1

CHAPTER-X
SERIES ACTIVE POWER FILTERS

10.10 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

1. Design a single-phase series active power filter for filtering the voltage harmonics in a 110 V, 60 Hz ac
mains (15% third, 10% fifth, and 5% seventh harmonics) present due to other loads and source
impedance, before it is connected to a critical linear load of 3 kVA, 110 V, 60 Hz at 0.8 lagging pf. If a
single-phase VSI used as series APF, calculate (a) voltage and current rating of APF, (b) kVA rating of
VSI of series APF, (c) interfacing inductance of the APF and (d) dc bus capacitance of an APF. Consider
the switching frequency of 10 kHz and dc bus voltage has to be controlled within 10% range around
200V dc and ripple current in inductor is 5%.
Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs = 110 V, frequency of the supply f=60 Hz, V s3=15%, Vs5=10%,
Vs7=5%, a critical load of 3 kVA at 0.8 lagging PF, Vdc=200V, fs=10 kHz, ΔIf =5%, ΔVdc=10%.
The load current, Is=3000/110=27.27A
ΔIf =5% of Is=1.36 A, ΔVdc=10% of Vdc=20V, Vdcmin=200- ΔVdc=180V.
Vs3=15% of Vs=16.5 V, Vs5=10% of Vs= 11 V, Vs7=5% of Vs= 5.5 V
(a) The voltage and current rating of series APF, Vf=√(Vs32+Vs52+Vs72)=20.579 V; If = 27.27 A
(b) The kVA rating of VSI of APF, S=Vf*Is=20.579*27.27 VA=561.19 VA
(c) The interfacing inductance of the APF, Lf= Vdc/(4fsIf) = 200/(4*10000*1.36) = 3.68 mH
(d) The dc bus capacitance of an APF is computed from change in stored energy during dynamics as.
The change in stored energy during dynamics, ΔE=½ Cdc (Vdc2-Vdcmin2)=Vf*If*t
ΔE =½ Cdc (2002-1802) = 20.579*27.27*10/1000 (Considering t=10ms)
Cdc =1476.81 µF.

Tr
is AFSS

T1 T3
Linear
vs AC
Mains Load
Cd
Lr T2 T4

Fig. E10.1 Single-phase series APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.

2. A single-phase VSI with square wave ac output of 230 V rms at 50 Hz is feeding a critical linear load of 5
kVA, 230 V, 50 Hz 0.8 lagging. Design a single-phase series active power filter for filtering the voltage
harmonics in this system to eliminate voltage harmonics and to regulate fundamental 230V rms across
the load. If a single-phase VSI used as APF, calculate (a) voltage rating of APF, (b) current rating of APF
(c) kVA rating of VSI of APF, (d) an interfacing inductance, and (e) dc bus capacitance of an APF.
Consider the switching frequency of 20 kHz and dc bus voltage has to be controlled within 5% range
around 400V dc and ripple current in inductor is 10%.
Solution: Given that, supply voltage, V s = 230 V, rms square wave, frequency of the supply f=50 Hz, a critical
load of 5 kVA at 0.8 lagging PF, Vdc=400V, fs=20 kHz, ΔIf =10%, ΔVdc=5%.
The load current, Is=5000/230=21.74 A
ΔIf =10% of Is=2.174 A, ΔVdc=5% of Vdc=20V, Vdcmin=400- ΔVdc=380V.
Vs=230V square wave and Vpcc=230 V sine wave.
π

(a) The voltage rating of series APF, Vf = {1/  (230-230

0
2sinθ) 2 dθ } = 102.696 V

(b) The current rating of series APF, If = Is=5000/230=21.74 A

(c) The kVA rating of VSI of APF, S=Vf*Is=102.696 *21.74 VA=2232.62 VA
(d) The interfacing inductance of the APF, Lf= Vdc/(4fsIf) = 400/(4*20000*2.174) = 2.3 mH
(e) The dc bus capacitance of an APF is computed from change in stored energy during dynamics as.
The change in stored energy during dynamics, ΔE=½ Cdc (Vdc2-Vdcmin2)=Vf*If*t
ΔE =½ Cdc (4002-3802) = 102.696 *21.74 *10/1000 (Considering t=10ms)
Cdc =2862.32 µF.
 2

is Tr

T1 T3
vdc Linear
VSI Load
Cd
Lr T2 T4
AFSS

Fig. E10.2 Single-phase series APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.

3. A series active power filter (VSI with ac series inductor and dc bus capacitor) is used in series with single-
phase ac supply of 230 V, 50 Hz feeding diode rectifier charging a battery of 228 V at 25 A average
current to reduce the harmonics in ac mains current and to almost maintain UPF. Calculate (a) rms
voltage at the input of diode rectifier, (b) line current, (c) voltage rating of APF, (d) current rating of
APF, (e) VA rating of APF, (f) value of dc bus voltage of APF, (g) value of ac inductor of APF, and (h)
value of dc bus capacitor of APF. Consider the switching frequency of 10 kHz and dc bus voltage has to
be controlled within 5% range and ripple current in inductor is 10%.
Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs= 230V, frequency of supply f=50 Hz, a load of Vdcload=228 V and
Idc=25A.
fs=10 kHz, ΔIf =10%, ΔVdcapf=5%.
The active power, P= P=Vdcload Idc =228*25=5700 W.
The supply current, Is=5700/230=24.78 A
ΔIf =10% of Is=2.478 A, ΔVdc=5% of Vdc of APF.
(a) The rms voltage at the input of diode rectifier is computed as.
The sine wave supply current after compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the
rectifier (180°) and it will result in square wave ac voltage at PCC with an amplitude of dc bus voltage,
Vpcc=228 V. Therefore, Vpcc=228V.
(b) The supply line current at unity power will be, Is=24.78 A
(c) The voltage rating of series APF, Vf is as.
π

Vf = Vfrms= {1/  (230*

0
2sinθ-228) 2 dθ } = 102.27 V

(d) The current rating of series APF, If = Is=24.78 A (Since APF is connected in series with supply)
(e) The VA rating of VSI of APF, S=Vf*Is=102.27*24.78 VA=2534.21 VA
(f) The value of dc bus voltage of APF, Vdcapf=√2Vf/ma=√2Vf/0.8=180.79 V≈200V
(g) The interfacing inductance of the APF, Lf= Vdcapf/(4fsIf) = 200/(4*10000*2.478) = 2.02 mH.
(h) The dc bus capacitance of an APF is computed from change in stored energy during dynamics as.
The change in stored energy during dynamics, ΔE=½ Cdc (Vdcapf2-Vdcminapf2)=Vf*If*t
ΔE =½ Cdc (2002-1902) = 102.27*24.78 *10/1000 (Considering t=10ms)
Cdc =12996.16 µF.
is Tr
AFSS Nonlinear
Load
T1 T3
R
VS AC
Mains
Cd E
Lr T2 T4

Fig. E10.3 Single-phase series APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.

4. A series active power filter (VSI with ac series inductor, coupling transformer and its dc bus connected to
battery functioning as the load) is used in series with single-phase ac supply of 110 V, 60 Hz feeding diode
rectifier charging a battery of 72 V at 15A average current to reduce the harmonics in ac mains current
and to almost maintain UPF. Calculate (a) rms voltage at the input of diode rectifier, (b) line current, (c)
voltage rating of APF, (d) current rating of APF, (e) VA rating of APF, (f) the value of the ac inductor,
and (g) turns ratio of the coupling transformer. Consider the switching frequency of 10 kHz ripple
current in inductor is 2%.
 3

Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs = 110 V rms, frequency of the supply f=60 Hz, the load consists of
diode rectifier having current Idc=15A, and a battery of Vdc=72V.
The active power, P=Vdc Idc=72*15 W=1080 W.
ΔIf =2% of Is=0.196 A
(a) The sine wave supply current after the compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the
rectifier (180°) and it will result in square wave ac voltage at PCC with an amplitude of dc bus voltage,
Vpcc=72 V. Therefore, Vpcc=72 V.
(b) The line current at unity power will be, Is=P/Vs=1080/110=9.82 A
(c) The voltage rating of series APF, Vf is as.
π

Vf = Vfrms= {1/  (110*

0
2sinθ-72) 2 dθ } = 54.98 V

(c) The current rating of series APF, If = Is=9.82 A

(d) The kVA rating of VSI of APF, S=Vf*Is=54.98*9.82 VA=539.92 VA
(e) The interfacing inductance of the APF, Lf= Vdcapf/(4fsIf) = 72/(4*10000*0.196) = 9.18 mH
(f) The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is computed as.
The maximum ac voltage on ac side of VSI may be V dc/√2=72/√2=50.91V and supply side, it must be
Vsupply=Vf. The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer, Nvsi/Nsupply=50.91/54.98 =0.926.
Tr
is AFSS Nonlinear
Load
T1 T3
R
VS AC
Mains Cd E
Lr T2 T4

Fig. E10.4 Single-phase series APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.

5. A series active power filter (VSI with ac series inductor, coupling transformer and its dc bus connected to
dc bus of the load) is used to reduce the harmonics in ac mains current and to maintain almost UPF in
the series of single-phase ac supply of 110 V, 60 Hz feeding diode rectifier with a capacitive filter of
2000µF and resistive load of 10 ohms. The dc bus voltage of the load is decided to result in minimum
injected voltage of the APF. Calculate (a) rms voltage at the input of diode rectifier, (b) line current, (c)
voltage rating of APF, (d) current rating of APF, (e) VA rating of APF, (f) dc bus voltage, and (g) turns
ratio of the coupling transformer.
Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs = 110 V rms, frequency of the supply f=60 Hz, the load consists of
diode rectifier Rdc=10Ω.
If x volts is the dc bus voltage of the rectifier load, then the injected voltage of the APF is as.
π

Vf = Vfrms= {1/  (110*

0
2sinθ-x) 2 dθ }

After integrating and taking derivative with respect to x, it gives x=0.9Vs=Vdc=99 V.

The dc load current, Idc=Vdc/Rdc=99/10=9.9 A
The active power, P=Vdc Idc=99*9.9 W=980.1 W.
(a) The sine wave supply current after compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the
rectifier (180°) and it will result in square wave ac voltage at PCC with an amplitude of dc bus voltage,
Vpcc=99 V. Therefore, Vpcc=99 V.
(b) The line current at unity power will be, Is=P/Vs=980.1/110=8.91A
(c) The voltage rating of series APF, Vf is as.
π

Vf = Vfrms= {1/  (110*

0
2sinθ-99) 2 dθ } = 47.876 V

(d) The current rating of series APF, If = Is=8.91 A

(e) The kVA rating of VSI of APF, S=Vf*Is=47.876 *8.91VA=426.57 VA
(f) The dc bus voltage of the load is as, Vdc=x=99 V.
(g) The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is computed as.
The maximum ac voltage on ac side of VSI of APF may be V dc/√2=99/√2=70 V and on the supply side, it
must be Vsupply=Vf. The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is as.
Nvsi/Nsupply=70 /47.876=1.46355.
 4

Tr
is Nonlinear
Load
T1 T3

Cd
Lr T2 T4
AC AFSS
VS Mains C R

Fig. E10.5 Single-phase series APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.

6. A series active power filter (VSI with ac series inductor, coupling transformer and its dc bus connected to
dc bus of the load) is used to reduce the harmonics in ac mains current and to maintain almost UPF in
the series of single-phase ac supply of 110 V, 60 Hz feeding diode rectifier with a capacitive filter of
2000µF and resistive load of 5 ohms. If dc bus voltage of the load is to be maintained to constant ripple
free 120V, then calculate (a) rms voltage at the input of diode rectifier, (b) line current, (c) voltage rating
of APF, (d) current rating of APF, (e) VA rating of APF, and (f) turns ratio of the coupling transformer.
Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs = 110 V rms, frequency of the supply f=60 Hz, the load consists of
diode rectifier Rdc=5 Ω, Vdc=120V.
The load current, Idc=120/5=24 A. The active power, P=Vdc Idc=120*24 W=2880 W.
(a) The sine wave supply current after compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the
rectifier (180°) and it will result in square wave ac voltage at PCC with an amplitude of dc bus voltage,
Vpcc=120 V. Therefore, Vpcc=120 V.
(b) The line current at unity power will be, Is=P/Vs=2880/110=26.18 A
(c) The voltage rating of series APF, Vf is as.
π

Vf = Vfrms= {1/  (110*

0
2sinθ-120) 2 dθ } = 52.26 V

(d) The current rating of series APF, If = Is=26.18 A

(e) The kVA rating of VSI of APF, S=Vf*Is=52.26 *26.18 VA=1368.3 VA.
(f) The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is computed as.
The maximum ac voltage on ac side of VSI of APF may be Vdc/√2=120/√2=84.85 V and on the supply side,
it must be Vsupply=Vf. The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer, Nvsi/Nsupply=84.85/52.26 =1.624.
Tr
is Nonlinear
Load

T1 T3
VS AC
Mains Cd
C R
Lr T2 T4
AFSS

Fig. E10.6 Single-phase series APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.

7. A single-phase 220V, 50 Hz diode bridge rectifier with a dc capacitor filter feeding a dc of 380 V at 20A
average current to variable frequency 3-phase VSI fed induction motor drive in an air conditioner. A
single-phase series active power filter (VSI with ac series inductor, coupling transformer and dc bus
capacitor) is used in series of this rectifier-inverter system to reduce the harmonics in ac mains current,
to almost maintain UPF and to regulate the dc bus voltage of rectifier to 380V. Calculate (a) rms voltage
at the input of single-phase diode rectifier, (b) line current, (c) rms current of the APF, (d) rms voltage
across the APF, and (e) VA rating of APF.
Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs = 220 V rms, frequency of the supply f=50 Hz, the load consists of
diode rectifier having Idc=20A, Vdc=380V.
The active power, P=Vdc Idc=380*20 W=7600 W.
(a) The sine wave supply current after compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the
rectifier (180°) and it will result in square wave ac voltage at PCC with an amplitude of dc bus voltage,
Vpcc=380 V. Therefore, Vpcc=380 V.
(b) The line current at unity power will be, Is=P/Vs=7600/220=34.54 A
(c) The current rating of series APF, If = Is=34.54 A
(d) The voltage rating of series APF, Vf is as.
 5

Vf = Vfrms= {1/  (220*

0
2sinθ-380) 2 dθ } = 205.59 V

(e) The kVA rating of VSI of APF, S=Vf*Is=205.59 *34.54 VA=7101.07 VA.
Tr
is Nonlinear
Load

T1 T3
VS AC VSI fed
IM Drive
Mains Cd
C R
Lr T2 T4
AFSS

Fig. E10.7 Single-phase series APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.

8. Design a 3-phase series active power filter for filtering the voltage harmonics in a 440 V, 50 Hz ac mains
(15% fifth, 10% seventh, 7% eleventh and 5% thirteenth harmonics) present due to other loads and
source impedance, before it is connected to a critical linear load of 25 kVA, 440 V, 50 Hz at 0.8 lagging pf.
If a 3-phase VSI used as APF, calculate (a) voltage and current rating of APF, (b) kVA rating of VSI of
APF, (c) interfacing inductance, (d) dc bus capacitance of an APF, and (e) turns ratio of the coupling
transformer. Consider the switching frequency of 10 kHz and dc bus voltage has to be controlled within
5% range around 400V dc and ripple current in inductor is 5%.
Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs = 440/√3=254 V, frequency of the supply f=50 Hz, V s5=15%,
Vs7=10%, Vs11=7%, Vs13 =5%, a critical load of 25kVA at 0.8 lagging PF, V dc=400V, fs=10kHz, ΔIf =5%,
ΔVdc=5%.
The load current, Is=25000/(3*254)=32.8 A
ΔIf =5% of Is=1.64 A, ΔVdc=5% of Vdc=20 V, Vdcmin=400- ΔVdc=380 V.
Vs5=15% of Vs=38.1 V, Vs7=10% of Vs= 25.4 V, Vs11 =7% of Vs = 17.78 V, Vs13=5% of Vs= 12.7 V
(a) The voltage and current rating of series APF, Vf=√(Vs52+Vs72+Vs112+ Vs132)=50.74 V; If=32.8 A
(b) The kVA rating of VSI of APF, S=3*Vf*Is=3*50.74*32.8 VA= 4992.47 VA
(c) The interfacing inductance of the APF, Lf = Nvsi/Nsupply{(√3)/2}maVdcapf/(6afsIf)
= 2.787{(√3)/2}0.8*400/(6*1.2*10000*1.64) = 6.54 mH
(d) The dc bus capacitance of an APF is computed from change in stored energy during dynamics as.
The change in stored energy during dynamics, ΔE=½ Cdc (Vdc2-Vdcmin2)=3*Vf*If*t
ΔE =½ Cdc (4002-3802) = 3*50.74*32.8 *10/1000 (Considering t=10ms)
Cdc =6401µF
(e) The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is computed as.
The maximum ac voltage on ac side of VSI of APF may be V dc/(2*√2)=400/(2*√2)=141.42V and on the
supply side, it must be V supply=Vf. The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer,
Nvsi/Nsupply=141.42/50.74=2.787

Tr Three
vsa isa Phase
Tr Three
Wire
vsb
isb Linear
Tr
Load
vsc isc
Cr Cr Cr

Lr Lr Lr
Cd

Fig. E10.8 Three-phase APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.

9. A three-phase series active power filter (VSI with ac series inductor, coupling transformer and dc bus
capacitor) is used in series with three-phase ac supply of 440 V, 50 Hz feeding three phase diode rectifier
charging a battery of 516 V at 60A average current to reduce the harmonics in ac mains current and to
almost maintain UPF. Calculate (a) rms line voltage at the input of diode rectifier (almost quasi square
wave), (b) ac line current, (c) rms current of the APF, (d) rms voltage across the APF (e) VA rating of
APF, (f) ac inductor value, and (g) dc bus capacitor value, and (h) turns ratio of the coupling transformer
 6

if the dc bus voltage of APF is 400V. Consider the switching frequency of 5 kHz and dc bus voltage has to
be controlled within 10% range and ripple current in inductor is 5%.
Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs = 440/√3=254 V, frequency of the supply f=50 Hz, Vdcload=516 V,
Idc=60A, fs=5 kHz, ΔIf =5%, ΔVdc=10%, Vdcapf=400V.
The active power, P=Vdc Idc=516*60 W=30960 W.
The supply current, Is=30960/(3*254)=40.62 A
ΔIf =5% of Is=2.03 A, ΔVdc=10% of Vdc=40 V, Vdcmin=400- ΔVdc=360 V.
The sine wave supply current after the compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the three
phase diode rectifier (each diode conducting for 180°) and it will result in the waveform of the phase voltage at
the input of diode (Vpccph) is a stepped waveforms as (i) first step of π/3 angle {from 0° to (π/3)} and a
magnitude of (Vdcload/3), (ii) second step of π/3 angle {from (π/3) to (2π/3)} and a magnitude of {2V dcload/3}, (iii)
third step of π/3 angle {from (2π/3) to (π)} and a magnitude of {V dcload/3} and it has both half cycles of
symmetric segments of such steps.
(a) The rms line voltage at the input of diode rectifier is computed as.
The sine wave supply current after compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the
rectifier (180°) and it will result in quasi square wave ac voltage at PCC with an amplitude of dc bus
voltage, Vpcc=Vdcload*(√2/√3)=421.31 V. Therefore, Vpcc=421.31 V.
(b) The supply line current at unity power will be, Is= 40.62 A
(c) The current rating of series APF, If = Is=40.62 A (Since APF is connected in series with supply)
(d) The rms voltage rating of series APF, Vf is computed by taking the difference of the supply phase voltage
and phase voltage at the input of diode rectifier as.
π/3 2π/3 π

 (254  (254 2sinθ-344) 2 dθ +  (254

2
Vf=[1/{ 2sinθ-172) dθ + 2sinθ-172) 2 dθ ]= 75.4 V
0 π/3 2π/3
(c) The kVA rating of VSI of APF, S=3*Vf*Is=3*75.4*40.62 VA=9188 VA.
(d) The interfacing inductance of the APF, Lf= Nvsi/Nsupply {(√3)/2}maVdcapf/(6afsIf)
=1.5{(√3)/2}*.8*400/(6*1.2*5000*2.03) = 5.69 mH.
(g) The dc bus capacitance of an APF is computed from change in stored energy during dynamics as.
The change in stored energy during dynamics, ΔE=½ Cdc (Vdcapf2-Vdcminapf2)=3*Vf*If*t
ΔE =½ Cdc (4002-3602) = 3*75.4*40.62*10/1000 (Considering t=10ms)
Cdc =6.04 mF
(h) The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is computed as following.
The maximum ac voltage on ac side of VSI of APF may be m a*Vdc/(2*√2)=0.8*400/(2*√2)=113.137 V and
on the supply side, it must be Vsupply=Vf. The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is as.
Nvsi/Nsupply=113.137/75.4 =1.5.

vsa Tr
isa
Tr
R
vsb E
isb
Tr

vsc isc
Cr Cr Cr
Nonlinear load

Lr Lr Lr
Cd

Fig. E10.9 Three-phase APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.

10. A three phase 440V, 50 Hz 6-pulse diode bridge rectifier with a dc capacitor filter feeding a dc of 650 V at
250A average current to variable frequency VSI fed induction motor drive. A three-phase series active
power filter (VSI with ac series inductor, coupling transformer and dc bus capacitor) is used in series of
this rectifier-inverter system to reduce the harmonics in ac mains current, almost to maintain UPF and to
regulate the dc bus voltage of rectifier to 650V. Calculate (a) rms line voltage at the input of diode
rectifier, (b) line current, (c) rms current of the APF, (d) rms voltage across the APF, and (e) VA rating
of APF.
Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs = 440/√3=254 V, frequency of the supply f=50 Hz, V dcload=650V,
Idc=250A, The active power, P=Vdc Idc=650*250 W=162500 W.
The supply current, Is=162500/(3*254)=213.22 A
 7

The sine wave supply current after the compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the three
phase diode rectifier (each diode conducting for 180°) and it will result in the waveform of the phase voltage at
the input of diode (Vpccph) is a stepped waveforms as (i) first step of π/3 angle {from 0° to (π/3)} and a
magnitude of (Vdcload/3), (ii) second step of π/3 angle {from (π/3) to (2π/3)} and a magnitude of {2V dcload/3}, (iii)
third step of π/3 angle {from (2π/3) to (π)} and a magnitude of {V dcload/3} and it has both half cycles of
symmetric segments of such steps.
(a) The rms line voltage at the input of diode rectifier is computed as.
The sine wave supply current after compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the
rectifier (180°) and it will result in quasi square wave ac voltage at PCC with an amplitude of dc bus
voltage, Vpcc=Vdcload*(√2/√3)=530.72 V. Therefore, Vpcc=530.72 V.
(b) The supply line current at unity power will be, Is=213.22 A
(c) The current rating of series APF, If = Is=213.22 A (Since APF is connected in series with supply)
(d) The rms voltage rating of series APF, Vf is computed by taking the difference of the supply phase voltage
and phase voltage at the input of diode rectifier as.
π/3 2π/3

 (254 2sinθ-216.7) dθ +  (254

2
Vf =[1/{ 2sinθ-433.33) 2 dθ +
0 π/3
π

 (254
2π/3
2sinθ-216.7) 2 dθ ]

= 98.81 V.

(e) The kVA rating of VSI of APF, S=3*Vf*Is=3*98.81*213.22 VA = 63.208 kVA.

vsa Tr
isa
Tr
VSI fed
IM Drive
vsb
isb
Tr

vsc isc Nonlinear load

Cr Cr Cr

Lr Lr Lr Vdc

Fig. E10.10 Three-phase APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.

11. A three-phase series active power filter (VSI with ac series inductor, coupling transformer and its dc bus
connected to the battery functioning as the load) is used in series with three-phase ac supply of 400 V, 50
Hz feeding three-phase diode bridge rectifier charging a battery of 564 V at 50A average current to
reduce the harmonics in ac mains current and to maintain almost UPF. Calculate (a) rms line voltage at
the input of diode rectifier, (b) ac line current, (c) rms current of the APF, (d) rms voltage across the
APF, and (e) VA rating of APF.
Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs = 400/√3=230.94 V, frequency of the supply f=50 Hz, V dcload=564 V,
Idc=50A, The active power, P=Vdc Idc=564*50 W=28200 W.
The supply current, Is=28200/(3*230.94)=40.7 A
The sine wave supply current after the compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the three
phase diode rectifier (each diode conducting for 180°) and it will result in the waveform of the phase voltage at
the input of diode (Vpccph) is a stepped waveforms as (i) first step of π/3 angle {from 0° to (π/3)} and a
magnitude of (Vdcload/3), (ii) second step of π/3 angle {from (π/3) to (2π/3)} and a magnitude of {2V dcload/3}, (iii)
third step of π/3 angle {from (2π/3) to (π)} and a magnitude of {V dcload/3} and it has both half cycles of
symmetric segments of such steps.
(a) The rms line voltage at the input of diode rectifier is computed as.
The sine wave supply current after compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the
rectifier (180°) and it will result in quasi square wave ac voltage at PCC with an amplitude of dc bus
voltage, Vpcc=Vdcload*(√2/√3)=460.5 V. Therefore, Vpcc=460.5 V.
(b) The supply line current at unity power will be, Is=40.7 A
(c) The current rating of series APF, If = Is=40.7 A (Since APF is connected in series with supply)
 8

(d) The rms voltage rating of series APF, Vf is computed by taking the difference of the supply phase voltage
and phase voltage at the input of diode rectifier as.
π/3 2π/3

 (230.94  (230.94
2
Vf=[1/{ 2sinθ-188) dθ + 2sinθ-376) 2 dθ +
0 π/3
π

 (230.94
2π/3
2sinθ-188) 2 dθ =82.19 V

(e) The kVA rating of VSI of APF, S=3*Vf*Is=3*82.19*40.7 VA= 10.035 kVA.

vsa Tr
isa
Tr
n R
vsb E
isb
Tr

vsc isc Nonlinear load

Cr Cr Cr

vdc
Lr Lr Lr

Fig. E10.11 Three-phase APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.

12. A three-phase series active power filter (VSI with ac series inductor, coupling transformer and its dc bus
connected to the dc bus of the load) is used in series with the three-phase ac supply of 440 V, 50 Hz
feeding three phase diode rectifier with a parallel dc capacitor at a load of 100A average current to
reduce the harmonics in ac mains current, to maintain UPF of supply current and to regulate the dc bus
voltage of the load at almost constant 700V. Calculate (a) rms line voltage at the input of diode rectifier,
(b) ac line current, (c) rms current of the APF, (d) rms voltage across the APF, (e) VA rating of APF, and
(f) turns ratio of the coupling transformer.
Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs = 440/√3=254 V, frequency of the supply f=50 Hz, V dc=700 V,
Idc=100A, The active power, P=VdcIdc=700*100 W=70000 W.
The supply current, Is=70000/(3*254)=91.85 A
The sine wave supply current after the compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the three
phase diode rectifier (each diode conducting for 180°) and it will result in the waveform of the phase voltage at
the input of diode (Vpccph) is a stepped waveforms as (i) first step of π/3 angle {from 0° to (π/3)} and a
magnitude of (Vdc/3), (ii) second step of π/3 angle {from (π/3) to (2π/3)} and a magnitude of {2V dc/3}, (iii) third
step of π/3 angle {from (2π/3) to (π)} and a magnitude of {V dc/3} and it has both half cycles of symmetric
segments of such steps.
(a) The rms line voltage at the input of diode rectifier is computed as.
The sine wave supply current after compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the
rectifier (180°) and it will result in quasi square wave ac voltage at PCC with an amplitude of dc bus
voltage, Vpcc=Vdc*(√2/√3)=571.55 V. Therefore, Vpcc=571.55 V.
(b) The supply line current at unity power will be, Is=32500/(3*239.6)= 91.85 A
(c) The current rating of series APF, If = Is=91.85 A (Since APF is connected in series with supply)
(d) The rms voltage rating of series APF, Vf is computed by taking the difference of the supply phase voltage
and phase voltage at the input of diode rectifier as.
π/3 2π/3

 (254  (254
2
V f=[1/{ 2sinθ-233.33) dθ + 2sinθ-466.7) 2 dθ +
0 π/3
π

 (254
2π/3
2sinθ-233.33) 2 dθ ]

=115.46 V
(e) The kVA rating of VSI of APF, S=3*Vf*Is=3*115.46*91.85 VA=31.815 kVA.
(f) The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is computed as following.
The maximum ac voltage on ac side of VSI of APF may be m aVdc/(2*√2)=0.8*700/(2*√2)=198 V and on
the supply side, it must be Vsupply=Vf. The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is as.
Nvsi/Nsupply=198/115.46 =1.715.
 9

vsa Tr
isa
Tr R C
n
vsb
isb
Tr

vsc isc
Cr Cr Cr Non linear load

Lr Lr Lr Cd
Load

Fig. E10.12 Three-phase APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.

13. A series active power filter (VSI with ac series inductor, coupling transformer and its dc bus connected to
dc bus of the load) is used to reduce the harmonics in ac mains current and to maintain almost UPF
connected in the series of three-phase ac supply of 400V, 50 Hz feeding three-phase diode rectifier with a
capacitive filter of 5000µF and resistive load of 10 ohms. The dc bus voltage of the load is decided to
result in minimum injected voltage of the APF. Calculate (a) rms voltage at the input of diode rectifier,
(b) line current, (c) VA rating of APF, (d) dc bus voltage of the load, and (e) turns ratio of the coupling
transformer.
Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs = 400/√3=230.94 V, frequency of the supply f=50 Hz, Rdc=10Ω.
If x volts is the dc bus voltage of the rectifier load, then the injected voltage of the APF is as.
π/3 2π/3 π

Vf=[1/{  (Vs 2sinθ-x/3) dθ +   (V

2
(Vs 2sinθ-2x/3) 2 dθ + s 2sinθ-x/3) 2 dθ ]
0 π/3 2π/3
After integrating and taking derivative with respect to x, it gives x=(√2/)*(27/6)Vs=Vdc=467.82 V.
The dc load current, Idc=Vdc/Rdc=467.82 /10=46.782 A
The active power, P=VdcIdc=467.82 *46.782 W=21885.45 W.
The supply current, Is=21885.45 /(3*230.94)=31.59 A
The sine wave supply current after the compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the three
phase diode rectifier (each diode conducting for 180°) and it will result in the waveform of the phase voltage at
the input of diode (Vpccph) is a stepped waveforms as (i) first step of π/3 angle {from 0° to (π/3)} and a
magnitude of (Vdc/3), (ii) second step of π/3 angle {from (π/3) to (2π/3)} and a magnitude of {2V dc/3}, (iii) third
step of π/3 angle {from (2π/3) to (π)} and a magnitude of {V dc/3} and it has both half cycles of symmetric
segments of such steps.
(a) The rms line voltage at the input of diode rectifier is computed as.
The sine wave supply current after compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the
rectifier (180°) and it will result in quasi square wave ac voltage at PCC with an amplitude of dc bus
voltage, Vpcc=Vdc*(√2/√3)=381.97 V. Therefore, Vpcc=381.97 V.
(b) The supply line current at unity power will be, Is=31.59 A
(c) The current rating of series APF, If = Is=31.59 A (Since APF is connected in series with supply)
(d) The rms voltage rating of series APF, Vf is computed by taking the difference of the supply phase voltage
and phase voltage at the input of diode rectifier as.
π/3 2π/3

Vf=[{  (230.94 2sinθ-155.94) dθ +  (230.94

2
2sinθ-311.88) 2dθ +
0 π/3
π

 (230.94
2π/3
2sinθ-155.94) 2 dθ }/]

=68.55 V
(e) The kVA rating of VSI of APF, S=3*Vf*Is=3*68.55 *31.59 VA=6.496 kVA.
(f) The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is computed as following.
The maximum ac voltage on ac side of VSI of APF may be m aVdc/(2*√2)=0.8*467.82 /(2*√2)=132.32 V
and on the supply side, it must be Vsupply=Vf. The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is as.
Nvsi/Nsupply=132.32/68.55 =1.93.
 10

vsa Tr
isa
Tr R C
n
vsb
isb
Tr

vsc isc
Cr Cr Cr Nonlinear load

Lr Lr Lr Cd
Load

Fig. E10.13 Three-phase APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.

14. A series active power filter (VSI with ac series inductor, coupling transformer and its dc bus connected to
dc bus of the load) is used to reduce the harmonics in ac mains current and to maintain almost UPF in
the series of three-phase ac supply of 440 V, 50 Hz feeding three-phase diode rectifier with a capacitive
filter of 10000µF and resistive load of 15 ohms. If dc bus voltage of the load is to be maintained to
constant ripple free 650V, then calculate (a) rms line voltage at the input of diode rectifier, (b) ac line
current, (c) rms current of the APF, (d) rms voltage across the APF, (e) VA rating of APF, and (f) turns
ratio of the coupling transformer.
Solution: Given that, supply voltage, Vs = 440/√3=254 V, frequency of supply f=50 Hz, Vdc=650V, Rdc=15Ω.
The dc load current, Idc=Vdc/Rdc=650/15=43.33 A.
The active power, P=VdcIdc=650*43.33 W=28166.67 W.
The supply current, Is=28166.67 /(3*254)=36.96 A
The sine wave supply current after the compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the three
phase diode rectifier (each diode conducting for 180°) and it will result in the waveform of the phase voltage at
the input of diode (Vpccph) is a stepped waveforms as (i) first step of π/3 angle {from 0° to (π/3)} and a
magnitude of (Vdc/3), (ii) second step of π/3 angle {from (π/3) to (2π/3)} and a magnitude of {2V dc/3}, (iii) third
step of π/3 angle {from (2π/3) to (π)} and a magnitude of {V dc/3} and it has both half cycles of symmetric
segments of such steps.
(a) The rms line voltage at the input of diode rectifier is computed as.
The sine wave supply current after compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the
rectifier (180°) and it will result in quasi square wave ac voltage at PCC with an amplitude of dc bus
voltage, Vpcc=Vdc*(√2/√3)=530.72 V. Therefore, Vpcc=530.72 V.
(b) The supply line current at unity power will be, Is= Is=36.96 A
(c) The current rating of series APF, If = Is=36.96 A (Since APF is connected in series with supply)
(d) The rms voltage rating of series APF, Vf is computed by taking the difference of the supply phase voltage
and phase voltage at the input of diode rectifier as.
π/3 2π/3

Vf=[1/{  (254 2sinθ-216.67) dθ +  (254

2
2sinθ-433.33) 2 dθ +
0 π/3
π

 (254
2π/3
2sinθ-216.67) 2 dθ ]

=98.81 V
(e) The kVA rating of VSI of APF, S=3*Vf*Is=3*98.81 *36.96 VA=10.955 kVA.
(f) The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is computed as following.
The maximum ac voltage on ac side of VSI of APF may be m aVdc/(2*√2)=0.8*650/(2*√2)=183.85 V and
on the supply side, it must be Vsupply=Vf. The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is as.
Nvsi/Nsupply=183.85/98.81 =1.86.
 11

vsa Tr
isa
Tr
R C
n
vsb
isb
Tr

vsc isc
Cr Cr Cr
Nonlinear load

Lr Lr Lr Cd
Load

Fig. E10.14 Three-phase APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.

15. A three-phase series active power filter (VSI with ac series inductors, coupling transformers and dc bus
capacitor) is used in series with the three-phase ac supply of 440 V, 50 Hz feeding a three phase 12-pulse
diode rectifier (consisting two parallel connected 6-pulse diode bridge rectifiers with star/delta and
delta/delta transformers to output equal line voltages of 440 V) having a parallel dc capacitor filter with
400 V dc at a load of 100A average current to reduce the harmonics in ac mains current, and to maintain
UPF of the supply current. Calculate (a) the rms phase voltage at the input of 12-pulse diode rectifier, (b)
the ac line current, (c) the rms current of the APF, (d) the rms voltage across the APF, (e) the VA rating
of APF.
Solution: Given that, supply voltage, V s = 440/√3=254 V, frequency of the supply f=50 Hz, V dc=400V,
Idc=100A.
The active power, P=VdcIdc=400*100 W=40000 W.
The supply current, Is=40000/(3*254)=52.486 A
The sine wave supply current after the compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the three
phase diode rectifier (each diode conducting for 180°) and it will result in the waveform of the phase voltage at
the input of 12-pulse diode rectifier (V pccph) is a stepped waveforms as (i) first step of π/6 angle (from 0° to π/6)
and a magnitude of (Vdc/3), (ii) second step of π/6 angle (from π/6 to π/3) and a magnitude of {V dc(1/3+1/√3)},
(iii) third step of π/6 angle (from π/3 to π/2) and a magnitude of {V dc(2/3+1/√3)} and it has all four symmetric
segments of such steps.
(a) The rms phase voltage at the input of diode rectifier is computed as.
π/6 π/3 2π/3

 (1/3) dθ +  {(1/3)+(1/  {(2/3)+(1/

2 2
Vpcc=Vdc[{ 3)} dθ + 3)}2 dθ +
0  /6 π/3
5π/6 π

 {(1/3)+(1/
2 /3
3)}2 dθ +
5 /6
 (1/3)2 dθ }/] =0.91068Vdc=364.27 V

(b) The supply line current at unity power will be, Is= 52.486 A
(c) The current rating of series APF, If = Is=52.486 A (Since APF is connected in series with supply)
(d) The rms voltage rating of series APF, Vf is computed by taking the difference of the supply phase voltage
and phase voltage at the input of diode rectifier as.
π/6 π/3

 (254  (254
2
Vf=[1/{ 2sinθ-133.33) dθ + 2sinθ-364.27) 2 dθ +
0 π/6
2π/3 5π/6 π

 (254
π/3
2sinθ-497.6) 2 dθ +  (254
2π/3
2sinθ-364.27) 2 dθ +
5 /6
 (254 2sinθ-133.33) 2 dθ ]

= 119.44 V
(e) The kVA rating of VSI of APF, S=3*Vf*Is=3*119.44 *52.486 VA=18.81 kVA.
vsa Tr Io
i sa
Tr
n Load
vsb
i sb
Tr

vsc i sc
Cr Cr Cr

Lr vdc
Lr Lr

Fig. E10.15 Three-phase APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.
 12

16. A three-phase series active power filter (VSI with ac series inductors, coupling transformers and dc bus
connected to the dc bus of the load) is used in series with the three-phase ac supply of 415 V, 50 Hz
feeding a three phase 12-pulse diode rectifier (consisting two parallel connected 6-pulse diode bridge
rectifiers with star/delta and delta/delta transformers to output equal line voltages of 415V) having a
parallel dc capacitor filter of 10000µF with a 10 ohms resistive load dc to reduce the harmonics in ac
mains current, and to maintain UPF of supply current. If dc bus of the load is to be maintained to 600V,
then calculate (a) the rms phase voltage at the input of 12-pulse diode rectifier, (b) the ac line current, (c)
the rms current of the APF, (d) the rms voltage across the APF, (e) the VA rating of APF, and (f) turns
ratio of the coupling transformer.
Solution: Given that, supply voltage, V s = 415/√3=239.6 V, frequency of the supply f=50 Hz, V dc=600V,
Rdc=10Ω.
The dc load current, Idc=600/10=60 A, The active power, P=VdcIdc=600*60 W=36000 W.
The supply current, Is=36000/(3*239.6)=50.08 A
The sine wave supply current after the compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the three
phase diode rectifier (each diode conducting for 180°) and it will result in the waveform of the phase voltage at
the input of 12-pulse diode rectifier (V pccph) is a stepped waveforms as (i) first step of π/6 angle (from 0° to π/6)
and a magnitude of (Vdc/3), (ii) second step of π/6 angle (from π/6 to π/3) and a magnitude of {V dc(1/3+1/√3)},
(iii) third step of π/6 angle (from π/3 to π/2) and a magnitude of {V dc(2/3+1/√3)} and it has all four symmetric
segments of such steps.
(a) The rms phase voltage at the input of diode rectifier is computed as.
π/6 π/3 2π/3

Vpcc=Vdc[{  (1/3) dθ +  {(1/3)+(1/ 3)} dθ +  {(2/3)+(1/

2 2
3)}2 dθ +
0  /6 π/3
5π/6 π

 {(1/3)+(1/
2 /3
3)}2 dθ +
5 /6
 (1/3)2 dθ }/] =0.91068Vdc=546.41 V

(b) The supply line current at unity power will be, Is= 50.08 A
(c) The current rating of series APF, If = Is=50.08 A (Since APF is connected in series with supply)
(d) The rms voltage rating of series APF, Vf is computed by taking the difference of the supply phase voltage
π/6

and phase voltage at the input of diode rectifier as. Vf=[1/{  (239.6
0
2sinθ-200) 2 dθ
π/3 2π/3

+  (239.6
π/6
2sinθ-546.41) 2 dθ +  (239.6
π/3
2sinθ-746.41) 2 dθ +
5π/6 π

 (239.6
2π/3
2sinθ-546.41) 2 dθ + 
5 /6
(239.6 2sinθ-200) 2 dθ ]

=311.63 V
(e) The kVA rating of VSI of APF, S=3*Vf*Is=3*311.63 *50.08 VA= 46.819 kVA.
(f) The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is computed as following.
The maximum ac voltage on ac side of VSI of APF may be m aVdc/√2=0.8*600/(2*√2)=169.7 V and on the
supply side, it must be Vsupply=Vf. The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is as.
Nvsi/Nsupply=169.7/311.63=0.544.
vsa Tr
i sa
Tr
n
vsb
i sb
Tr

vsc i sc
Cr Cr Cr

Lr vdc
Lr Lr

Fig. E10.16 Three-phase APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.

17. A three-phase series active power filter (VSI with ac series inductors, and its dc bus connected to the
battery behaving as a load) is connected in series with the three-phase ac supply of 440 V, 50 Hz feeding
three phase 12-pulse diode rectifier (consisting two parallel connected 6-pulse diode bridge rectifiers with
 13

star/delta and delta/delta transformer to output equal line voltages of 440 V) charging a battery of 600 V
at 200A average current. The series APF is employed to reduce the harmonics in ac mains current and to
maintain almost UPF of the supply current. Calculate (a) the rms phase voltage at the input of 12-pulse
diode rectifier, (b) the ac line current, (c) the rms current of the APF, (d) the rms voltage across the APF,
(e) the VA rating of APF, (f) Check the need of the coupling transformer.
Solution: Given that, supply voltage, V s = 440/√3=254 V, frequency of the supply f=50 Hz, V dc=600V,
Idc=200A.
The active power, P=VdcIdc=600*200 W=120000 W.
The supply current, Is=120000/(3*254)=157.46 A
The sine wave supply current after the compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the three
phase diode rectifier (each diode conducting for 180°) and it will result in the waveform of the phase voltage at
the input of 12-pulse diode rectifier (V pccph) is a stepped waveforms as (i) first step of π/6 angle (from 0° to π/6)
and a magnitude of (Vdc/3), (ii) second step of π/6 angle (from π/6 to π/3) and a magnitude of {V dc(1/3+1/√3)},
(iii) third step of π/6 angle (from π/3 to π/2) and a magnitude of {V dc(2/3+1/√3)} and it has all four symmetric
segments of such steps.
(a) The rms phase voltage at the input of diode rectifier is computed as.
π/6 π/3 2π/3

 (1/3) dθ +  {(1/3)+(1/ 3)} dθ +  {(2/3)+(1/

2 2
Vpcc=Vdc[{ 3)}2 dθ +
0  /6 π/3
5π/6 π

 {(1/3)+(1/
2 /3
3)}2 dθ +
5 /6
 (1/3)2 dθ }/] =0.91068Vdc=546.41 V

(b) The supply line current at unity power will be, Is=157.46 A
(c) The current rating of series APF, If = Is=157.46 A (Since APF is connected in series with supply)
(d) The rms voltage rating of series APF, Vf is computed by taking the difference of the supply phase voltage
and phase voltage at the input of diode rectifier as.
π/6 π/3

Vf=[1/{ 
0
(254 2sinθ-200) 2 dθ +  (254
π/6
2sinθ-546.41) 2 dθ +
2π/3 5π/6 π

 (254
π/3
2sinθ-746.41) 2 dθ +  (254
2π/3
2sinθ-546.41) 2 dθ + 
5 /6
(254 2sinθ-200) 2 dθ ]

=297.76 V
(e) The kVA rating of VSI of APF, S=3*Vf*Is=3*297.76 *157.46 VA=140.658 kVA.
(f) To check the need of the coupling transformer, the turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is computed as
following. The maximum ac voltage on ac side of VSI of APF may be m aVdc/(2*√2)=0.8*600/(2*√2)=
169.7 V. The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is
Nvsi/Nsupply = 169.7 /297.76 = 0.5699
The dc bus voltage of the load is not enough to provide the compensating voltage, therefore coupling
transformer is needed in the system.
vsa Tr
i sa
Tr E
n
vsb
i sb
Tr

vsc i sc
Cr Cr Cr

Lr vdc
Lr Lr

Fig. E10.17 Three-phase APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.

18. In a three-phase, line voltage of 415 V, 50 Hz, 4-wire distribution system, three single-phase loads
(connected between phases and neutral) having a set of single-phase uncontrolled diode bridge converter,
which has a RE load with R=5 ohms, and E=240V. It is desired to charge the battery E with an average
current of 20A. Calculate (a) the supply phase current. If a three-phase series active power filter (VSI
with ac series inductors, coupling transformers and its dc bus connected to the dc bus capacitor) is
connected in series with the three-phase supply lines to eliminate to maintain UPF at the ac mains,
calculate (a) supply current, (b) the rms current of the APF, (c) the rms voltage at the input of the
rectifier, (d) the rms voltage across the APF, (e) the VA rating of APF and (f) neutral current.
 14

Solution: Given that, supply phase voltage, Vs=415/√3=239.6 V, frequency of the supply f=50 Hz, a load of
R=5 Ω, E=240 V and Idc=20A.
Since a series active filter is used to make the supply current sinusoidal. The rms supply current corresponding
to average current of Idc is as, Is=πIdc/(2*√2)=22.21 A.
The active power, P= 3(Is2R+E Idc) =3(22.212*5+20*240)=21802.2 W.
The supply current, Is=22.21A.
(a) The supply line current at unity power will be, Is=22.21 A.
(b) The current rating of series APF, If = Is=22.21 A (Since APF is connected in series with supply)
(c) The rms voltage at the input of diode rectifier is computed as.
The sine wave supply current after compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the
rectifier (180°) and it will result in a sum of square wave ac voltage of E and drop in R as.
Vpcc=√{E2+(IsR)2}=264.45 V
(d) The voltage rating of series APF, Vf is as.
π

Vf = Vfrms= {1/
0
 (239.6* 2sinθ-240-111.05 2sinθ) 2dθ }
π

={1/  (128.55*
0
2sinθ-240) 2 dθ }=136.28 V

(c) The VA rating of VSI of APF, S=3*Vf*Is=3*136.28 *22.21 VA=9.08 kVA

(d) Since all three-phase currents are sinusoidal and balanced, the neutral current of the supply will be zero.
Io
R
vsa Tr
isa E
Tr
n R
vsb E
isb
Tr
R
vsc isc E

Cr Cr Cr Nonlinear load

Lr Lr Lr AFSS

Cdc

Fig. E10.18 Three-phase series APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.

19. In a three-phase, line voltage of 400 V, 50 Hz, 4-wire distribution system, three single-phase loads
(connected between phases and neutral) having a set of single-phase uncontrolled diode bridge converter,
which have a RE load with R=1 ohms, and battery voltage E=216 V. It is desired to charge the battery
with average current of 25A. If a three-phase series active power filter (three single phase VSI with ac
series inductors, coupling transformers and its dc bus connected to the battery) is connected in series
with the three-phase supply lines to maintain UPF at the ac mains, calculate (a) the ac line current, (b)
the rms current of the APF, (c) the rms phase voltage at the input of a diode rectifier, (d) the rms voltage
across the APF, (e) the VA rating of APF, and (f) turns ratio of the coupling transformer.
Solution: Given that, supply phase voltage, V s=400/√3=230.94 V, frequency of the supply, f=50 Hz, a load of
R=1 Ω, E=216 V and Idc=25A.
Since a series active filter is used to make the supply current sinusoidal in each phase. The rms supply current
corresponding to average current of Idc is as, Is=πIdc/(2*√2)=27.77 A.
The active power, P= 3(Is2R+E Idc) =3(27.772*1+25*216)=3*6171.1=18513.19 W.
(a) The rms supply line current at unity power will be, Is=27.77 A.
(b) The rms current rating of series APF, If = Is=27.77 A (Since APF is connected in series with supply)
(c) The rms voltage at the input of diode rectifier is computed as.
The sine wave supply current after compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the
rectifier (180°) and it will result in a sum of square wave ac voltage of E and drop in R as.
Vpcc=√{E2+(IsR)2}=217.78 V
(d) The voltage rating of series APF, Vf is as.
π

Vf = Vfrms= {1/  (230.94*

0
2sinθ-216-27.77 2sinθ) 2dθ }
 15

={1/  (203.17*
0
2sinθ-216) 2 dθ }=94.41 V

(b) The VA rating of VSI of APF, S=3*Vf*Is=3*94.41*27.77 VA=7865.54 VA

(c) The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is computed as.
The maximum ac voltage on ac side of VSI of APF may be m aE/√2=0.8*216/(2*√2)=61.094 V and on the
supply side, it must be Vsupply=Vf. The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is as.
Nvsi/Nsupply=61.094/94.41 =0.647.
Io
R
vsa Tr
i sa E
Tr
n R
vsb E
i sb
Tr
R
vsc i sc E

Cr Cr Cr Nonlinear load

Lr Lr Lr
AFSS

Cdc

Fig. E10.19 Three-phase APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.

20. In a three-phase, line voltage of 415 V, 50 Hz, 4-wire distribution system, three single-phase loads
(connected between phases and neutral) having a set of single-phase uncontrolled diode bridge converter,
which has a resistive load with R=5 ohms, and parallel capacitive filter of 2000 µF. It is desired to
maintain the dc bus voltage at 240V. If a three-phase series active power filter (three singe-phase VSI
with ac series inductors, coupling transformers and its dc bus connected to a dc capacitor) is connected in
series with the three-phase supply lines to eliminate neutral current, and to maintain UPF at the ac
mains, calculate (a) the ac line current, (b) the rms current of the APF, (c) the rms phase voltage at the
input of a diode rectifier, (d) the rms voltage across the APF, (e) the VA rating of APF, and (f) turns ratio
of the coupling transformer.
Solution: Given that, supply phase voltage, Vs=415/√3=239.6V, frequency of the supply, f=50 Hz, a load of
R=5 Ω, Vdc=240V.
The dc load current is, Idc=240/5=48 A.
Since a series active filter is used to make the supply current sinusoidal in each phase. The rms supply current
corresponding to it will be, Is=240*48/239.6=48.08 A.
The active power, P= 3(Vdc Idc) =3(240*48)=3*11520=34560 W.
(a) The rms supply line current at unity power will be, Is=48.08 A.
(b) The rms current rating of series APF, If = Is=48.08 A. (Since APF is connected in series with supply)
(c) The sine wave supply current after compensation will result in continuous conduction of diodes of the
rectifier (180°) and it will result in square wave ac voltage at PCC with an amplitude of dc bus voltage,
Vpcc=240 V. Therefore, Vpcc=240 V.
(d) The voltage rating of series APF, Vf is as.
π

Vf = Vfrms= {1/  (239.6*

0
2sinθ-2402 )dθ }=107.07 V.

(e) The VA rating of VSI of APF, S=3*Vf*Is=3*107.07*48.08 VA=15.444 kVA.

(f) The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is computed as.
The maximum ac voltage on ac side of VSI of APF may be m aVdc/√2=0.8*240/(2*√2)=67.88 V and on the
supply side, it must be Vsupply=Vf. The turn’s ratio of the coupling transformer is as.
Nvsi/Nsupply=67.88/107.07= 0.634.
 16

Io
C R
vsa Tr
isa
Tr
n C R
vsb
i sb
Tr
C R
vsc isc

Cr Cr Cr
Nonlinear load

Lr Lr Lr
AFSS

Cdc

Fig. E10.20 Three-phase APF for compensation of a voltage fed type of nonlinear load.