Seeley’s

ESSENTIALS OF
Anatomy &
Physiology
Tenth Edition
Chapter 4
Tissues
Cinnamon Vanputte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Tissue

• A tissue is a group of cells with

similar structure and function, plus
the extracellular substance
surrounding them.
• Histology is the study of tissues.

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Types of Tissues

There
are FOUR •Epithelial
tissue •Connective
types in
the •Muscle
human •Nervous
body:
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Epithelial Tissues
• Epithelium, or epithelial tissue, covers and
protects surfaces, both outside and inside the
body.
Classification Of Epithelial Tissue
1. Exocrine Glands
2. Endocrine Glands.

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Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

Mostly composed of cells

Covers body surfaces

Distinct cell surfaces

Cell and matrix connections

Nonvascular

Capable of regeneration

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Characteristics of Epithelium

Figure 4.1
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Functions of Epithelial Tissues

Protects underlying structures

Acts as a barrier

Permits passage of substances

Secretes substances

Absorption of substances
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Classification of Epithelia 1

1.NUMBER •Simple
of cell •Stratified
layers •pseudostratified.

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Classification of Epithelia 1

2. SHAPE
of the •Squamous
superficial •Cuboidal
cells. ,
that varies •columnar, or a
with the special
degree of transitional shape
stretch.
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Simple Squamous Epithelium 2

Table 4.2a
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium 2

Table 4.2b
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Simple Columnar Epithelium 2

Table 4.2c
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 2

Table 4.2d
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Keratinized Stratified Squamous

Epithelium

• The outer layer of

the skin is comprised
of a keratinized
squamous
epithelium.
• The keratin reduces
the loss of water
from the body.

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Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous

Epithelium

• The mouth is a moist

nonkeratinized stratified
squamous epithelium.
• IT provides protection
against abrasion and acts as
a mechanical barrier.
• Water, however, can move
across it more readily than
across the skin (keratinized
stratified squamous).

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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

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Stratified Columnar Epithelium

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Transitional Epithelium 2

Table 4.3b
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Free Cell Surfaces

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Cell Connections 1

Cells have several structures that hold one cell to

one another or to the basement membrane.
These structures do three things: mechanically bind
the cells together, help form a permeability barrier,
and provide a mechanism for intercellular
communication.
D

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Cell Connections 2

• TIGHT JUNCTIOM
• DESMOSOMES
• HEMIDESMOSOMES
• GAP JUNCTIONS

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Glands 1

- are secretory organs that secrete substances onto

a surface, into a cavity, or into the bloodstream.
Exocrine glands
-are with ducts
Endocrine glands
-are ductless glands-
-they secrete their products (termed
hormones) into the bloodstream.
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Glands 2

• EXOCRINE GLANDS are multicellular,

comprised of many cells.
• Some are composed of a single cell, like goblet
cells, that secrete mucus.
• classified according to the STRUCTURE OF
THEIR DUCTS AND SECRETORY REGIONS.

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Glands 3

Simple glands have a single, non-branched duct,

some have branched ducts.
Compound exocrine glands have multiple, branched
ducts.
Glands with secretory regions shaped as tubules
(small tubes) are called tubular, whereas those
shaped in saclike structures are called acinar or
alveolar.
Tubular glands can be straight or coiled.
Glands with a combination of the two are called
tubuloacinar or tubuloalveolar.
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Exocrine Gland Structures

Figure 4.3
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Glands 4

Exocrine
glands can
also be •Merocrine
classified
according •Apocrine
to how
products •Holocrine
leave the
cell.
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Exocrine Glands and Secretion Types

Figure 4.4
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Connective Tissue

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Functions of Connective Tissue

Enclose and separate other tissues

Connecting tissues to one another

Supporting and moving parts of the body

Storing compounds

Cushioning and insulating

Transporting

Protecting

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Connective Tissue Cells 1

The specialized cells of the various connective

tissues produce the extracellular matrix.
The name of the cell identifies the cell functions.
• Osteoblasts form bone, osteocytes maintain
it, and osteoclasts break it down.
• Fibroblasts are cells that form fibrous
connective tissue, and fibrocytes maintain it.
• Chondroblasts form cartilage and
chondrocytes maintain it.
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Connective Tissue Cells 2

Found in connective tissue are cells associated

with the immune system, such as white blood
cells.
• Macrophages are large cells that are capable
of moving about and ingesting foreign
substances, including microorganisms in the
connective tissue.
• Mast cells are nonmotile cells that release
chemicals, such as histamine, that promote
inflammation.
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Extracellular Matrix

The •protein fibers

EXTRACELLULAR
MATRIX OF
CONNECTIVE
•ground
TISSUE has three
major
substance
components:
•fluid.
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Extracellular Matrix
Ground substance consists of non-fibrous
protein and other molecules.
The structure of the matrix is responsible for
the functional characteristics of connective
tissues—for example, they enable bones and
cartilage to bear weight.

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Matrix Protein Fibers

Collagen
fibers,
Reticular
fibers.
Elastic
fibers
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Collagen fibers, which resemble microscopic

ropes, are very flexible but resist stretching.
Reticular fibers are very fine, short collagen
fibers that branch to form a supporting network.
Elastic fibers have the ability to return to their
original shape after being stretched or
compressed, giving tissue an elastic quality

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Matrix Ground Substance

• The ground substance consists of non-fibrous
molecules and is shapeless. .
• It consists of proteoglycans

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Types of Connective Tissues 1

The two main types of connective

tissue are embryonic and adult
connective tissue.

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Types of Connective Tissues 2

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Three subdivisions of

consists of relatively few loose connective
protein fibers that form a lacy tissue.
network, with numerous
spaces filled with ground
substance and fluid.
1. Areolar
2. Adipose
3. Reticular

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LOOSE CONNECTiVE TISSUE

Areolar connective tissue primarily consists of

collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers.
Adipose tissue consists of adipocytes, or fat cells,
which contain large amounts of lipid for energy storage.
Adipose tissue pads and protects parts of the body and
acts as a thermal insulator.
Reticular tissue forms the framework of lymphatic
tissue, such as in the spleen and lymph nodes, as well
as in bone marrow and the liver.

Table 4.5a
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LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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Adipose Tissue

Table 4.5b
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Types of Connective Tissues 4

• DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE has a

relatively large number of protein fibers that
form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the
extracellular space.
• There are two major subcategories of dense
connective tissue:
• COLLAGENOUS
• ELASTIC
.
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Types of Connective Tissues 5

• Dense collagenous connective tissue has an

extracellular matrix consisting mostly of
collagen fibers.
• Dense collagenous connective tissue having
the collagen fibers oriented in the same
direction is termed DENSE REGULAR.
• Examples of dense regular are tendons and
ligaments.

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Types of Connective Tissues 6

• Dense collagenous connective tissue having

the collagen fibers oriented in the multiple
directions is termed DENSE IRREGULAR.
• Examples of dense irregular are in the dermis
of the skin and in organ capsules.

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Dense Regular Collagenous Connective
Tissue

Table 4.6a
©Victor Eroschenko, ©Ed Reschke/Photolibrary/Getty Images
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Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

Table 4.6b
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Cartilage 1

• It composed of chondrocytes, located in spaces

called lacunae within an extensive matrix.
FUNCTION:
-gives cartilage flexibility and strength.
provides support, but if bent or slightly
compressed, it resumes its original shape

• Cartilage is resilient because the proteoglycans

of the matrix trap water.
.
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Cartilage 2

There are three types of

cartilage:

hyaline,

fibrocartilage,
and
elastic
cartilage.
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Hyaline cartilage
• is the most abundant type of cartilage and
has many functions, such as covering the
ends of bones, where they form joints.
Fibrocartilage
• has more collagen than does hyaline
cartilage and is able to withstand
compression and resist tearing or pulling.
• Fibrocartilage is found in the intervertebral
disks
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Elastic
• cartilage contains elastic fibers in addition to
collagen and proteoglycans.
• The elastic fibers appear as coiled fibers
among bundles of collagen fibers.
• Elastic cartilage is able to recoil to its original
shape when bent.
• The external ear, epiglottis, and auditory
tube contain elastic cartilage.

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Hyaline Cartilage

Table 4.7a
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Fibrocartilage and Elastic Cartilages

Table 4.7b,c
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Bone 3

Table 4.8
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BONE
• is a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells
and a mineralized matrix. Osteocytes are located
within lacunae.
FUNCTION:
bones to support and protect other tissues and organs.

• Two types of bone tissue exist: spongy bone and

compact bone.

Spongy bone has spaces between trabeculae or plates,

of bone and therefore resembles a sponge.
Compact bone is more solid, with almost no space
between many thin layers of mineralized matrix

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Blood 2

Table 4.9
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BLOOD
• is a liquid connective tissue
• It contains a liquid matrix, termed the plasma,
along with formed elements.
• The formed elements are erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and platelets.

FUNCTIONS in transport of food, oxygen, waste,

hormones, and other substances.

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Muscle 1

The three types of

muscle tissue are

SKELETAL,

CARDIAC

SMOOTH

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Skeletal Muscle

Table 4.10a
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SKELETAL
• muscle attaches to the skeleton and enables the body to
move.
• cells are striated, or banded, because of the arrangement of
contractile proteins within the cells.

CARDIAC MUSCLE
• is the muscle of the heart; it is responsible for pumping
blood.
• cells are cylindrical but much shorter than skeletal
muscle cells.
• cells are striated and usually have one nucleus per cell.
• They are often branched and connected to one another
by intercalated disks.

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Smooth Muscle

Table 4.10c
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• Smooth muscle forms the walls of hollow

organs; it is also found in the skin and the
eyes.
• Smooth muscle is responsible for a number of
functions, such as moving food through the
digestive tract and emptying the urinary
bladder.
• Smooth muscle cells are tapered at each end,
have a single nucleus, and are not striated.

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Nervous Tissue 2

Table 4.11
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NERVOUS TISSUE
• forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
• It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many
body activities.
• consists of neurons and support cells, termed glial
cells.
• FUCNTION: is responsible for conducting action
potentials.
• It is composed of three parts: a cell body, dendrites,
and an axon.

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A TISSUE MEMBRANE
- is a thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a
structure or lines a cavity.
• consist of epithelium and the connective
tissue on which the epithelium rests.
• four tissue membranes in the body:
cutaneous, mucous, serous, and synovial.
• The skin, termed the cutaneous membrane, is
an external body surface membrane.

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Tissue Membranes 2

• Mucous membranes line cavities that open to

the outside of the body, such as the digestive,
respiratory, and reproductive tracts.
• It consist of epithelial cells, their basement
membrane, and a thick layer of loose connective
tissue.
• Many, but not all, mucous membranes secrete
mucus.
• The functions of mucous membranes include
PROTECTION, ABSORPTION, AND SECRETION.

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Tissue Membranes 3

• Serous membranes line cavities that do not open

to the exterior of the body, such as the
pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities.
• Serous membranes consist of three components:
a layer of simple squamous epithelium, its
basement membrane, and a delicate layer of
loose connective tissue.
• Serous membranes do not contain glands, but
they secrete a small amount of fluid called
SEROUS FLUID, which lubricates the surface of
the membranes.
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Tissue Membranes 4

• Synovial membranes line the cavities of freely

movable joints.
• They are made up of only connective tissue
and consist of modified connective tissue
cells.
• Synovial membranes produce SYNOVIAL
FLUID, which makes the joint very slippery,
thereby reducing friction and allowing
smooth movement within the joint.
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Internal Membranes

Figure 4.5
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Tissue Inflammation 1

• Inflammation is usually a beneficial process

occurring when tissues are damaged.
• When viruses infect epithelial cells of the upper
respiratory tract, inflammation and the
symptoms of the common cold are produced.
• The inflammatory process occurs in stages.

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Tissue Inflammation 2

Inflammation mobilizes the body’s defenses and

isolates and destroys microorganisms, foreign
materials, and damaged cells so that tissue repair
can proceed.
Inflammation produces five major symptoms:
REDNESS, HEAT, SWELLING, PAIN, AND
DISTURBANCE OF FUNCTION.

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Inflammation

Figure 4.6
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INFlammation
• A splinter in the skin causes damage and introduces
bacteria. Chemical mediators of inflammation are
released or activated in injured tissues and adjacent
blood vessels. Some blood vessels rupture, causing
bleeding. Chemical mediators cause capillaries to dilate
and the skin to become red. Chemical mediators also
increase capillary permeability, and fluid leaves the
capillaries, producing swelling (arrows) White blood
cells (e.g., neutrophils) leave the dilated blood vessels
and move to the site of bacterial infection, where they
begin to phagocytize bacteria and other debris.

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Tissue Repair 1

• Tissue repair involves substitution of dead cells for

viable cells.
• Tissue repair can occur by regeneration or by
fibrosis.
• In regeneration, the new cells are the same type
as those that were destroyed, and normal function
is usually restored.
• In fibrosis, or replacement, a new type of tissue
develops that eventually causes scar production
and the loss of some tissue function.

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Tissue Repair 2

Regeneration can completely repair some tissues,

such as the skin and the mucous membrane of the
intestine. In these cases, regeneration is
accomplished primarily by stem cells.
Stem cells are self-renewing, undifferentiated
cells that continue to divide throughout life.
Tissue repair occurs in sequential steps.

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Tissue Repair 3

Figure 4.7
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• Fresh wound cuts through the epithelium (epidermis) and

underlying connective tissue (dermis), and a clot forms

• Approximately 1 week after the injury, a scab is present,

and epithelium (new epidermis) is growing into the wound.

• Approximately 2 weeks after the injury, the epithelium has

grown completely into the wound, and fibroblasts have
formed granulation tissue.

• Approximately 1 month after the injury, the wound has

completely closed, the scab has been sloughed, and the
granulation tissue is being replaced by new connective
tissue.

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Age-related changes—for example, reduced visual acuity and

reduced smell, taste, and touch sensations—are well
documented. A clear decline in many types of athletic
performance can be measured after approximately age 30–35.
With advanced age, the number of neurons and muscle cells
decreases substantially. The functional capacity of body systems,
such as the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, declines. The
rates of healing and scarring in the elderly are very different
from those in the very young, and major changes in skin
structure develop. Characteristic alterations in brain function
also develop in the elderly. All these changes result in the
differences among young, middle-aged, and older people. At the
tissue level, age-related changes affect cells and the extracellular
materials they produce. In general, cells divide more slowly in
older people. Collagen fibers become more irregular in

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