(b) The series active filter must inject this all harmonics voltages to force all harmonics currents in to the
passive filter. Therefore, the voltage rating of the series active filter is as,
VSAF = VLH = √ (V32+V52+ VH2) = 55.03 V.
(c) The current rating of the series active filter is as,
ISAF = Is = The fundamental active power component of load current, I L1a = IL1 cosα = 0.9Idccos30º = 15.59 A.
(Since, the series APF is connected in series with the ac mains before the passive shunt filter which is
providing harmonics and reactive power compensation resulting in UPF at the ac mains).
(d) The VA rating of the series APF is as,
SAPF = VSAF*ISAF = 55.03 *15.59 = 857.85 VA.
The pu rating of the series APF is as,
SAPFpu = SAPF/SL = 857.85 /(220*20) = 0.195 = 19.5% of the load rating.
(ii) The various ratings of the passive filter are as follows.
(a) The voltage rating of shunt passive filters of the hybrid filter is equal to ac load voltage which is rms of
supply voltage of 220V rms 50 Hz and small harmonics voltages to be generated by the series active
filter (decided by the shunt passive filter to force harmonics current into it).
VPF = √(2202+55.032) = 226.78 V.
(b) The current rating of the shunt passive filter is computed as,
The shunt passive filter is to compensate the load current harmonics and the reactive power, hence the
required harmonics current and reactive power of the load it has to supply. Therefore, total harmonics
and reactive power component of load current is as, IPF=√ (IL2- IL1a2) = (202-15.592) = 12.53 A.
(c) The VA rating of shunt passive filter, SPF=VPF*IF=226.78 * 12.53 VA = 2841.5 VA.
The pu rating of the shunt passive filter is as,
SPFpu = SPF/SL = 2841.5 /(220*20) = 0.6458= 64.58 % of the load rating.

4. A single-phase universal active power conditioner (consisting of shunt and series APFs using two
VSCs with a common bus capacitor as shown in Fig. E11.4) is designed for a typical load of 220 V, 50
Hz single-phase thyristor bridge with constant dc current of 25 A at 30º firing angle of its thyristors.
If there is a voltage fluctuations of +10% and –20% in supply system with base value of 220 V.
Calculate (a) the voltage rating of shunt element of UAPC, (b) the current rating of shunt elements of
UAPC, (c) the VA rating of shunt element of UAPC, (d) the voltage rating of series element of UAPC,
(e) the current rating of series element of UAPC, (f) the VA rating of series element of UAPC to
provide harmonics and reactive power compensation for unity power factor at ac mains with
constant regulated sine wave voltage of 220 V at 50 Hz.
 vfse is iL
25A
220V ish

Nonlinear
Load

Series Active Filter Shunt Active Filter

Fig. E11.4 Hybrid power filter

Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs = 220 V rms, frequency of supply, f = 50 Hz, a nonlinear load of
220 V, 50 Hz single-phase thyristor bridge converter with constant dc current of 25 A at 30º firing angle of
its thyristors. There is a voltage fluctuation of +10% and –20% in supply system with base value of 220 V.
Let X be the pu voltage variation and Vs’ be the PCC voltage under voltage variation.
In this system, load current harmonics and reactive power compensation are to be provided by the shunt
active filter of UAPC. The voltage sag/swell compensation is provided by series filter of UAPC. However,
while compensating for sag/swell an active power is circulated between series and shunt active filters as
explained earlier in UPQC-P. Under maximum voltage dip, the maximum rating for both the VSCs are
realized. The various rating calculations are as follows,
The ac load rms current is as, IL = 25 A.
The fundamental active power component of load current, IL1a = IL1 cosα = 0.9*25*cos30º = 19.48 A.
The active power consumed by the load is as, PL = Vs*IL1a = 220* 19.48 = 4286.8 W.
The supply voltage under maximum voltage sag is as, Vs’=Vs (1-X) = 220*(1-0.2) = 176 V.
The supply current under maximum voltage variation (-20% sag) is as, Is’= PL/Vs’= 4286.8 /176 = 24.36 A.
(a) The voltage rating of shunt element of UAPC is equal to ac load voltage of V fsh=220V, since it is
connected across the load of 220 V sine waveform.
(b) The current rating of shunt element of UAPC is computed as,
The shunt element of UAPC is to provide load current harmonics and reactive power compensation, hence
the required harmonics current and reactive power of the load it has to supply. Therefore, total harmonics
and reactive power component of current of shunt filter is as, Ishr=√( IL2- IL1a2) = (252- 19.482) = 15.66 A.
The supply fundamental voltage is lower as compared to the required load voltage. Hence, shunt APF
absorbs active power and that active power is delivered back into the system via series APF. Under voltage
sag the active power component of shunt APF current is calculated as,
Isha = Is’-IL1a = (24.36 -19.48) A = 4.87 A.
The net current rating of shunt active filter is calculated as, Ish = √( Isha2+ Ishr2) = √(4.872+15.66 2) = 16.4 A.
(c) The VA rating of VSC of shunt APF is as, Ssh = Vfsh*Ish = 220*16.4 VA = 3608.6 VA.
(d) The voltage rating of series element of UAPC is computed as,
There is a voltage fluctuation of +10% and –20% in supply system with base value of 220 V. Therefore, the
series APF must inject the difference of these maximum of these two voltages to provide the required
voltage at the load end.
The voltage rating of series APF, Vfse = 220*0.20 = 44 V.
(e) The current rating of series element of UAPC is same as supply current under supply voltage sag hence
it is as, Ise=Is’=24.36 A.
(f) The VA rating of series element is estimated as, Sse = Vfse*Ise = 44*24.36 VA = 1071.7 VA.

5. A single-phase universal active power conditioner (UAPC consisting of shunt and series APFs using
two VSCs with a common bus capacitor as shown in Fig. E11.5) is designed for a critical load of a 220
V, 50 Hz single-phase resistive load of 8 Ω through a phase controlled ac voltage controller at a firing
angle of 60 of its thyristors. If there is a voltage fluctuations of +10% and –20% in supply system
with base value of 220 V. Calculate (a) the voltage rating of shunt element of UAPC, (b) the current
rating of shunt elements of UAPC, (c) the VA rating of shunt element of UAPC, (d) the voltage rating
of series element of UAPC, (e) the current rating of series element of UAPC, (f) the VA rating of
series element of the universal active power conditioner to provide harmonics and reactive power
compensation for unity power factor at ac mains with constant voltage of 220 V at 50 Hz.
vfse is iL

ish
Nonlinear
Load R
220 V

Series Active Filter Shunt Active Filter

Fig. E11.5 Hybrid power filter

Solution: Given that, supply voltage, V s =220 V rms, frequency of supply, f = 50 Hz, a nonlinear load of a
phase controlled ac voltage controller consisting of 220 V, 50 Hz, R = 8 Ω,  = 60° (π/3 rad/s). There is a
voltage fluctuation of +10% and –20% in supply system with base value of 220 V. A single-phase universal
active power conditioner (UAPC) is to provide unity power factor at the ac mains with constant sine wave
voltage of 220 V at 50 Hz across the load. Let X be the pu voltage variation and V s’ be the PCC voltage
under voltage variation.
In this system, load current harmonics and reactive power compensation are to be provided by the shunt
active filter of UAPC. The voltage sag/swell compensation is provided by series filter of UAPC. However,
while compensating for sag/swell, an active power is circulated between series and shunt active filters as
explained earlier in chapter of UPQC. Under maximum voltage dip, the maximum rating for both the VSCs
are realized. The various rating calculations are as follows,
The supply voltage under maximum voltage sag is as, Vs’=Vs (1-X) = 220*(1-0.2) = 176 V.
In a single-phase, phase controlled ac controller, the waveform of the supply current (I s) has a value of Vs/R
from angle  to π. The peak load voltage is as, Vsdc = 220 √2 = 311.13 V.
The load RMS current, IL = Vsdc[{1/(2π)}{( π-)+sin2/2}]½/R = 24.66 A.
The fundamental RMS load current is as, IL1 = Vsdc/(2π R√2)[ (cos2-1)2+{sin2+2( π-)}2] ½ = 23.08 A.
The angle between fundamental voltage and current is as, θ1 = tan-1[(cos2-1)/ {sin2+2( π-)}] = 16.53°.
The RMS active power fundamental component of load current is as, I L1a = IL1 cos θ1 =23.08 *cos60 = 22.12
A.
The active power consumed by the load is as, PL= Vs*IL1a = 230*20.27 = 4867.2 W.
The supply current under maximum voltage variation (-20% sag) is as, I s’= PL/Vs’= 4867.2 /176 A = 27.65
A.
Total harmonics and reactive power component of load current is calculated as,
ILr = (IL2-IL1a2) = (24.662-22.122) = 10.9 A.
(a) The voltage rating of shunt element of UAPC is equal to ac load voltage of Vsh = 220 V, since it is
connected across the load of 220 V sine waveform.
(b) The current rating of shunt element of UAPC is computed as,
The shunt element of UAPC is to provide load current harmonics and reactive power compensation, hence
the required harmonics current and reactive power of the load it has to supply. Therefore, total harmonics
and reactive power component of load current to be supplied by shunt active filter is as, Ishr = ILr = 10.9 A.
The supply fundamental voltage is lower as compared to the required load voltage. Hence, shunt APF
absorbs active power and that active power is delivered back into the system via series APF. The active
power component of shunt APF current is estimated as, Isha = Is’- IL1a = 27.65-22.12= 5.53 A.
The overall current rating of shunt active filter is estimated as, Ish = √( Isha2+ Ishr2) = √(5.532+10.92) = 12.2 A.
(c) The VA rating of VSC of shunt APF is estimated as, Ssh = Vsh*Ish = 220*12.2 VA = 2690.3 VA.
(d) The voltage rating of series element of UAPC is computed as,
There is a voltage fluctuation of +10% and –20% in supply system with base value of 220 V. Therefore, the
series APF must inject the difference of these maximum of these two voltages to regulate the voltage at the
load terminal. The voltage rating of series APF under maximum sag condition is as, V fse = 220*0.20 = 44 V.
(e) The current rating of series element of UAPC is same as supply current under voltage sag,
Ise=Is’= 27.65 A.
 (f) The VA rating of series element of UAPC is as, Sse = Vfse*Ise = 44*27.65VA = 1216.8 VA.

6. A single-phase VSI with quasi-square wave ac output of 220 V rms at 50 Hz is feeding a critical load
of 230 V, 50 Hz single-phase thyristor bridge with constant dc current of 25 A at 60º firing angle of its
thyristors. A single-phase universal active power conditioner (UAPC consisting of shunt and series
APFs using two VSCs with a common bus capacitor as shown in Fig. E11.6) is designed for this
critical nonlinear load. Calculate (a) the voltage rating of shunt element of UAPC, (b) the current
rating of shunt elements of UAPC, (c) the VA rating of shunt element of UAPC, (d) the voltage rating
of series element of UAPC, (e) the current rating of series element of UAPC, (f) the VA rating of
series element of UAPC to provide harmonics and reactive power compensation for unity power
factor at ac mains by shunt element of UAPC and constant regulated sine wave voltage of a 230 V
rms sine wave at 50 Hz across the load by series element of UAPC.
vfse is iL
25A
ish

Vsdc
Nonlinear
load

220 V, 50 Hz
Quasi square wave inverter

Series Active Filter Shunt Active Filter

Fig. E11.6 Hybrid power filter

Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs = 220 V rms quasi-square wave, frequency of supply, f = 50 Hz, a
critical load of 230 V, 50 Hz single-phase thyristor bridge with constant dc current of 25 A at 60º (π/3 rad)
firing angle of its thyristors.
In this system, load reactive power and harmonics current compensation are to be provided by the shunt
active filter of UAPC. The voltage compensation is provided by series filter of UAPC However, there is a
difference in magnitude of fundamental voltage in the supply and load terminals, to compensate that an
active power is circulated between series and shunt active filters as explained earlier in UPQC-P. The rating
calculations for both the VSCs of UAPC are as follows. The load current is a square wave current with
amplitude Idc. The ac load rms current is as, IL =25 A.
The fundamental component of load current is estimated as IL1 = 0.9*Idc.
The fundamental active power component of load current is, IL1a = IL1 cosα = 0.9*25*cos60º = 11.25 A.
The harmonics and reactive power component of load current is estimated as, ILr = √(IL2-IL1a2) = 22.32 A.
The amplitude of quasi-square wave is estimated as, Vsdc = (220/(√(2/3))) = 269.44 V.
The fundamental component of supply voltage is estimated as, V s1 = (√6/π)*Vsdc =0.779*269.44 = 210.08
V.
The active power consumed by the load is given by, PL = VL*IL1a = 230*11.25 = 2587.5 W.
The supply current is estimated as, Is = PL/Vs1 = 2587.5 /210.08 = 12.32A.
(a) The voltage rating of shunt element of UAPC is equal to ac load voltage of V fsh = 230 V, since it is
connected across the load of 230V sine waveform.
(b) The current rating of shunt element of UAPC is computed as.
The shunt element of UAPC is to supply load current harmonics and reactive power compensation,
hence the total harmonics and reactive power component of load current through shunt active filter is,
Ishr = √( IL2- IL1a2) = (252-11.252) = 22.32 A.
The supply fundamental voltage is lower as compared to the required load voltage. Hence, shunt APF
absorbs active power and that active power is delivered back into the system via series APF. The active
power component of the shunt APF current is estimated as,
Isha = Is-IL1a =(12.32-11.25) A = 1.0665A.
The net current rating of shunt APF is estimated as,
Ish=√(Isha2+Ishr2)=√( 1.06652+22.322) = 22.35A.
 (c) The VA rating of VSC of shunt APF is as, Ssh = Vfsh*Ish = 230*22.35= 5140.8 VA.
(d) The voltage rating of series element of UAPC is computed as.
The supply voltage is quasi-square wave of Vs = 220 V rms and the load voltage at load terminal must
be sine wave of VL = 230 V. Therefore the series APF must inject the difference of these two voltages
to provide the required voltage at the load end.
The voltage rating of series APF,
π/6 5π/6 π

 (-230 2sinθ) dθ
2
 (269.44-230 2sinθ) 2 dθ  (-230 2sinθ) 2 dθ
Vfse= [1/0 + π/6 + ] = 68.27 V.5π/6

(e) The current rating of series element of UAPC is same as supply current,
Ise = Is = 12.32 A.
(f) The VA rating of series element of UAPC is as, Sse = Vfse*Ise = 68.27 *12.32 VA = 840.87 VA.

7. A single-phase VSI with square wave ac output of 210 V rms at 50 Hz is feeding a critical load at 220
V, 50 Hz single-phase and consisting of uncontrolled diode bridge converter, which has a RE
(resistive with an emf) load with R=2 Ω, and E=200V. A single-phase universal active power
conditioner (UAPC consisting of shunt and series APFs using two VSCs with a common bus capacitor
as shown in Fig. E11.7) is designed for this critical nonlinear load. Calculate (a) the voltage rating of
shunt element of UAPC, (b) the current rating of shunt elements of UAPC, (c) the VA rating of shunt
element of UAPC, (d) the voltage rating of series element of UAPC, (e) the current rating of series
element of UAPC, (f) the VA rating of series element of UAPC to provide harmonics and reactive
power compensation for unity power factor at ac mains by shunt element of UAPC and constant
regulated sine wave voltage of a 220 V rms sine wave at 50 Hz across the load by series element of
UAPC.
vfse is iL

ish
200 V

Vsdc 2Ω
Nonlinear
load

210 V, 50 Hz
Square wave inverter

Series Active Filter Shunt Active Filter

Fig. E11.7 Hybrid power filter

Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs = 210 V rms square wave, frequency of supply, f = 50 Hz a critical
load at 220 V, 50 Hz single-phase and consisting of uncontrolled diode bridge converter, which has a RE
(resistive with an emf) load with R = 2 Ω, and E = 220 V.
In this system, load reactive power and harmonics current compensation are to be provided by the shunt
active filter of UAPC. The voltage compensation is provided by the series filter of UAPC. However, there
is a difference in magnitude of fundamental voltage in the supply and load terminals, to compensate that an
active power is circulated between series and shunt active filters as explained earlier in UPQC-P. The rating
calculations for both the VSCs of UAPC are as follows. The amplitude of square wave is, Vsdc = 210 V.
The fundamental component of supply voltage is estimated as, V s1 = 0.9*Vsdc = 0.9*210 = 189 V. However,
the load terminal voltage is need to be regulated at, VL = 220 V.
Under this reduced fundamental voltage, the rating calculations for both the conditioners are as follows,
In single-phase diode bridge converter with RE load, the current flows from angle (α) when ac voltage is
equal to E and to the angle (β) at which ac voltage reduces to E.
The peak load voltage is, VLm = 220*√2 V = 311.13 V.
α = sin -1(E/VLm) = sin -1(200/311.13) = 40°, β = π-α = 140°, The conduction angle = β –α = 100°.
The RMS load current (IL) is rms of discontinuous current in the ac mains which is estimated as,
IL = [{1/(πR2)}{(0.5VLm²+E²)( π-2α)+0.5VLm²sin2α-4VLmE cos α}]½ = 29.96 A.
An average current (Idc) flowing into the battery is as,
Idc ={1/(πR)}(2VLm cos α+2E α -πE) = 20.3 A.
Active power drawn from the ac mains is as, PL = IL²R+EIdc = 29.962*2+200*20.3 = 5857.5 W.
 The active power component of fundamental load current from ac mains is, I L1a= PL/VL = 5857.5/220 =
26.62 A.
The supply current is estimated as, Is = PL/Vs1 = 5857.5 /189 = 31 A.
The harmonics and reactive power component of load current is estimated as,
ILr = (IL2-IL1a2) = √(29.962-26.622) = 13.74 A.
(a) The voltage rating of shunt element of UAPC is equal to ac load voltage of V fsh = 220 V, since it is
connected across the load of 220 V sine waveform.
(b) The current rating of shunt element of UAPC is computed as,
The shunt element of UAPC supplies all current harmonics and reactive power component of load
current hence harmonics and reactive power component of current from shunt active filter is as,
Ishr = √( IL2- IL1a2) = √(29.962-26.622) = 13.74 A.
The supply fundamental voltage is lower as compared to the required load voltage. Hence, shunt APF
absorbs active power and that active power is delivered back into the system via series APF. The active
power component of current from shunt APF is estimated as, Isha = Is-IL1a =(31-26.62) A = 4.37 A.
The net current rating of shunt APF is estimated as,
Ish = √(Isha2+Ishr2)=√( 4.372+13.742) = 14.42 A.
(c) The VA rating of VSC of shunt APF, Ssh = Vfsh*Ish = 220*14.42= 3172.7 VA.
(d) The voltage rating of series element of UAPC is computed as.
The supply voltage is square wave of Vs = 210V rms and the load voltage at load terminal must be sine
wave of VL = 220 V. Therefore the series APF must inject the difference of these two voltages to
provide the required voltage at the load end.
The voltage rating of series APF is estimated as,
π

 (210-220 2sinθ) 2 dθ
Vfse = [1/{ 0 ] = 96.49 V.
(e) The current through series element of UAPC is same as supply current hence current rating if series
element is estimated as, Ise = Is= 31 A.
(f) The VA rating of series element of UAPC is as, Sse = Vfse*Ise = 96.49*31 VA = 2990.5 VA.

8. A single-phase active hybrid filter (consisting of a one branch passive shunt filter as a high pass
damped filter and series APF connected in series of ac mains using VSC with bus capacitor as shown
in Fig. E11.8) is designed for a load of 220 V, 50 Hz thyristor ac voltage controller with resistive load
of 12.0 Ohms at 45º firing angle of its thyristors. Calculate the rating of both series APF and passive
shunt filer used in hybrid filter to provide harmonic compensation and reactive power compensation
with unity power factor at ac mains.
vSAF is iL

ish CH Nonlinear
Load

220V RH R
LH

Shunt Passive Filter

Series Active
Filter

Fig. E11.8 Hybrid power filter

Solution: Given that, supply rms voltage, Vs = 220 V, frequency of the supply f = 50 Hz, R = 12 Ω,  =
450. A single-phase active hybrid filter (consisting of a shunt passive filter and series APF using VSC with
dc bus capacitor) connected in series with ac mains is designed for this load compensation.
In a single-phase, phase controlled ac controller, the waveform of the supply current (I s) has a value of Vs/R
from angle  to π. The peak load voltage is as, Vsdc = 220√2 = 311.13 V.
An ac load rms current is as, IL = Vsdc[{1/(2π)}{( π-)+sin2/2}]½/R = 17.48 A.
Fundamental RMS load current IL1 = Vsdc/(2π R√2)[ (cos2-1)2+{sin2+2( π-)}2] ½ = 16.92 A.
The displacement angle is as, θ1 = tan-1[(cos2-1)/ {sin2+2( π-)}] = 9.93°.
 The fundamental active power drawn by the load is as, PL1= VsIL1cos θ1 = 3666.9 W.
The fundamental reactive power drawn by the load is as, QL1 = VsIL1sin θ1 = 641.92 VAR.
The RMS load voltage is as, VL = Vsdc[{1/(2π)}{( π-)+sin2/2}]½ = 209.77 V.
The load Displacement factor is as, DPF = cos θ1 = cos 9.93° = 0.985.
The load Distortion Factor is as, DF = IL1/IL = 16.92 /17.48 = 0.968.
The load Power factor is as, PF = DPF*DF = 0.953.
The AC mains current after the compensation is as,
Is = IL1cos θ1 = PL1/Vs = 3666.9/220 = 16.67 A.
The shunt passive filter has to meet the reactive power requirement of the load for UPF at the ac mains,
therefore, the capacitor of the passive shunt filter must be selected to provide this required reactive power.
There the value of the capacitor is as,
C = Q1/(Vs2ω) = 641.92 /(2202*314) = 42.22 µF.
Since there is only one branch in the passive shunt filter, which must be tuned for lowest harmonic (3 rd
order harmonic in this case) present in the load current as a damped filter to take care all the harmonics
currents, therefore, this value of the capacitor is the element of this passive filter.
CH = C = 42.22 µF.
The value of an inductor for high pass damped harmonic filter (tuned at 3h harmonic) is as,
LH = 1/ (ω32CH) = 26.7 mH.
The resistance in parallel of an inductor of a high pass damped harmonic tuned filter is as,
RH = XH/QH = 5.03 Ω. (Considering QH = 5 for lower losses in it as it may be in the range of 0.5-5 depending
upon the attenuation required.).
All other harmonics load currents to flow in to high pass damped harmonic filter is as,
IH = √[ IL2- IL12] = √(17.482-16.922) = 4.39 A.
All higher order harmonics voltage at the load end and across the passive filter is as,
VH = IH*RH = 4.39*5.03 = 22.05 V.
All harmonics voltages other than the fundamental voltage at the load end and across the passive filter is as,
VLH = VH = IH*RH = 22.05 V.
The voltage rating of the passive shunt filter is as,
VPF = √(Vs2+VLH2) =√(2202 + 22.052) = 221.1 V.
The current rating of the passive filter is as,
IPF = √( IL2- Is2) = √(17.482-16.672) = 5.27 A.
The VA rating of the passive shunt filter is as,
SPF = VPF*IPF = 221.1*5.27 = 2581.7 = 1.165 kVA.
The pu rating of the PF is as,
SPFpu = SPF/SL = 1165/(220*17.48) = 0.3029 = 30.29% of the load rating.
The series active filter must inject this all harmonics voltages to force all harmonics currents in to the
passive filter. Therefore, the voltage rating of the series active filter is as,
VSAF = VLH = VH = 22.05 V.
(e) The current rating of the series active filter is as,
ISAF = Is=Fundamental active power component of load current, Is = IL1cos θ1= P1/Vs = 3666.9/220 = 16.67 A.
(Since, the series APF is connected in series with the ac mains before the passive shunt filter which is
providing harmonics and reactive power compensation resulting in UPF at the ac mains).
(f) The VA rating of the series APF is as,
SAPF = VSAF*ISAF = 22.05 *16.67 = 367.56 VA.
The pu rating of the series APF is as,
SAPFpu = SAPF/SL = 367.56 /(220*17.48) = 0.0956 = 9.56 % of the load rating.

9. A three-phase VSI with quasi-square wave ac output line voltage of 420 V rms at 50 Hz is feeding a
critical load of 400 V, 50 Hz three-phase 25kVA at 0.85 lagging power factor. A three-phase universal
active power conditioner (UAPC consisting of shunt and series APFs using two VSCs with a common
bus capacitor as shown in Fig. E11.9) is designed for this critical linear load. Calculate (a) the voltage
rating of shunt element of UAPC, (b) the current rating of shunt elements of UAPC, (c) the VA rating
of shunt element of UAPC, (d) the voltage rating of series element of UAPC, (e) the current rating of
series element of UAPC, (f) the VA rating of series element of UAPC to provide harmonics and
reactive power compensation for unity power factor at ac mains by shunt element of UAPC and
constant regulated sine wave voltage of a 400 V rms sine wave at 50 Hz across the load by series
element of UAPC.
 25 kVA,
0.85 pf
vfsea isa iLa

isha
vfseb isb iLb
Vsdc
ishb
vfsec
isc iLc

ishc

420 V, 50 Hz
Quasi-square wave inverter

Series Active Filter Shunt Active Filter

Fig. E11.9 Hybrid power filter

Solution: Given that, the supply line voltage, VsL = 420 V rms of quasi-square wave line voltage, frequency
of the supply f = 50 Hz, a critical linear load of 25 kVA, 400 V, 50 Hz at 0.85 lagging pf.
The desired load phase voltage, VLp = 400/√3 = 230.94 V of sine wave.
The magnitude of dc side voltage of supply side VSI is estimated as,
Vsdc = (VsL/√(2/3)) = 420/0.8165 = 514.39 V.
The load line current is as, IL= IL1 = 25000/(3*230.94) = 36.08 A.
The active power component of load line current is as, I L1a ={SL*pf/(3*VLp)}= 25000*0.85/(3*230.94) =
30.67 A.
The fundamental component of supply side line voltage is, VsL1= (√6*Vsdc/π) = 0.779*514.39 = 401.07 V.
The fundamental component of supply phase voltage is as, Vsp1 = VsL1/√3 = 231.56 V.
The supply current after the compensation is as, Is={SL*pf/(3*Vsp1)} = 30.59 A.
In this system, load current harmonics and reactive power compensation are to be provided by the shunt
active filter of UAPC. The voltage compensation is provided by series filter of UAPC. However, there is a
difference in magnitude of fundamental voltage in the supply and load terminals, to compensate that an
active power is circulated between series and shunt active filters as explained earlier in UPQC-P. The rating
calculations for both the VSCs of UAPC are as follows.
(a) The voltage rating of shunt element of UAPC is equal to ac load phase voltage of V sh = 230.94 V, since
it is connected across the load of 230.94 V sine waveform.
(b) The current rating of shunt element of UAPC is computed as,
The shunt element of UAPC compensates for the load reactive power, hence the required reactive
power component shunt active filter current is estimated as Ishr = √( IL2- IL1a2) = (36.082-30.672) = 19 A.
The supply fundamental voltage is lower as compared to the required load voltage. Hence, shunt APF
absorbs active power and that active power is delivered back into the system via series APF. The active
power component of shunt APF current is estimated as,
Isha = Is-IL1a =(30.59-30.67) A = -0.08 A.
The net current rating of shunt APF is estimated as,
Ish=√(Isha2+Ishr2)=√(0.082+192) = 19 A.
(c) The VA rating of VSC of shunt APF is as, Ssh = 3*Vsh*Ish = 3*230.94*19 VA = 13170 VA.
(d) The supply of quasi-square line voltage results in stepped phase voltage.
The waveform of the phase voltage at the input of series active filter is a stepped waveforms as (i) first
step of π/3 angle {from 0° to (π/3)} and a magnitude of (V sdc/3), (ii) second step of π/3 angle {from
(π/3) to (2π/3)} and a magnitude of {2Vsdc/3}, (iii) third step of π/3 angle {from (2π/3) to (π)} and a
magnitude of {Vsdc/3} and it has both half cycles of symmetric segments of such steps.
The voltage rating of series APF, Vfse is computed by taking the difference of the supply phase voltage
and required load sine phase voltage at the input of linear load as,
π/3 2π/3 π

 (171.46-230.94 2sinθ) 2 dθ  (342.93-230.94 2sinθ)2 dθ  (171.46-230.94 2sinθ)2 dθ

Vfse = [1/ 0 + π/3 + ] = 71.98 V. 2π/3

(e) The current rating of series APF is as, I se = Is = 30.59 A. (Since series conditioner is connected in series
with supply VSI.)
(f) The VA rating of series connected APF is as, Sse = 3*Vfse*Ise = 3*71.98*30.59 VA = 6605.6 VA.
10. A three-phase active filter connected in series of three branch shunt passive filter (PF) (5 rd, 7th and
high pass filter as shown in Fig. E11.10) is used for harmonics current and reactive power
compensation in a three-phase 400 V, 50 Hz system to reduce the THD of supply current and to
improve the displacement factor to unity. It has a load of thyristor bridge converter operating at 60º
firing angle drawing constant 100A dc current. Calculate (a) designed value of passive filter
components; (b) line current, (c) VA rating of APF.
vSAFa
Zsa iLa 100 A
vsa isa
Zsb vSAFb isha
iLb
n
vsb isb
Zsc vSAFc ishb
iLc
vsc isc ishc
400 V, 50 Hz
C5 C7 LH RH

Series L5 L7
Active
Filter CH

Shunt Passive Filter

Fig. E11.10 Hybrid power filter

Solution: Given that, a three-phase ac line voltage of 400 V rms at 50 Hz is feeding a load of three-phase
thyristor bridge converter operating at 60º firing angle drawing constant 100 A dc current. A set of shunt
connected ac tuned passive filters for this system is used to compensate the reactive power and 5 th, 7th
harmonics and high pass damped filter to compensate all higher order harmonics at the input ac mains.
In this system, load current harmonics and reactive power compensation are to be provided by the shunt
passive filter and a series active filter is used to force all harmonics currents through this shunt passive
filter.
In three-phase thyristor bridge converter, the waveform of the load current (I L) is a quasi-square wave with
the amplitude of dc link current (Idc).
Therefore, IL =  (2/3) Idc = 0.81649*100 = 81.65 A.
Moreover, rms of fundamental component of quasi-square wave load current is as, I L1 ={( 6)/π } Idc =
0.7797*100 = 77.97 A.
An active power component of supply current is as, IL1a = IL1 cos θ1 = IL1 cos α = 77.97 cos600 = 38.98 A.
The fundamental active power of the load, PL = 3*VL*IL1a = 3*230.94*38.98 = 27 kW.
The fundamental reactive power of the load, QL = 3*VL* IL1 sin α = 3*230.94*77.97*sin600 = 46.782
kVAR.
The passive shunt filter has nine branches (three for each phase and nine for all three-phases). The total
reactive power of 46.782 kVAR (required by thyristor rectifier) is to provide by all nine branches of the
passive shunt filter. Considering that all branches of the passive filter has equal capacitors, therefore, the
value of this capacitor is as,
C = Q/(9VS2ω) = 46782/(9*230.942*314) = 310.23 µF. Therefore, C5 = C7 = CH = C = 310.23 µF.
Therefore, the value of an inductor for 5th harmonic tuned filter is as,
L5 = 1/ (ω52C5) = 1.3 mH.
The resistance of the inductor of 5th harmonic tuned filter is as,
R5 = X5/Q5 = 0.103 Ω. (Considering Q5 = 20 as it may be in the range of 10-100 depending upon the design
of the inductor.).
The value of an inductor of 7th harmonic tuned filter is as,
L7 = 1/ (ω72C7) = 0.67 mH.
The resistance of the inductor of 7th harmonic tuned filter is as,
R7 = X7/Q7 = 0.073 Ω. (Considering Q5 =20 as it may be in the range of 10-100 depending upon the design
of the inductor.).
The value of an inductor for high pass damped harmonic filter (tuned at 11th harmonic) is as,
LH = 1/ (ω112CH) = 0.27 mH.
The resistance in parallel of an inductor of a high pass damped harmonic tuned filter is as,
RH = XH/QH = 0.466 Ω. (Considering QH = 2 as it may be in the range of 0.5-5 depending upon the
attenuation required.).
A three-phase thyristor rectifier with quasi-square ac mains current has the fundamental rms current as,
I1TS = IL1= 77.97 A.
The 5th harmonic load current to flow in to 5th harmonic tuned filter is as,
I5 = I1TS /5 = 77.97/5 = 15.59 A.
 The 5th harmonic voltage at the load end and across the passive filter is as,
V5 = I5*R5 = 15.59*0.103 = 1.6 V.
The 7th harmonic load current to flow in to 7th harmonic tuned filter is as,
I7 = I1TS/7 =77.97/7 =11.14 A.
The 7th harmonic voltage at the load end and across the passive filter is as,
V7 = I7*R7 =11.14*0.073 = 0.82 V.
All other harmonics load currents to flow in to high pass damped harmonic filter is as,
IH = √[ Is2- I1TS2- I52 -I72] = √[81.652-77.972-15.592-11.142] = 14.84 A.
All higher order harmonics voltage at the load end and across the passive filter is as,
VH = IH*RH = 14.84 *0.466 = 6.92 V.
All harmonics voltages other than the fundamental voltage at the load end and across the passive filter is as,
VLH = √(V52+V72+ VH2) = 7.15 V.
The series active filter must inject this all harmonics voltages to force all harmonics currents in to the
passive filter. Therefore, the voltage rating of the series active filter is as,
VSAF = VLH= √(V52+V72+ VH2) = 7.15 V.
(b) The line current after the compensation is at UPF as,
IL1a = IL1 cos θ1 = IL1 cos α = 77.97 cos600 = 38.98 A.
(c) The current rating of the series active filter is as,
ISAF = IL1a = 38.98 A. (Since, the series APF is connected in series with AC mains).
(d) The VA rating of the series APF is as,
SAPF = 3*VSAF*ISAF =3*7.15*38.98 = 836.15 VA.
The pu rating of the series APF is as,
Spu = SAPF/SL = 836.15/(3*230.94*81.65) = 0.0148 = 1.48 % of the load rating.

11. A three-phase, series active filter along-with three branch shunt passive filter (PF) (5 rd, 7th and high
pass filter as shown in Fig. E11.11) is used for harmonics current and reactive power compensation in
a three-phase 440 V, 50 Hz system to reduce the THD of supply current and to improve the
displacement factor to unity. It has a load of thyristor bridge converter operating at 60º firing angle
drawing constant 125A dc current. Calculate (a) designed value of passive filter components, (b) line
current, (c) VA rating of APF, (d) ac inductor value of APF, and (e) bus capacitor as shown in Fig.
E11.1 value of APF and its dc voltage. Consider the switching frequency of 10 kHz and dc bus voltage
has to be controlled within 5% range and ripple current in inductor is 10%.
Zsa iLa
125 A
isa isha
vsa
Zsb iLb
n
isb
vsb ishb
Zsc iLc

vsc isc
440 V, 50 Hz
Parallel Hybrid Power
Filter

Active Filter ishc

vSAFa

vSAFb

vSAFc

Fig. E11.11 Hybrid power filter

Solution: Given that, a three-phase ac line voltage of 440 V rms at 50 Hz is feeding a load of three-phase
thyristor bridge converter operating at 60º firing angle drawing constant 125 A dc current. A three-phase,
series active filter connected in series with a three branch shunt passive filter (PF) (5 rd, 7th and high pass
filter) is used for harmonics current and reactive power compensation in a three-phase 440 V, 50 Hz system
to reduce the THD of supply current and to improve the displacement factor to unity. Consider the
switching frequency of 10 kHz and dc bus voltage has to be controlled within 5% range and ripple current
in inductor is 10%.
In this system, load current harmonics and reactive power compensation are to be provided by the shunt
passive filter and a series filter is used to such all harmonics currents through this shunt passive filter.
In three-phase thyristor bridge converter, the waveform of the load current (I L) is a quasi-square wave with
the amplitude of dc link current (Idc).
Therefore, IL =  (2/3) Idc = 0.816*125 = 102.1 A.
Moreover, the rms of fundamental component of quasi-square wave, IL1 = {(6)/π}Idc = 97.46 A.
Active power component of supply current, IL1a = IL1 cos θ1 = IL1 cos α = 97.46 cos600 = 48.73 A.
Total harmonics and reactive power component of load current, If = (IL2-IL1a2) =(102.12-48.732) = 89.68
A.
The fundamental reactive power of the load, QL = 3*VL* IL1 sin α = 3*254*97.46*0.866 = 64.325 kVAR.
The passive shunt filter has nine branches (three for each phase and nine for all three-phases). The total
reactive power of 64.325 kVAR required for the thyristor converter, which a passive shunt filter has to
provide by its all nine branches. Considering that all branches of the passive filter has equal capacitors,
therefore, the value of this capacitor is as,
C = QL/(9VL2ω) = 64325/(9*2542*314) = 352.54 µF. So, C5 = C7 = CH = C =352.54 µF.
Therefore, the value of an inductor for 5th harmonic tuned filter is as,
L5 = 1/ (ω52C5) =1.1 mH.
The resistance of the inductor of 5th harmonic tuned filter is as,
R5 = X5/Q5 = 0.09 Ω. (Considering Q5 = 20 as it may be in the range of 10-100 depending upon the design of
the inductor)
The value of an inductor of 7th harmonic tuned filter is as,
L7 = 1/ (ω72C7) = 0.59 mH.
The resistance of the inductor of 7th harmonic tuned filter is as,
R7 = X7/Q7 = 0.064 Ω. (Considering Q5 = 20 as it may be in the range of 10-100 depending upon the design
of the inductor)
The value of an inductor for high pass damped harmonic filter (tuned at 11th harmonic) is as,
LH = 1/ (ω112CH) = 0.237 mH.
The resistance in parallel of an inductor of a high pass damped harmonic tuned filter is as,
RH = XH/QH = 0.328 Ω. (Considering QH = 2.5 as it may be in the range of 0.5-5 depending upon the
attenuation required)
A three-phase thyristor rectifier with quasi-square ac input current has the fundamental rms current as,
I1TS = IL1= {( 6)/π}Idc= 97.46 A.
The 5th harmonic load current to flow in to 5th harmonic tuned filter is as,
I5 = I1TS /5 = 97.46/5 =19.49 A.
The 5th harmonic voltage at the load end and across the passive filter is as,
V5 = I5*R5 = 19.49 *0.09 =1.76 V.
The 7th harmonic load current to flow in to 7th harmonic tuned filter is as,
I7 = I1TS/7 = 97.46/7 = 13.92 A.
The 7th harmonic voltage at the load end and across the passive filter is as,
V7 = I7*R7 = 13.92*0.064 = 0.898 V.
All other harmonics load currents to flow in to high pass damped harmonic filter is as,
IH =√[ IL2- I1TS2- I52 -I72] = √[102.12-97.462-19.492-13.922] = 18.55 A.
All higher order harmonics voltage at the load end and across the passive filter is as,
VH = IH*RH = 18.55*0.328 = 6.09 V.
All harmonics voltages other than the fundamental voltage at the load end and across the passive filter is as,
VLH =√(V52+V72+ VH2) =6.4 V.
The series active filter must inject this all harmonics voltages to force all harmonics currents in to the
passive filter. Therefore, the voltage rating of the series active filter is as,
VSAF = VLH = √(V52+V72+ VH2) = 6.4 V.
(b) The line current after the compensation is at UPF as,
Is1a = Is1 cos θ1 = Is1 cos α = 97.46cos600 = 48.73 A.
(c) The current rating of the series active filter is as,
ISAF = √( IL2- IL1a 2) = 89.68 A. (Since, the series APF is connected in series with the passive shunt filter).
The VA rating of the series APF is as,
SAPF = 3*VSAF*ISAF = 3*6.4*89.68 = 1722.4 VA.
The pu rating of the series APF is as,
Spu = SAPF/SL = 1722.4/(3*254*102.1) = 2.21 % of the load rating.
(d) The ac inductor value of series APF is as,
Lf = {(√3)/2}maVdcapf/(6afsIf) = {(√3)/2}*.8*23/(6*1.2*10000*0.1*89.68) = 24.68 µH.
(e) The dc bus voltage of series APF connected in series with passive shunt filter can be calculated from its
injected voltage.
The VSC side of an ac injected voltage is as, Vinj = VSAF = 6.4 V.
The dc bus voltage to VSC to inject this phase rms voltage is as,
Vdcapf = 2√2*Vinj/ma= 2√2*6.4/0.8 = 22.63 ≈ 23 V. (Where ma is modulation index).
(f) The dc bus capacitance of an APF is computed from change in stored energy during dynamics as.
The change in stored energy during dynamics, ΔE=½ Cdc (Vdcapf2-Vdcminapf2)=3*VSAF*ISAF*t
 ΔE = ½ Cdc (232-21.852) = 3*6.4*89.68*10/1000 (Considering t=10ms)
Cdc = 667.9 mF.

12. A three-phase universal active power conditioner (UAPC consisting of shunt and series APFs using
two VSCs with common dc bus capacitor as shown in Fig. E11.12) is designed for a load of 440 V, 50
Hz thyristor bridge with constant dc current of 250 A at 30º firing angle of its thyristors. If there is a
voltage fluctuations of +10% and –20% in supply system with base value of 440 V. Calculate (a) the
voltage rating of shunt element of UAPC, (b) the current rating of shunt elements of UAPC, (c) the
VA rating of shunt element of UAPC, (d) the voltage rating of series element of UAPC, (e) the current
rating of series element of UAPC, (f) the VA rating of series element of UAPC to provide harmonic
and reactive power compensation for unity power factor at ac mains with constant regulated sine
wave voltage of 440 V at 50 Hz.
vfsea isa iLa
250A
vsa isha
vfseb isb iLb

vsb ishb
n vfsec isc iLc

vsc ishc
440 V,
50 Hz

Series Active Filter Shunt Active Filter

Fig. E11.12 Hybrid power filter

Solution: Given that, Supply rms voltage/phase is, V sp = 440/√3 = 254 V, frequency of the supply, f = 50
Hz, a nonlinear load of 440 V, 50 Hz thyristor bridge with constant dc current of 250 A at 30º firing angle
of its thyristors. There is a voltage fluctuation of +10% and –20% in supply system with base value of 440
V.
Let X be the pu voltage variation and Vsp’ be the PCC voltage under voltage variation.
The per phase load voltage is, VLp = VLL/√3 = 440/√3 = 254 V.
In this system, load current harmonics and reactive power compensation are to be provided by the shunt
active filter of UAPC. The voltage sag/swell compensation is provided by series filter of UAPC. However,
while compensating for sag/swell an active power is circulated between series and shunt active filters as
explained earlier in UPQC-P. Under maximum voltage sag, the maximum rating for both the VSCs are
realized. The various rating calculations are as follows,
The supply voltage under maximum voltage sag is as, Vsp’=Vs (1-X) = 254*(1-0.2) = 203.2 V.
In three-phase thyristor bridge converter, the waveform of the load line current (I L) is a quasi-square wave
with the amplitude of dc link current (Idc).
Therefore, IL =  (2/3) Idc = 0.81649*250 =204.12 A.
Moreover, the rms of fundamental component of quasi-square wave, I L1 ={(6)/π}Idc = 0.779*250 = 194.92
A.
An active power component of supply current is as, IL1a= IL1 cos θ1= IL1 cos α=194.92*cos300=168.81 A
The active power rating of load is estimated as, PL = 3*VLp*IL1a = 3*254*168.81 = 128650 W.
The supply current under voltage sag is estimated as Is’ = PL/(3Vsp’) = 128650/(3*203.2) = 211 A.
Total harmonics and reactive power component of load current is estimated as, ILr = (IL2-IL1a2) =
(204.122-168.812) = 114.76 A.
(a) The voltage rating of shunt element of UAPC is equal to ac load phase voltage of V sh = 254 V/phase,
since it is connected across the load of 254 V sine waveform. The line voltage rating for UAPC is
√3*254 = 440 V.
(b) The current rating of shunt element of UAPC is computed as,
The shunt element of UAPC is to provide load current harmonics and reactive power compensation, hence
the required harmonics current and reactive power of the load it has to supply. Therefore, total harmonics
and reactive power component of current through shunt active filter is estimated as,
Ishr = √( IL2- IL1a2) = (204.122-168.812) = 114.76 A.
 The supply fundamental voltage is lower as compared to the required load voltage. Hence, shunt APF
absorbs active power and that active power is delivered back into the system via series APF. The active
power component of shunt active filter is estimated as,
Isha = Is’-IL1a = (211-168.81) A = 42.2 A.
The overall current rating of shunt active filter is estimated as,
Ish = √( Isha2+ Ishr2) = √(42.22+114.762) = 122.27 A.
The VA rating of VSC of shunt APF is as, Ssh = 3*Vsh*Ish = 3*254*122.27 VA = 93186 VA.
(c) The voltage rating of series element of UAPC is computed as,
There is a voltage fluctuation of +10% and –20% in supply system with base value of 239.60V.
Therefore, the series APF must inject the difference of these maximum of these two voltages to provide
the required voltage at the load end.
The voltage rating of series APF, Vfse = 254*0.20 = 50.8 V.
(e) The current rating of series element of UAPC is same as supply current under sag compensation,
Ise = Is’ = 211 A.
(f) The VA rating of series element of UAPC is as, Sse = 3*Vfse*Ise = 3*50.8*211 VA = 32162 VA.

13. A three-phase universal active power conditioner (UAPC consisting of shunt and series APFs using
two VSCs with a common bus capacitor as shown in Fig. E11.13) is designed for feeding a critical
load at 440 V, 50 Hz three-phase and consisting of a three-phase diode bridge rectifier is drawing ac
current at 0.94 displacement factor and THD of its ac current is 65 percent. It is drawing 80 kW from
ac source and crest factor is 2.5 of ac input current. If there is a voltage fluctuations of +10% and –
10% in supply system with base value of 415 V. Calculate (a) the voltage rating of shunt element of
UAPC, (b) the current rating of shunt elements of UAPC, (c) the VA rating of shunt element of
UAPC, (d) the voltage rating of series element of UAPC, (e) the current rating of series element of
UAPC, (f) the VA rating of series element of UAPC to provide harmonic and reactive power
compensation for unity power factor at ac mains with constant regulated sine wave voltage of 440 V
at 50 Hz.
vfsea isa iLa

vsa isha
vfseb isb iLb
n
vsb ishb
vfsec isc
80 kW
vsc ishc iLc
440 V,
50 Hz

Series Active Filter Shunt Active Filter

Fig. E11.13 Hybrid power filter

Solution: Given that, supply rms voltage, Vsp = 440/√3 = 254 V, frequency of the supply f = 50 Hz feeding
a critical load at 440 V, 50 Hz three-phase and consisting of a three-phase diode bridge rectifier is drawing
ac current at 0.94 displacement factor and THD of its ac current is 65%. It is drawing 80 kW from ac source
and crest factor is 2.5 of ac input current. There is a voltage fluctuation of +10% and –20% in supply
system with base value of 415 V. The load phase voltage is to be regulated to nominal supply voltage
hence,
VLp = Vsp = 254 V.
Let X be the pu voltage variation and Vsp’ be the PCC voltage under voltage variation.
In this system, load current harmonics and reactive power compensation are to be provided by the shunt
active filter of UAPC. The voltage sag/swell compensation is provided by series filter of UAPC. However,
while compensating for sag/swell an active power is circulated between series and shunt active filters as
explained in earlier chapter of UPQC. Under maximum voltage sag, the maximum rating for both the VSCs
are realized. The various rating calculations are as follows,
The supply voltage under maximum voltage sag is as, Vsp’=Vb*(1-X) = 239.6*(1-0.2) = 191.68 V.
The active power component of the load current is estimated as,
IL1a = PL/(3*VLp) = 80000/(3*254) = 104.97 A.
The fundamental current of the load is as, IL1 = IL1a/cos θ1= 104.97/0.94 = 111.67 A.
 The load rms current is as, IL = IL1{(1+THD2)1/2} = 111.67*√(1+0.652) = 133.19 A.
Total harmonics and reactive power component of current, ILr = (IL2-IL1a2) = (133.192-104.972) = 81.98 A.
The supply current under voltage sag is estimated as Is’ = PL/(3Vsp’)= {80000/(3*191.68)} = 139.12 A.
(a) The voltage rating of shunt element of UAPC is equal to ac load phase voltage of V sh = 254 V, since it
is connected across the load of 254 V sine waveform.
(b) The current rating of shunt element of UAPC is computed as,
The shunt element of UAPC is to provide load current harmonics and reactive power compensation,
hence the required harmonics current and reactive power of the load it has to supply. Therefore, total
harmonics and reactive power component of current through shunt active filter is estimated as,
Ishr = (IL2-IL1a2) = (133.192-104.972) = 81.98 A.
The supply fundamental voltage is lower as compared to the required load voltage. Hence, shunt APF
absorbs active power and that active power is delivered back into the system via series APF. The active
power component of shunt active filter is estimated as,
Isha = Is’-IL1a = (139.12-104.97) A = 34.15 A.
The overall current rating of shunt active filter is estimated as,
Ish = √( Isha2+ Ishr2) = √(34.152+81.982) =88.81 A.
(c) The VA rating of VSC of shunt APF is as, Ssh = 3*Vsh*Ish = 3*254*88.81 VA = 67680 VA.
(d) The voltage rating of series element of UAPC is computed as.
There is a voltage fluctuation of +10% and –20% in supply system with base value of 239.60 V.
Therefore, the series APF must inject the difference of these maximum of these two voltages to provide
the required voltage at the load end.
The voltage rating of series APF, Vfse = 239.6*0.20 = 47.92 V.
(e) The current rating of series element of UAPC is same as supply current under sag compensation,
Ise = Is’ = 139.12 A.
The VA rating of series element of UAPC is as, Sse = 3*Vfse*Ise = 3*47.92*139.12 = 20000 VA.

14. A three-phase VSI with quasi-square wave ac output line voltage of 440 V rms at 50 Hz is feeding a
critical 400 V (line), 50 Hz three-phase thyristor bridge with constant dc current of 150 A at 30º firing
angle of its thyristors. A three-phase universal active power conditioner (UAPC consisting of shunt
and series APFs using two VSCs with a common bus capacitor as shown in Fig. E11.14) is designed
for this critical nonlinear load. Calculate (a) the voltage rating of shunt element of UAPC, (b) the
current rating of shunt elements of UAPC, (c) the VA rating of shunt element of UAPC, (d) the
voltage rating of series element of UAPC, (e) the current rating of series element of UAPC, (f) the VA
rating of series element of UAPC to provide harmonics and reactive power compensation for unity
power factor at ac mains by shunt element of UAPC and constant regulated sine wave voltage of a
400 V rms sine wave at 50 Hz across the load by series element of UAPC.
vfsea isa iLa 150A

vfseb isb isha iLb

Vsdc
vfsec isc ishb
iLc

ishc
440 V, 50 Hz
Quasi square wave inverter

Series Active Filter Shunt Active Filter

Fig. E11.14 Hybrid power filter

Solution: Given that, a three-phase VSI with quasi-square wave ac output line voltage, V sL = 440 V rms at
50 Hz is feeding a critical 415 V (line), 50 Hz three-phase thyristor bridge with constant dc current of 150
A at 30º firing angle of its thyristors.
In this system, load current harmonics and reactive power compensation is provided by shunt active filter of
UAPC and voltage regulation and its harmonics compensation is to be provided by series conditioner of
UAPC. However for voltage regulation an active power is circulated in between the series and shunt active
filters of UAPC.
 The supply is a quasi-square line voltage of 440 V rms, the amplitude of quasi-square waveform is
estimated as, Vsdc = VsL*√3/√2 = 440*√3/√2 = 538.89 V.
Moreover, the rms of fundamental component of quasi-square supply voltage is,
VsL1 = {(6)/π } Vsdc = 420.17 V.
The fundament component of supply phase voltage is as, Vsp1 = VsL1/√3 = 242.58 V.
However, the desired load phase voltage is, V Lp= 400/√3 = 230.94 V sine wave. This voltage is applied
across a critical nonlinear load of 400 V (line), 50 Hz three-phase thyristor bridge with constant dc current
of 150 A at 30º firing angle of its thyristors. In three-phase thyristor bridge converter, the waveform of the
load current (IL) is a quasi-square wave with the amplitude of dc link current (Idc).
Therefore, IL = (2/3) Idc = 0.81649*150= 122.47 A.
Moreover, the rms of fundamental component of quasi-square wave, I L1 = {(6)/π } Idc = 0.779*150 =
116.95 A.
Active power component of supply current IL1a = IL1 cos θ1 = IL1 cos α = 116.95 cos300 = 101.28 A.
Total harmonics and reactive power component of load current is estimated as,
ILr = (IL2-IL1a2) = (122.472-101.282) = 68.86 A
The active power consumed by the load is as, PL = 3*VLp* IL1a = 3*230.94*101.28 = 70173 W.
The supply current is estimated as, Is = {PL/(3*Vsp1)} = {70173/(3*242.58)} = 96.42 A.
(a) The voltage rating of shunt element of UAPC is equal to ac load voltage of V sh = 230.94 V, since it is
connected across the load of 230.94 V sine waveform.
(b) The current rating of shunt element of UAPC is computed as,
The shunt active filter of UAPC facilitates harmonics and reactive power compensation. Therefore,
total harmonics and reactive power component of current through shunt active filter is estimated as,
Ishr = (IL2-IL1a2) =(122.472-101.282) = 68.86 A
The supply fundamental voltage is higher as compared to the required load voltage. Hence, series APF
absorbs active power and that active power is delivered back into the system via shunt APF. The active
power component of shunt active filter is estimated as,
Isha = Is-IL1a = (96.42-101.28) A = -4.86 A.
The –ve sign for active power component denotes that the shunt active filter supplies active power
(absorbed by series conditioner) into the system.
The overall current rating of shunt active filter is estimated as,
Ish = √( Isha2+ Ishr2) = √(4.862+68.862) = 69 A.
(c) The VA rating of VSC of shunt APF is as, Ssh = 3*Vsh*Ish = 3*230.94*69 VA = 47824 VA.
(d) The voltage rating of series APF, Vfse is computed as follows,
The supply of quasi-square line voltage results in stepped phase voltage. The series filter injects a
voltage which is equal to difference between the supply voltage and voltage at load terminal.
The waveform of the phase voltage at the input of series active filter is a stepped waveforms as (i) first
step of π/3 angle {from 0° to (π/3)} and a magnitude of (V sdc/3), (ii) second step of π/3 angle {from
(π/3) to (2π/3)} and a magnitude of {2Vsdc/3}, (iii) third step of π/3 angle {from (2π/3) to (π)} and a
magnitude of {Vsdc/3} and it has both half cycles of symmetric segments of such steps.
The voltage rating of series APF, Vfse is computed by taking the difference of the supply phase voltage
and required load sine phase voltage at the input of linear load as,
π/3 2π/3 π

 (179.63-230.94 2sinθ) dθ
2
 (359.26-230.94 2sinθ) 2 dθ  (179.63-230.94 2sinθ)2 dθ
Vfse=[1/ 0 + π/3 + 2π/3 ]
=76.3 V
(e) The current rating of series conditioner, I se = Is= 96.42 A. (Since series conditioner is connected in
series with supply.).
(f) The kVA rating of series conditioner, S = 3*Vfse*Ise = 3*76.3 *96.42 VA= 22071 VA.

15. In a three-phase VSI with stepped wave ac line voltage output of 400 V rms at 50 Hz (quasi-square
wave phase voltage), 4-wire distribution system, three single-phase loads (connected between phases
and neutral) having a single-phase 220V, 50 Hz thyristor bridge converter drawing equal 25 A
constant dc current at 45º firing angle of its thyristors. A three-phase universal active power
conditioner (UAPC consisting of four leg VSC as shunt APF and three leg VSC as series APF using
with common bus capacitor as shown in Fig. E11.15) is designed for this critical nonlinear load.
Calculate (a) the voltage rating of shunt element of UAPC, (b) the current rating of shunt elements of
UAPC, (c) the VA rating of shunt element of UAPC, (d) the voltage rating of series element of UAPC,
(e) the current rating of series element of UAPC, (f) the VA rating of series element of UAPC to
provide harmonics and reactive power compensation for unity power factor at ac mains and zero
neutral current by shunt element of UAPC and constant regulated sine wave voltage of a 400V (line)
rms sine wave at 50 Hz across the load by series element of UAPC.
vfsea isa iLa
25A

vfseb isha isb iLb

iLn/3
Vsdc
vfsec ishb iLc iLn/3
isc

ishc iLn/3
ishn
400 V, 50 Hz
Stepped wave inverter

Series Active Filter Shunt Active Filter

Fig. E11.15 Hybrid power filter

Solution: Given that, a three-phase VSI with stepped wave ac line voltage output of 400 V rms at 50 Hz
(quasi-square wave phase voltage) is feeding a single-phase 220V, 50 Hz thyristor bridge converter drawing
equal 25 A constant dc current at 45º firing angle of its thyristors in each of three phases.
In this system, load current harmonics and reactive power compensation is provided by shunt active filter of
UAPC and voltage regulation and its harmonics compensation is to be provided by series conditioner of
UAPC. However for voltage regulation, an active power is circulated in between the series and shunt active
filters of UAPC.
The supply is a stepped wave line voltage of 400 V rms, the amplitude of dc side voltage of supply side
VSI is estimated as, Vsdc = VsL*√2 = 400*√2 = 565.68 V.
The fundamental component of supply side line voltage is, VsL1= (3*Vsdc/√2π) = 0.675*Vsdc = 381.97 V.
The fundamental component of supply phase voltage is as, Vsp1 = VsL1/√3 = 220.53 V.
The desired load phase voltage is, VLp = 220 V (sine wave). This voltage is applied across a critical linear
single-phase load of 220 V, 50 Hz thyristor bridge converter drawing equal 25 A constant dc current at 45º
firing angle of its thyristors in each of three phases.
In three-phase thyristor bridge converter, the waveform of the load line current (I L) is a square wave with
the amplitude of dc link current (Idc).
The ac load line current is, IL = 25 A.
The fundamental active power component of load current is estimated as,
IL1a = IL1 cosα = 0.9Idccosα = 0.9*25*cos45º = 15.91 A.
Total harmonics and reactive power component of load current is estimated as,
ILr = (IL2-IL1a2) = (252-15.912) = 19.28 A.
The active power consumed by the load is as, PL = 3*VLp* IL1a = 3*220*15.91 = 10501 W.
The supply current is estimated as, Is = {PL/(3*Vsp1)} = {10501/(3*220.53)} = 15.87 A.
(a) The voltage rating of shunt element of UAPC is equal to ac load voltage of V sh = 220 V, since it is
connected across the load of 220 V sine waveform.
(b) The current rating of shunt element of UAPC is computed as,
The shunt active filter of UAPC facilitates harmonics and reactive power compensation. Therefore,
total harmonics and reactive power component of current through shunt active filter is estimated as,
Ishr = √( IL2- IL1a2) = (252-15.912) = 19.28 A.
The supply fundamental voltage is higher as compared to the required load voltage. Hence, series APF
absorbs active power and that active power is delivered back into the system via shunt APF. The active
power component of shunt active filter is estimated as,
Isha = Is-IL1a = (15.87-15.91) A = -0.04 A.
The phase current rating of shunt active filter is estimated as,
Ishp = √( Isha2+ Ishr2) = √(0.042+19.282) = 19.28 A.
However, the fourth leg supplies the neutral current of the load. the neural current for this type of load
is a third harmonic square wave with amplitude equal to dc side load current. Hence the rms current of
fourth leg of shunt active filter is, Ishn = ILn = 25 A.
(c) The VA rating of VSC of shunt active filter is,
Ssh = 3*Vsh*Ishp + Vsh*Ishn = 3*220*19.28 + 220*25 VA = 18228 VA.
(d) The voltage rating of series APF, Vfse is computed as follows.
Three phase VSI will be operated in 120 0 conduction mode to get stepped wave ac line voltage. The
supply stepped wave ac line voltage of Vs=415 V rms (the stepped waveforms will be as (i) first step of
π/3 angle {from 0° to (π/3)} and a magnitude of (V sdc), (ii) second step of π/3 angle {from (π/3) to
 (2π/3)} and a magnitude of (Vsdc/2), (iii) third step of π/3 angle {from (2π/3) to (π)} and a magnitude of
(-Vsdc/2) and it has both half cycles of symmetric segments of such steps) will have an amplitude of Vsdc
= √2*400 = 565.68 V. Therefore, the supply stepped wave ac line voltage of amplitude Vsdc = 565.68 V
results in quasi-square waveform of the phase voltage with the amplitude of Vsdc/2 = 282.84 V.
However, a phase shift may be considered for phase voltage to coincide with the sine waveform of the
load phase voltage VL = 220 V.
The voltage rating of series conditioner is computed as,
2π/3 π

 (282.84-220 2sinθ) 2 dθ  (-220 2sinθ) 2 dθ

Vfse = [1/{ 0 + 2π/3 }] = 133 V.
(e) The current rating of series conditioner, Ise = Is = 15.87 A.
(f) The kVA rating of VSC of conditioner, S = 3*Vfse*Ise = 3*133*15.87 VA = 6.33 kVA.