TEXT BOOK

 Phạm Văn Hội (Chief editor), Steel Structures – Basic

Members, Science and Technology Press, 2012
 Trahair, N.S., Bradford, M.A., Nethercot, D.A., Gardner,
L., The Behavior and Design of Steel Structures to EC3,
Steel Structures 4th Edition, Taylor and Francis, 2008

REFERENCES
 TCVN 5575 : 2012: Steel Structures – Design Standard
Instructor:  Eurocode 0, Basis of Structural Design
Ngo-Huu Cuong  Dr.Eng., Associate Professor  Eurocode 1, Actions on Structures
Dept. of Structural Engineering – Faculty of Civil Engineering  Eurocode 3, Design of Steel Structures
University of Technology – VNU-HCM
3

OBJECTIVES EVALUATION
 To provide knowledge on the behavior of steel  Assignments ( 3 sets) : 20%
material and members under the load action
 Midterm exam (8th week, writing, 50 mins) : 20%
 To present the design principles and procedures  Final exam (> 16th week, writing, 90 mins) : 60%
of basic structural steel components such as  Textbook, Lecture notes, Specification, Blue book and
columns, beams, beam-columns, truss members NCCI document on Elastic critical moment for LTB; No
and connections solved problems
 Required condition for taking final exam:
 To train the skills in analysis and design of basic
 All assignments are submitted; and
structural components of steel structures  Class attendance  Not absent over 20 percent of total classes

2 4
D-01

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 CONTENTS Design
simplicity

C1. Introduction
C2. Tension members
All weather
Recyclable
construction

C3. Compression members Advantages

of steel in
C4. Beams construction

C5. Beam-columns Easy for

maintenance
Save time

C6. Joints
Save cost

5 7

Lecture Notes:
Structural Design
STEEL STRUCTURES
 Requirements:
 Determination of the overall proportions and dimensions of the
supporting framework
 Selection of the cross sections of individual members

C1. INTRODUCTION  Process:

 Architect decides how the building looks
 Engineer ensures that the building does not collapse

 Priorities:
Instructor:  Safety
 Serviceability
Ngo-Huu Cuong  Dr.Eng., Associate Professor  Economy
Dept. of Structural Engineering – Faculty of Civil Engineering  Good Practice: Prepare several framing plans
University of Technology – VNU-HCM
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 Structural Members Loads
Loads: Forces that act on a structure, including dead loads,
Various types of structural members live loads, environmental loads and construction loads…
exist
A
 Dead Load: Loads that are permanent
 Figure A  Also called “self-weight”
 Truss  Examples: weight of a structure, weight of nonstructural components (floor coverings,
 Pinned connections and loads (including reaction partitions, suspended ceilings, stored goods, etc.)
forces) applied only at the joints
 Components are two-force members, subject to
 Imposed loads  Live Load: Loads that vary based upon
axial compression or tension time and location
B  Figure B  Are gravity loads other than the dead loads, arise from the weights of materials added
to the structure as a result of its use; Examples: furniture, equipment, materials
 Rigid frame stored, occupants of a building
 Members connected by welding and can be  If applied slowly and seldom removed – analyze as static loading (typical)
assumed to form a continuous structure  If applied suddenly – analyze effects of impact (rare)
 Typically treat the frame as two-dimensional due  If applied and removed many times – analyze effects of fatigue stress (rare)
to plane of symmetry  Typically, treat live loads as static
 Typically assume deformations are very small  The present imposed loads specified in loading codes (EC1) often represent peak
loads which have 95% probability of not being exceedded over 50-year period
9 11

Loads
Structural Members  Wind Load
 Loading must be determined after
 Are usually considered as static forces
determining the geometry and
support conditions  Based on a basic wind speed: an extreme velocity measured at a height of
10 m above the ground in terrain category II and averaged over a period of
 An example of a loading condition 3 seconds which has a return period of 50 years
and its exaggerated deformation is
 Earth or ground-water loads
shown to the left
 Earth or ground-water loads act as pressure loads normal to the contact
 Beams: Members AB & BC surface of the structure  static loads
 Horizontal and subjected to bending
 However, earthquake loads are dynamic in nature
 Column: Member BD  Very flexible structures with long natural periods of vibration respond in an equivalent static
 Vertical and subjected to axial compression manner to the high frequencies of earthquake movements  static force equivalents
Stiff structures with short natural periods of vibration respond significantly  a proper dynamic
 Beam-Columns: Members AE & CF 
analysis
 Vertical and subjected to both axial compression
and bending  Indirect forces
 In reality, all members are subjected  The straining of a structure or its components from temperature changes,
to both axial loading and bending, foundation settlement, shrinkage, creep...
but for beams and columns one of  Their values are not usually specified  the designer determines which of
the effects is minor these forces should be allowed for, and what force magnitudes should be
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adopted.

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 Structural Steel Mild Structural Steel
Given a steel specimen subjected to an axial load P An idealized stress-strain diagram
is shown to the left
• Stress:  fy – the stress corresponding to
the yield point (onset of plastic
fu deformation)
• Strain:  fu – the ultimate tensile strength
fy (the maximum value of stress
that can be attained)
where:  E – Young’s modulus (or the
modulus of elasticity) is the
ratio of stress to strain within
the elastic range
 EC3 uses E = 210 GPa for
all structural steels
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Mild Structural Steel High-Strength Structural Steel

A typical stress-strain curve for mild A typical stress-strain diagram for
steel is shown to the right high-strength steel is shown on the
left
 Hooke’s Law: the relationship Et fu
 fy – for high-strength steel, this
between the stress and strain is Fracture

linear up to the proportional limit

fu
fy is the yield strength at the point
fy Elastic-perfectly plastic of unloading which corresponds
to typically a 0.2% permanent
 Ductility: a material’s ability to
undergo large deformations
strain
before fracturing. It is measured E
 fu – for high-strength steel, this
as is referred to as the “tensile
p e
strength” and is still defined as
the maximum value of stress
attained by the specimen
14 16

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 Table 3.1 Nominal values of fy and fu for hot rolled structural steel
Yielding under biaxial stresses

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Yield criterion Some Key Definitions

 Modulus of elasticity/ Young’s modulus
 The slope of the stress-strain diagram in the elastic
region
 A measure of the rigidity or stiffness of the material in
the elastic domain
 Tangent modulus (Et)
 The slope of the tangent at a point on the stress-strain
curve above the proportional limit
 It represents the stiffness of the material in the inelastic
domain
 Hardness
18 20  The surface resistance of the steel

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 Structural Members Load transmission by structural members

S t r u c t u r e b e h a v io r

21 Types of structural steel members 23

Structural Members Design Requirements

 Effective: The structure should fulfil the objectives and
satisfy the needs for which it was created
 Structural requirements
Relate to the way in which the structure resists and
transfers the forces and loads
or acting on it
 Strength: The primary structural requirement is that of
safety = the structure will not fail in its design lifetime,
or has an acceptably low risk of failure  ULS
 Stiffness: The serviceability of the structure is not
impaired by excessive deflections, vibrations, and the
like  SLS

22 Load transmission by structural members 24

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 ULS STR: Internal failure or
(Ultimate Limit State)
excessive deformation
of the structure or its
SLS (Serviceability Limit State)
EQU: Loss of static structural members, GEO: Failure or  SLS concerns
equilibrium of the including footings, piles, excessive  whether deformation of the structure and its structural members
structure (or any part basement walls, etc. This deformation of the allows the building to function properly in its normal intended use;
of it) when considered generally concerns the ground or
as a rigid body. This foundation on which  the comfort of people;
strength of the materials of
can be thought of as a structures, or the stability the structure sits  the appearance of the finished building
“overturning” of its members  Checking of SLS should be based on criteria concerning
 Deformations (deflections) which affect the appearance of the
building, the comfort of users, or the way the structure (including
machines or services within it) functions;
 Deformations which cause damage to finishes (e.g. cracking of
plaster) or non-structural members;
 Vibrations which cause discomfort to people, or which limit the
functional effectiveness of the building

25 27

The ULS design situations Design Requirements

 Persistent: conditions of normal use  Other requirements
 Transient: temporary conditions applicable to  Economy
the structure (e.g. during construction or repair)  Initial cost and the cost of maintenance
 Type and quantity of the materials used + methods of
 Accidental: exceptional conditions applicable to fabricating and erecting or
the structure (e.g. fire, explosion, impact or the  Harmony
consequences of localized failure)  Relationships between the different systems of the structure
(structural system, architectural system, mechanical and
 Seismic: conditions applicable to the structure electrical systems, and functional systems)  serviceability
when subjected to earthquake  Structure with its environment
 Structure with its physical surroundings

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 The Structural Design Process Main actions
 Permanent G: e.g. self-weight of structures and fixed
equipment
 Variable Q: e.g. imposed loads on building floors and
beams; wind loading on walls and roofs
 Accidental A: e.g. fire, explosions and impact
or

Characteristic values Gk and Qk

 A max value which should never be exceeded, or a
minimum value which should definitely be achieved
during some specified reference period
 A nominal value, which may be specified in cases where
the statistical distribution is not known
29 31

EC0 Table NA.2.1 Indicative design working lives for Combination value 0Qk is used for checking
various structure types  Ultimate limit states
 Irreversible serviceability limit states (e.g. deflections
which fracture brittle fittings or finishes)
Frequent value 1Qk is used for checking
 Ultimate limit states involving accidental actions
or  Reversible serviceability limit states, primarily associated
with frequent combinations
Quasi-permanent value 2Qk is used for checking
 Ultimate limit states involving accidental actions
 Reversible serviceability limit states
 Quasi-permanent values are also used for the
calculation of long-term effects (e.g. cracking of a slab)
and to represent combinations of variable seismic
30 The durability of the structure should be maintained throughout its design working life actions 32

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 Table A1.1 - Recommended values of  factors for bldgs
Combination of Loads
 The different loads do not occur alone, but in combination
 the designer must determine which combination is the
most critical for the structure.
 If the individual loads, which have different probabilities of
occurrence and degrees of variability, were combined
directly, the resulting load combination would have a
greatly reduced probability  it is logical to reduce the
magnitudes of the various components of a combination
according to their probabilities of occurrence  similar to
the procedure used in reducing the imposed load
intensities used over large areas.

33 35

Combination of Loads Load combinations for design

 “Dead + Imposed”:
GGk + Q,1Qk,1

 “Dead + Imposed + Wind”: accompanying action

GGk + Q,1Qk,1 + Q,20,2Qk,2

leading variable action

 “Dead + Pre-stress + Imposed”:

GGk + PP + Q,1Qk,1
…
34 36

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 European normative structure for the construction sector
EN 1993, Eurocode 3 (EC3): Design of
Steel Structures
EN 1993-1 General rules and rules for buildings
EN 1993-2 Steel bridges
EN 1993-3 Towers, masts and chimneys
EN 1993-4 Silos, tanks and pipelines
EN 1993-5 Piling
EN 1993-6 Crane supporting structures

37 39

Structural Eurocodes EN 1993-1: General rules and rules for

 EN 1990 EC: Basis of Structural Design buildings
 EN 1991 EC1: Actions on Structures EN 1993-1-1 General rules and rules for buildings
 EN 1992 EC2: Design of Concrete Structures EN 1993-1-2 Structural fire design

 EN 1993 EC3: Design of Steel Structures EN 1993-1-3 Cold-formed thin gauge members and sheeting
EN 1993-1-4 Stainless steels
 EN 1994 EC4: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete
EN 1993-1-5 Plated structural elements
Structures
EN 1993-1-6 Strength and stability of shell structures
 EN 1995 EC5: Design of Timber Structures
EN 1993-1-7 Strength and stability of planar plated structures
 EN 1996 EC6: Design of Masonry Structures transversely loaded
 EN 1997 EC7: Geotechnical Design EN 1993-1-8 Design of joints

 EN 1998 EC8: Design of Structures for Earthquake EN 1993-1-9 Fatigue strength of steel structures
Resistance EN 1993-1-10 Selection of steel for fracture toughness and through-
thickness properties
 EN 1999 EC9: Design of Aluminium Structures 38 40

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 EN 1090: Execution of structures in steel and
aluminium (CEN, 2011) Probabilistic Basis of Factors
 EN 1090-1: Steel and aluminium structural components – Part 1: General • Replacing the actual frequency distribution with a theoretical continuous
delivery conditions function that approximates the data, a probability density function is
achieved (as shown below)
 EN 1090-2: Technical requirements for the execution of steel structures
• As a result, the probability of an event between value a and value b is simply
 EN 1090-3: Technical requirements for the execution of aluminium the area under the curve between value a and value b
structures
Part 2 is divided in the following 12 chapters (including 12 annexes): By derivation (pp. 31-33), it can
 Chapter 1: Scope
be shown:
 Chapter 2: Normative references
 Chapter 3: Terms and definitions
 Chapter 4: Specifications and documentation
 Chapter 5: Constituent products
 Chapter 6: Preparation and assembly
 Chapter 7: Welding
 Chapter 8: Mechanical fastening
 Chapter 9: Erection and β is the number of standard deviations from the mean value of the ratio of
 Chapter 10: Surface treatment load effects and resistances
 Chapter 11: Geometrical tolerances
 Chapter 12: Inspection, testing and correction
41 43

Probabilistic Basis of Factors

• Experimental data can be represented in the form of a histogram (as
shown below)
• If the graph is a relative frequency distribution, then each ordinate
represents the probability of that event occurring

Mean:

Variance:

Standard Deviation:

Coefficient of Variance:

42

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