WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND HYGIENE (WASH)

ASSESSMENT OF AN INTEGRATED WASH COMPONENT FOR

THE STEWARD PROGRAM

PREPARED BY WATER AND SANITATION FOR AFRICA

FOR THE STEWARD PROGRAM

NOVEMBER 2012-MARCH 2013

Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Contents
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................ 2

LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................................. 3

LIST OF ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................................................... 5

1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 7

2.0 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR WASH ASSESSMENT .................................................................... 7

2.1 STEWARD PROGRAM CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND ......................................................................... 7

2.2 SCOPE AND FOCUS OF ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................. 8

3.0 OBJECTIVES OF ASSESSMENT.................................................................................................................. 9

4.0 METHODOLOGY OF ASSESSMENT .......................................................................................................... 9

5.0 COUNTRY CONTEXT .............................................................................................................................. 13

5.1 LIBERIA .............................................................................................................................................. 13

5.2 SIERRA LEONE ................................................................................................................................... 33

5.3 GUINEA.............................................................................................................................................. 66

6.0 PROJECT INTERVENTION AREAS ........................................................................................................... 87

6.1 UPPER GUINEAN FOREST AND THE PZs ............................................................................................ 87

6.2 SUSTAINABLE WASH SERVICES, LIVELIHOODS, CLIMATE CHANGE AND BIODIVERSITY IN THE UPPER
GUINEAN FOREST ECOSYSTEM ............................................................................................................... 89

7.0 OPPORTUNITIES AND ENTRY POINTS FOR THE STEWARD PROJECT..................................................... 91

7.1 REFORM OF THE WASH ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................... 91

7.2 CAPACITY BUILDING .......................................................................................................................... 92

7.3 SITE BASED WASH INTERVENTIONS .................................................................................................. 92

7.4 STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF OPPORTUNITY PER COUNTRY ASSESSED .................................................. 93

7.5 RECOMMENDATIONS (SITE BASED OR NATIONAL LEVEL INTERVENTIONS)..................................... 96

APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................................ 99

1
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Map of PZs

Figure 2: Methodology of WASH Assessment

Figure 3: Map of Liberia

Figure 4: Population by Improved Water Point by County – Liberia

Figure 5: Population by Improved Water Point at Clan Level – Liberia

Figure 6: Institutional Framework and Structure in Liberia

Figure 7: Map of Sierra Leone

Figure 8: Institutional Framework for Water Supply and Sanitation Delivery – Sierra Leone

Figure 9: Access to Improved Water Sources – Sierra Leone

Figure 10: Map of Guinea

Figure 11: Upper Guinean Forest

Figure 12: Map of PZ 1: Defining the boundaries

Figure 13: Map of PZ 2: Defining the boundaries

2
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Demographic Survey Data from Communities Visited Around the ENNR – Liberia

Table 2: Key Informant Interviews: Community Development Issues – Liberia

Table 3: Focus Group Discussions: WASH Issues – Liberia

Table 4: Focus Group Discussions: Community Channels for Communication – Liberia

Table 5: Community Profiles – Liberia

Table 6: Focus Group Discussions: Development Issues – Liberia

Table 7: Focus Group Discussions: Community Livelihoods – Liberia

Table 8: Focus Group Discussions: Water Governance – Liberia

Table 9: Use of Water Facilities as of 2008 – Sierra Leone

Table 10: Use of Sanitation Facilities in 2007 – Sierra Leone

Table 11: Type of Use of Sanitation – Sierra Leone

Table 12: Community Profiles – Sierra Leone

Table 13: Focus Group Discussions: Development Issues – Sierra Leone

Table 14: Focus Group Discussions: WASH Situation in Communities – Sierra Leone

Table 15: Focus Group Discussions: Community Livelihoods – Sierra Leone

Table 16: Focus Group Discussions: Water Governance – Sierra Leone

Table 17: Background / Profile Opinion Leader – Sierra Leone

Table 18: Focus Group Discussions: Community Development Issues – Sierra Leone

Table 19: WASH Issues – Sierra Leone

Table 20: Focus Group Discussions: Community Channels for Communication – Sierra Leone

Table 21: Summary of Key Issues Arising from Community Discussions – Sierra Leone

Table 22: Key Social and Demographic Indicators – Guinea

3
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Table 23: Community Profiles – Guinea

Table 24: Focus Group Discussions: Developmental Issues – Guinea

Table 25: Focus Group Discussions: WASH Situation in Communities – Guinea

Table 26: Focus Group Discussions: Community Livelihoods – Guinea

Table 27: Focus Group Discussions: Water Governance – Guinea

Table 28: A Summary of WASH for Sub Saharan African Countries

4
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

LIST OF ACRONYMS

ACCORD African Center for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes for

Community Development
AFD French Development Agency
ABN Niger River Basin Authority
AEPA Clean Drinking Water Distribution
ATPC Community Led Total Sanitation
BM World Bank
BAD African Development Bank
BID Islamic Development Bank
BADEA African Agricultural Development Bank
BEL Office of Forest Research
CICR International Committee of the Red Cross
CR Rural Commune
CRG Red Cross Guinea
CERE Center for Environmental Studies and Research
CENAFOD African Center for Training and Development
CEDEAO Economic Commission of West African States
CLTS Community Led Total Sanitation
CPI Corruption Perception Index
CPIAI Country Policy and Institutional Assessment Index
CSO Country Status Overview
DCMHyP Directorate of Community Mobilization & Hygiene Promotion
DfID Department of International Development
DRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Document
DHS Demographic and Health Survey
EHD Environmental Health Division
ENNR East Nimba Nature Reserve
EWRA Energy and Water Regulatory Authority
EAA Water and Sanitation for Africa
EDS Demographic Health Survey
EIBEP Integrated Baseline Survey for Poverty Assessment
ELEP Light Survey for Poverty Assessment
EPE Cross Water Point
EUPD University-Research-Study-Progress
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
GIRE Integrated Management of Water Resources
INRAP National Institute for Educational Research and Action
LPDA Letter of Development Policy of Agriculture
MSHP Ministry of Sanitation and Public Health
MSF Doctors Without Borders
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MICS Multi Indicator Cluster Survey
MLME Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy

5
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

MOH Ministry of Health and Social Welfare

MoEWR Ministry of Energy and Water Resources
MOHS Ministry of Health and Sanitation
MPW Ministry of Public Works
NWRSB National Water Resource and Sanitation Board
NWSHPC National Water Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion Committee
NWSP National Water and Sanitation Policy
NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations
ONG Non-Governmental Organizations
OMD Millenium Development Goal
OMVS Organization for the Development of the Senegal River
OMCG Organization for the Development of the Gambia River
OMS World Health Organization
PEM Modern Water Source
PNAEPA Drinking Water and Sanitation Program
PNAE National Action Plan for the Environment
PAFN National Forestry Action Plan
PAGIRE Integrated Water Resources Management Plan
PNDS National Plan of Sanitation Development
PNDA National Policy of Agricultural Development
PME Small and Medium Enterprises
PNUD United Nations Development Program
PE Water Source
PANA National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation
PPP Public-Private-Partnerships
PRSII Poverty Reduction Strategy II
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
RWSSB Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Bureau
SALWACO Sierra Leone Water Company
SLDHS Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey
UNICEF United Nations Children Fund
UNDAF united Nations Development Assistance Fund
UNICEF United Nations Children Fund
WSP Water and Sanitation Program
WSSC WASH Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene
WHO World Health Organization
WSD Water Supply Division
WSS Water Supply and Sanitation
WATSAN Water and Sanitation

6
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Sustainable and Thriving Environments for West African Regional Development (STEWARD) program
contracted Water and Sanitation for Africa (WSA), a Pan African Intergovernmental Agency with a focus
on Sustainable Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) solutions to;
“conduct an assessment of the Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) situation,
needs and opportunities in the focus countries and Priority Zones (PZs) of USAID/West
Africa’s Sustainable and Thriving Environments for West African Regional Development
(STEWARD) implementation phase program in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea and Cote
d’Ivoire”.
The assessment eventually focused on the three countries of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone in two
Priority Zones (PZ1 and PZ2). This document is a report of the WASH assessment in these countries and
PZs.

2.0 BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR WASH ASSESSMENT

2.1 STEWARD PROGRAM CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND

The Sustainable and Thriving Environments for West African Regional Development (STEWARD) program
is a forest conservation and sustainable livelihoods program focusing on transboundary Priority Zones
(PZs) in the Upper Guinean Forest ecosystem. The Upper Guinean Forest is one of West Africa’s eight
major biomes and it is extremely rich in plant species diversity and endemic species.
As explained in the overview document, USAID/USFS first began conserving the ecosystem under the
STEWARD Design Phase from October 2007 to June 2009. The work was expanded under a second Pilot
Phase which ran from July 2009 to February 2011. USAID and USFS will continue STEWARD into the
Implementation Phase which will be a four year project through 2015.
The STEWARD project has as an objective, to address regional threats to biodiversity and to capitalize on
opportunities to support peace building, biodiversity conservation, knowledge dissemination, and policy
harmonization. It is focused specifically on the priority biodiversity sites of the Upper Guinean forest
ecosystem in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote d’Ivoire, and Guinea. The goal of the STEWARD program’s
implementation phase is to promote regional strategies for promising approaches to biodiversity
conservation, improved livelihoods and sustainable Natural Resources Management (NRM) in the upper
Guinean forest ecosystems of Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Cote d’Ivoire.
The justification for a regional transboundary approach includes but is not limited to the following
reasons: i) threats to biodiversity operate within little concern for national borders, ii) natural resources
management (NRM) policies, regulations and conservation of activities of the forest-states are not
complementary and, in some cases, impede effective conservation at landscape scale; and iii) working
only within the national boundaries of the forest states limits effective and rapid extension and scaling
up of promising approaches to conservation, livelihood improvements and climate change mitigation
emerging from STEWARD pilot sites. As stated further by the overview document, the objectives of
phase III of this project are three fold:
1. Build capacity for increased regional conservation;

7
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

2. Improve policies for transboundary conservation and natural resources; and,

3. Develop and promote best practices for transboundary natural resources management,
conservation of forest biodiversity and sustainable forest based livelihoods from actions at
‘pilot’ sites.
In terms of activity focus, this will be done through thematic interventions as follows:
Improve policy and legal frameworks for transboundary NRM, biodiversity conservation and
climate change response;
Biodiversity conservation in priority transboundary sites;
Mitigate adverse effects of climate change;
Promote and strengthen sustainable livelihoods among communities adjacent to the forest and
within buffer zones;
Monitor program impact on land use and land cover change;
Institutionalization of regional knowledge sharing dissemination; and,
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene component.

2.2 SCOPE AND FOCUS OF ASSESSMENT

According to the Statement of Work (SOW), the
assessment focused on Water Supply, Sanitation and
Hygiene situation, needs and opportunities in the focus
countries and Priority Zones (PZs) of USAID/West
Africa’s STEWARD implementation phase program. The
STEWARD program currently focuses on the four
countries of the Upper Guinean forest including Cote
d’Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone (see figure
1). The WASH assessment was, however, unable to Figure 1: Map of PZs.
include Cote d’Ivoire in this assessment due to Source: STEWARD, 2012.

ongoing security concerns in the country.

The assessment is undertaken as part of STEWARD’s Box 1
integrated program considering Biodiversity/Natural
Resource Management (NMR) and Climate Change STEWARD PRIORITY TRANSBOUNDARY ZONES
Adaptation (CC-A) and Sustainable Landscapes
components and will view WASH needs and  PZ1 : Sierra Leone (Outamba Kilimi
opportunities within this context. National Park)/
The WASH assessment became necessary because of Guinea (Madina Oula and Oure Kaba
the opportunity that USAID/West Africa has to Suprefectures)
incorporate WASH funding into STEWARD to
complement existing resources for biodiversity  PZ2: Guinea (Mount Nimba)
conservation and climate change. With this initiative, Liberia (Nimba nature reserve)
USAID is seeking to expand STEWARD’s scope and
integrate NRM best practices, livelihoods
Source: STEWARD, 2012.
8
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

strengthening, and climate change resilience along with increased sustainable access to clean water,
sanitation and hygiene, and behavior services through WASH components.
A strong case for WASH by STEWARD as provided in the SOW is that STEWARD focused countries have
low development indicators, especially with regards to water supply and sanitation coverage,
particularly in the rural areas. The SOW explained further that where water services do exist, they suffer
from chronic problems of poor operation and maintenance, frequent breakdowns, poor quality, and
often lack financial solvency. Coverage of improved sanitation is lacking, and existing latrines are poorly
maintained.
This assessment will provide a comprehensive analysis of the current situation, challenges and
opportunities that exist in the WASH sectors within STEWARD’s PZs and within the context of WASH at
the national levels. This assessment will assist USAID/West Africa’s strategic choices of sustainable
investments in WASH that maximize impact and sustainability, while optimizing synergies with the rest
of the program’s interventions.

3.0 OBJECTIVES OF ASSESSMENT

The objectives of the WASH assessment established in the SOW are as follows:
(1) Assess the current WASH situation and trends in each STEWARD focus country identifying key issues
and challenges as well as current levels of response by governments, donors, and other actors;
(2) Undertake the same analysis in the three STEWARD PZs;
(3) Understand ways in which achieving sustainable WASH services connect to other STEWARD
development results—biodiversity conservation, sustainable livelihoods and climate change
resiliency—in general, as well as in the three transboundary PZs of the program; and,
(4) Identify key gaps in the WASH sector that could be strategic entry points for USAID investment in
the context of the integrated STEWARD biodiversity/climate change program at national and site-
based levels.

4.0 METHODOLOGY OF ASSESSMENT

The SOW developed by STEWARD provided guidance on the methodology for the WASH assessment
including a guide of tasks that focused on the type of information to collect (Refer to the SOW found in
Appendix 24). The SOW was consulted during the development of field data collection tools to ensure
that the expected scope was covered. The SOW also provided guidance on the methodology of research
adopted for this study. Figure 2 below represents the broad steps for carrying out the field work for the
assessment which is comprised of six main steps which are described in detail below.

9
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Country
Desk
Reviews

Key
Stakeholder
Informant
Analyses
Interviews
Preparation
and
Planning

Focus
Stakeholder
Group
Meeting
Discussions

Figure 2: Methodology of WASH Assessment.

1. Project preparation and planning

This stage comprises the development of the implementation plan. There was consultation with
STEWARD at this stage to clear the scope of the work and to ensure a clear understanding of what was
expected. Water and Sanitation for Africa (WSA) then shared the project plan with STEWARD for
approval. While developing the implementation plan, slight changes were made to the SOW and budget.
After the approval of the implementation plan, WSA started the process of contracting national WASH
experts in each assessment country. This involved preparing contracts, signing contracts, long distance
meetings to prepare consultants for the field work, and the design of field tools. Five field data
collection guides found below were developed (see Appendices 19-23).
 Focus group discussion guide questions for communities
 Interview guide for INGOs and local NGOs
 Key informant interviews for community leaders
 Key informant interviews guide for government institutions at the national level
 Key informant guide for the private sector

10
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

2. Literature Reviews
Literature review was done at the country level which involved consultation of sector documents, web-
based documents and other WASH literature. The focus was on current water and sanitation coverage
and approaches to sustainability of water service delivery and achievements in these countries and
target areas where the project will be developed. It also covered areas of policy and the regulatory
framework, institutional structures of service provision, technical parameters, financing mechanisms
and human resources capacity in the PZs at national and sub-national levels. Three country level desk
study reports were produced which formed inputs for the analysis of the current WASH situation in each
country. The outcome of the literature review also helped to review the field tools to ensure that
information was collected in all areas.
3. Stakeholder analysis
A stakeholder analysis was done for each country to develop a strategic view of the human and
institutional landscape and the relationships between the different stakeholders and the issues they
care about most. The process was used to identify all key (primary and secondary) stakeholders who
have a vested interest in the WASH sectors of the focus countries.
The analysis also helped to provide an understanding of what the stakeholders expect from a WASH
project and what they need in relation to potential risk. With the analysis, it is possible to identify
actions to minimize project risks and maximize benefits by working with the stakeholders.
The stakeholders and their expectations were identified through desk studies, stakeholder meetings and
through key informant interviews. Stakeholders analyses tables can be found in Appendix 7, 16 and 17
for Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea respectively.
4. Stakeholder meetings
A national stakeholder meeting was held in each capital city of the three participating countries. The
stakeholder’s meeting comprised of different stakeholders from various ministries responsible for water
and environmental sanitation, the private sector, civil society, national academic institutions, and
researchers. The meeting briefed stakeholders about the purpose of the assessment, engaged them to
have a better understanding of the WASH sector and to receive information relevant for the
assessment. The half day meeting was very useful and provided useful background information for the
field work.
5. Focus Group Discussions
Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were conducted in the rural communities in the PZs. A list of questions to
elicit relevant information for the assessment was developed and used by WSA. The process was very
participatory and involved men, women and youth. Communities were friendly and very cooperative in
all PZs visited. Twenty-one PZ communities were visited and interviewed. See the list of communities
and responses under each country section (see sample questionnaire in Appendix 19).
6. Key Informant Interviews
Key informant interviews focused on individuals and organizations that are strategic in the WASH sector
of each country. Two types of key informants were targeted: 1) sector organizations and actors at
national levels, and 2) community leaders in the PZs. 31 sector organizations were contacted in the
three countries (see Appendix 15). At the community level, 19 opinion leaders were interviewed (see
outcome of interviews of opinion leaders in the key findings sections under each country).
11
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Separate guide questions were produced for each of these groups to obtain the relevant information
necessary for the assessment (see Appendices 19 to 23 for sample of guide questions used for various
organizations).
The information obtained from the field was analyzed for each country to understand the current
situation in the WASH sector and discussed in the findings section for each country.

12
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

5.0 COUNTRY CONTEXT

5.1 LIBERIA

5.1.1 DEMOGRAPHIC

Liberia, a small country in West Africa, has a population of approximately 3.5 million people.
Approximately 2.9 million of those do not have access to toilets; some 1.1 million are forced to drink
dirty water and an astonishing 3.3 million practice poor hygiene such as open defecation. These
phenomenon are a result of weak institutional leadership and the lack of a sector-wide approach to
clean water. WASH governance has been fragmented with a multiplicity of actors involved. The key
reason for fragmentation in the Liberia WASH Sector was due to the fact that during the period of direct
humanitarian support (DHS), approximately between 2004 – 2007, there became a multiplicity of actors
who were involved in service provision ppredominantly in rural areas – hand pump construction, pit
latrines, and hygiene promotion activities. Between 2007-2011, referred to as the post-conflict period, it
became quite difficult to control the activities of INGOs, hence issues of policy adherence were
overlooked, construction guidelines were not followed, national strategies were not developed, and
every actor was working independent of government involvement/supervision. Moreover, it was not
clear as to which government agency should be responsible for coordinating activities as mandates and
functions were split between five different ministries.
5.1.2 POLITICAL

Liberia recently experienced 14 years of civil unrest leading to the deterioration of infrastructure and a
mass exodus of qualified human resources greatly needed for the country’s reconstruction. Peaceful
democratic elections in late 2005 paved the way for the beginning of a new era of governance and since
the government of Liberia was inaugurated in early 2006, the country has been rapidly transitioning
from an emergency state, through recovery, and on towards development. Positive improvements in
water access have been achieved with 68% of the population having access to improved drinking water
(JMP 2010). However, the same cannot be said for sanitation as only 17% of the population has access
to improved sanitation. Figure 3 shows the map of Liberia showing population per square kilometer of
land area.

13
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

GUINEA
SIERRA
LEONE

COTE D’IVOIRE

ATLANTIC
OCEAN

Figure 3: Map of Liberia. Source: Ministry of Public Works GIS Unit, 2011.

5.1.3 WASH POLICY FRAMEWORK

The WASH sector in Liberia is currently fragmented and housed in numerous government agencies—
further compounding weak coordination. The Water Supply and Sanitation Policy developed in 2009
mandates the establishment of the National Water Resource and Sanitation Board (NWRSB) and its two
key operational arms—the National Water Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion Committee (NWSHPC) and
the Water Supply and Sanitation Commission (WSSC) as the key technical governing bodies. As Liberia
strives to become a middle income country by 2030, it is envisaged that these two entities, along with
the Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC), the Directorate for Community Mobilization and
Hygiene Promotion (DCMHyP) and the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Bureau (RWSSB) will support
the achievement of the long term objective of the establishment of a Ministry of Water Resources and
Sanitation in Liberia. There are a number of policies that exist in the WASH sector in Liberia—the
Integrated Water Resources Management Policy (IWRM), the Water Supply and Sanitation Policy
(WSSP), the National Environment and Occupational Health Policy, and the Guidelines for Water and
Sanitation Services in Liberia. Unfortunately, due to inadequate and under-resourced governance, these
policies have lain dormant and not been implemented. In May 2011, the Liberia WASH Compact was

14
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

developed, and the Government of Liberia (GoL) made a commitment to the following four key priorities
to be achieved by March 2013:
1. Establish and Strengthen Institutional Capacity;
2. Ensure Equity and Prioritize Service Provision;
3. Develop a Monitoring System; and,
4. Improve Sector Financing Mechanisms, Capacity Building and Strengthening, Resource
Mobilization, Gender Equity, Environmental Concern, and Humanitarian Activities.
Aligned with the Compact commitments, a Sector Strategic Plan was designed, and a Sector Investment
Costing that complements the plan provides an estimated five year cost for the sector. The estimated
deficit in financing required to meet the MDGs and Liberia’s targets for water supply and sanitation is
$75 million per year. The Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) is currently investing less than $370,000
in consultancy costs to support the development of a water supply and sanitation sector investment
program. This will be used by the African Development Bank for a rural water supply investment and to
attract other investors. The Poverty Reduction Strategy II (PRSII) and United Nations Development
Assistance Framework (UNDAF) include WASH and are also aligned with the Compact commitments.
In 2011, a census of the 10,000 improved rural water points (mainly hand pumps) in Liberia showed that
29% were not functional and a further 11% were functional but with problems (e.g. dry for part of the
year). The Water and Sanitation Program of the World Bank (WSP), supported a water quality sampling
exercise in Monrovia. This water quality exercise used the water point mapping data base which was
developed in 2011, as a means to randomly sample 200 water sources throughout the city. Figures 4 and
5 show maps of improved water points by county and clan level respectively.

Figure 4: Population by Improved Water Point Figure 5: Population by Improved Water Point at
by County – Liberia. Source: Liberia WASH Clan Level – Liberia. Source: Liberia WASH Sector
Sector Strategy Plan, 2011. Strategy Plan, 2011.

15
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

The key finding was that 58% of the water points tested showed presence of E. coli, an indicator of
widespread fecal contamination. This knowledge raised the need for renewed awareness on open
defecation; however, financial constraints have hampered the efforts.
WSP supported the setting up of www.wash-liberia.org as a centralized repository for sector resources.
This website has become an important resource for sector stakeholders and potential investors.
The President has recently given the Ministry of Public Works responsibility of Water, Sanitation and
Hygiene (WASH) and the ministry is actively driving improvements in the sector. The appointment of
the National Water Resources and Sanitation Board is anticipated for October 2012, but has not yet
happened at the time of the report. The roles and responsibilities for this board have been developed.
The planning for the Water Supply and Sanitation Commission (WSSC), which will be the regulatory arm
of the sector, has been robust. The establishment, by executive order, of the WSSC is expected to be
completed by December 2012.
The board, committee and commission provide the governance structure for the sector and have taken
great strides towards meeting the objectives of the Compact Commitment number one. The Sector
Strategic Plan and Sector Investment Plan meet the main objectives of commitment number four. In
addition, they are helping to meet commitments two and three as well as facilitate the establishment of
a WASH pool fund.
As demonstrated above, the platform for investment has been set and it is time for action and
implementation. As explained above, the WASH sector in Liberia has developed a proposed governance
and operational structure (see Figure 6).

16
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

Figure 6: Institutional Framework and Structure in Liberia. Source: Liberia Water Supply and Sanitation Policy, April 2011.

NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES AND SANITATION BOARD – NWRSB

(Composition – MLME, MOF, MOA, MPW, MFA, MOHSW, MGD, LWSC, EPA, International Development Partners &
Others)
Water Supply & Sanitation Commission – WSSC
National Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion
Committee – NWSHPC (see members in Appendix 1)
Composition: Experts in Water & Sanitation, Economics,
Composition: All Line Ministries/Agencies Sociology, Law, Public Health, Environment, Finance
Will operationalize Sector Policy, Strategy, Planning,
Technical Support,
Will regulate Tariffs, Licenses, PPPs, Service Standards,

Directorate of Community
LWSC Mobilization
Rural Water Supply and
& Hygiene Promotion Sanitation Bureau
(DCMHyP) (RWSSB)
Urban WSS: conurbations
with population >5000 Software & demand Rural WSS: conurbations
generation
Key:
Resource
developer/manager
Service regulator
NGOs, CBOs
Service
provider/facilitators
Support
organizations 17
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

5.1.4 DESCRIPTION OF PRIORITY ZONE 2 VISITED

This PZ is located in the East Nimba Nature Reserve located in the upper Nimba Mountains of Liberia.
Background of East Nimba Nature Reserve
The East Nimba Nature Reserve (ENNR) was established by an Act of National Legislature on October
2003, as Liberia’s second gazetted protected area. The ENNR was carved from the East Nimba National
Forest Reserve.
Within the framework of Liberia’s national conservation strategy, the management and development
objectives for the ENNR are:
1. Investigate options for increasing wildlife densities through strict management and determine
how a surplus of wild animals can contribute to the food resources surrounding human
settlement;
2. Investigate the use of areas outside the park for sustainable resource development and
management, such as agro forestry, cash crops and food crops;
3. Provide local training and experience in preservation and management of a tropical forest
habitat and its resident wildlife species;
4. Encourage the use of the park as educational resources for Liberian universities, schools, and
other educational institutions;
5. Establish a base of operation where staff training, scientific research and management planning
can be concentrated and coordinated for the benefit of park administration; and,
6. Focus the interest and efforts of government agencies and private organizations on a
cooperative management program for forest-associated resources.
One key point to note is that the creation of the reserve did not make provisions for alternative
livelihood venture for those communities living around the reserve. The ENNR is an integral part of the
reserve which also runs into Cote d’Ivoire and Guinea. The ENNR is the last portion to be passed into
law. The Ivorian portion was legislated in 1943 and the Guinean side in 1944. The Mount Nimba range is
a World Heritage Site under UNESCO (Liberia Protected Areas Network Strategic Plan 2008 – 2013).
The ENNR is located in the North of Liberia and extends 40 kilometers along a south-west north-west
alignment in the north-east of Liberia. The reserve lies within latitude 7° to 8° North and longitude 8°
West. Commencing at a point on the border between Liberia and Cote d’Ivoire at 8.44 E, 7.52 N; a line
runs 472 chains due north west crossing the Noun River along the border over Mount Nimba to -8.5 E,
7.58 N; on the Liberia Guinea border; due south west for 144.8 chains to -8.52 E, 7.57 N where it meets
a tributary of the St. John River. The site is bordered by several communities including Bassa Village,
Zortapa, Yolowee, Zorgowee Town, Gbapa Town, Geipa, and Setontuo. The majority of the communities
that live around the reserve speak Mano—one of the 18 spoken languages in Liberia.
VEGETATION
The East Nimba Nature Reserve is an area of moist lowland rainforest, composed of 63% primary and
mature secondary forest, swamp forest, seasonally inundated forest, and young secondary forest.

18
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

A sign post that welcomes visitors to the East Nimba Nature Reserve Area. Source: National WASH Secretariat,
2012.

5.1.5 KEY FINDINGS

The WASH assessments were carried out at both the national and sub national levels involving the use
of tools developed and tested to fit the context of the different stakeholders involved in the process.
The assessment was carried out through key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and
telephone conversations.

19
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

NATIONAL LEVEL
At the national level, interviews were conducted with five Government Ministries and Agencies, three
private sector entities, one civil society organization, three development partner institutions and three
international non-governmental organizations (INGO). Appendix 1 contains a list of the organizations
contacted and their corresponding contact information. After administering the Government ministries
key informant questionnaire, the following data was collected and analyzed.
Government of Liberia Institutions
Ministry of Public Works: This ministry leads the Sector Coordination at the national level through
monthly meetings. The Ministry is engineering-focused, handling, among other tasks, the national
rural water supply program. It focuses on water and sanitation in towns with a population of less
than 5,000. It encourages household sanitation and constructs community and institutional
sanitation units (in schools, hospitals, markets). This ministry implements projects directly and/or
through contractors and NGOs (See details of roles and responsibilities in Appendix 2).
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare: This ministry is responsible for health promotion,
environmental and ooccupational health, hygiene education and development of sanitation
facilities. It is also responsible for the quality of the domestic drinking water supply, sanitation and
hygiene practices pursuant to the Public Health Law, and setting standards of water quality control
and environmental health (See details of roles and responsibilities in Appendix 5).
Ministry of Lands, Mines and Energy: This ministry leads in policy formulation and has been
responsible for the preparation of the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Policy and
the National Water Supply Policy (NWSP). Among the water sector functions are: provision of
hydrologic services (through the Liberia Hydrological Services Bureau), water analysis, and collection
of hydrologic data. It also provides assistance and advice regarding boreholes and wells and drilling
techniques (See details of roles and responsibilities in Appendix 3).
Ministry of Education: The Division of School Health in the ministry is responsible for school health
and hygiene in the country. It constructs hardware in collaboration with the Education Facilities Unit
in the ministry (See details of roles and responsibilities in Appendix 6).
Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation: LWSC is mandated (i) to engage in the management,
development, construction, installation, manufacture, operation, transmission, distribution, sale,
and supply to all areas of water and sewage services and of equipment and facilities relating
thereto; (ii) to establish and maintain water and sewer facilities, offices and/or agencies within and
everywhere inside Liberia; (iii) to determine fair and reasonable rates, fees, and charges which shall
be charged in connection with the provision of water and sewage services. The corporation is
responsible for service delivery in urban areas (of populations over 5000) (See details of roles and
responsibilities in Appendix 4).

20
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

COMMUNITY LEVEL
Table 1: Demographic Survey Data from Communities Visited Around the ENNR, Liberia. Source: LISGIS, 2011.

No. Town/Community Population County District

1 New Yekepa 8,439 Nimba Yarmain

2 Gbapa 2,048 Nimba Saniquellie

Mahn

3 Kaina 284 Nimba Yarmain

4 Gbelehyee 2,527 Nimba Yarmain

5 Baintowein 1,112 Nimba Yarmain

6 Gbonnie 1,573 Nimba Yarmain

7 Kinon 1,566 Nimba Yarmain

8 Benfoh Not available Nimba Yarmain

9 Bololewee 347 Nimba Yarmain

21
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Images from field trip and interviews of communities within the ENNR in Liberia

Pic 1: A survey assistant carries out the key Pic 2: A group photo in Gbapa Nimba County
informant interview in Gbonnie Nimba. after the FGD in that community.

Pic 3: Carrying out the FGD in New Yekepa

Community, Nimba County Liberia. Pic 4: the town of Bololowee, right beneath
the valley of the NImba Mountain, Liberia.

22
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

The following tables summarize the findings from the community level interviews including key informant interviews with opinion leaders from
communities.

Table 2: Key Informant Interviews: Community Development Issues – Liberia.

No. Town/Community Development Challenges Actions required to Existence of Local Relationships Partners involved
resolve these resource to facilitate between WASH in support
challenges mitigation processes services/Health/Ed provision
ucation

1 New Yekepa Poor working relationships Need for continued None Inter-related in None
between development advocacy and terms of sharing
partners and community coordination WASH facilities
members

2 Gbapa Lack of roads, schools, and Need for NGO and Human resources, No relationship at CIPORD
WASH facilities government to put community the moment as
promises into actions cooperation, and local these facilities do
materials not exist at all

3 Kaina Lack of finances to carry out Community None None/ WASH CIPORD
development activities in mobilization required services are not
community shared ERS

LCIP

4 Gbeleh Lack of education, functional Need for partners to None No relationship Liberia Community
training willingly assist Infrastructure
community with these Projects (LCIP)
challenges
2. ZOA

5 Baintowein Lack of latrines, hand pumps, Provision of these Farming activities, No relationship ZOA
and school services mentioned charcoal production
brings income

23
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

6 Gbonnie No latrines, few hand pumps Removal of

restrictions on
fetching water from None None CIPORD
community single
ZOA
hand pump

7 Bololewee Deplorable roads conditions Organize youth to Lack of human None ACF
barrier to development rehabilitate roads capacity
reaching communities ZOA

Table 3: Focus Group Discussions: WASH Issues – Liberia.

No. Town/Community Key Problems /Local How did problem Hygiene behavior Existing Specific actions Lessons learnt and
Constraints to service evolve Change needs opportunities to undertaken at local
sustainability implement such level/ Results Contribution to
behavior achieved WASH service
change/Local delivery
resources available

1 New Yekepa No money to pay WASH Self-greed, personal Need for availability of None Advocacy for Hygiene importance
technicians, fees if collected satisfaction, hygiene promotion, support to build in daily activities.
not used for intended corruption materials and sanitation facilities.
purpose facilitators No results achieved Put into practice of
so far. lessons learnt

2 Gbapa No one responsible for No training was Open defecation No opportunities Actions have Advocacy needs to
provided for needs to be addressed and lack of local included appeal for be increased
Operation and Maintenance maintenance of WASH capacity more latrines
facilities construction. No
results achieved.

3 Kaina No cooperation/cannot No WASH committee Low standards of Hygiene campaign Hygiene Promotion Need for reinforced
sustain hand pump active. No Operation latrine construction. ongoing. Local awareness through messaging and
maintenance/lack of spare & Maintenance put in No proper resources available public broader community
parts place. disinfectants. Open are drawn from announcement participation
defecation to be system. No IECBCC

24
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

addressed. NGO CIPORD materials.

No response from
community.

4 Gbeleh Lack of spare part for hand No coordination. Low No visibility given to No opportunities Hygiene Awareness, Need to sustain
pumps. No maintenance fees cooperation from hygiene at local exist nor resources workshop held. awareness
paid. community. community gathering to tap into Very positive workshops.
results. Behavior
change was visible
for a while.

5 Baintowein Heavy use on the More latrines needed No opportunities at Funds collected Need for rationing
facilities available. the moment but monthly by local water supply to will
NO pump technicians, more (For ex. 300 persons local resources that leaders. ensure longevity of
latrines needed using a single hand exists include the hand pump,
pump currently) woodland etc. Pump was repaired
but now is non-
operational

6 Gbonnie Lots of pump breakdown. No Poor maintenance Need for latrine Town hall meetings BY collecting Community
pump mechanic available. availability to end are good platforms monthly tax from mobilization is
open defecation for discussions. community important to sustain
Workshops by local dwellers. Parts were services.
NGOs. bought and
replaced as a direct
result of this action.

7. Bololewee Broken down hand pumps Poor maintenance Need to achieve Open None. Land and No action taken. No Health situation of
and latrines Defecation Free youth support results achieved. community has
status. Need more available deteriorated due to
latrines
inaction to change
hygiene behavior.

25
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

Table 4: Focus Group Discussions: Community Channels for Communication – Liberia.

No. Town/Community How are WASH issues Who take s action Feedback process WASH services WASH conflict Suggestion for
communicated /who prioritization resolution and WASH service
receives complaint leadership delivery
improvement

1 New Yekepa Hand pump mechanic Community Dwellers Through community Not prioritized as Town elders and Training for
informs town chief meeting health issues are Chief are sustainability
paramount. responsible for such
activities

2 Gbapa Youth group informs WASH Development Through the town Prioritized through Community Train WASH focal
committee Chairman crier monthly forum Chairman handles persons and involve
discussion issues related to local community in
conflict projects

3 Kaina WASH focal person informs Community Health Information gets to Information on The community has More training
WASH committee and then Volunteer community and WASH is a council of elders needed for WASH
gets to the Town Chief Community Health communicated to that deal with focal points on
Volunteers collects
the County WASH issues. Operation &
fees from community
to address the authorities every Maintenance.
problem two months.

4 Gbeleh Community dweller inform The Town Chief Community meetings Not really Town Elder is Build Capacity for
Town council and the prioritized responsible to local pump
development committee resolve WASH mechanics
issue/problem

5 Baintowein Town dwellers inform Town The Youth leader Through community Given highest No conflict with More NGO’s need
Chief directly takes action meeting priority since its WASH to initiate activities
widely used infrastructure use in community

6 Gbonnie Pump Mechanic is The Town chief takes Monies are collected WASH is discussed No conflicts More latrines
responsible to report issues action to remedy urgent and at almost all needed, more
with WASH infrastructure solvable situations monthly meetings pump mechanics
and spare part

26
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

depots needed.

7. Bololewee Pump mechanics inform the The Town Elders The Town elders Priority is given to No conflicts Additional WASH
elders of the problem galvanize the the problem but no reported infrastructure will
resources through the action is taken improve service
community delivery
participation improvement.

Due to very terrible limitations of the study listed below, the Focus Group Discussions could only take place in two of the communities visited.
These challenges are quite common around this time of the year August – December (rainy season).

Infrastructure challenges in Liberia

Pic 5: Heavy duty vehicles are damaging the Pic 6: Roads are not passable at this time of
already deplorable road network between the year especially between the Guinean
Ganta and Saniquellie. border and Yekepaa city as seen here.

Pic 7: A survey assistant with his luggage walking Pic 8: The thick forests of the ENNR provides only
to the next village to continue the survey. footpaths for commuters wishing to go to the
neighboring villages. 27
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

Table 5: Focus Group Discussions: Community Profiles – Liberia.

No. Community Population Access to Communication Means of Livelihood

community

1. Kinnon 2,500 No road network No mobile coverage Farming

Men: 1,000 Women: 1,500

2. Benfoh 3,500 Unimproved road Mobile coverage not universal at Farming

network exists the moment
Men: 1,000 Women: 2,500 Mining

Petty trade

Table 6: Focus Group Discussions: Development Issues – Liberia.

No. Community Key development challenges Priority actions to Role of WASH and Partners involved Source of funding
mitigate challenges education in these
priorities

1. Kinon WASH facilities and roads Build hand pumps Key to addressing none Taxes collected
priorities

2. Benfoh Roads and Water WASH infrastructure Key to addressing ZOA, CIPORD UNICEF
constructed a few priorities
months back

28
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

Table 7: Focus Group Discussions: Community Livelihoods – Liberia.

No. Community Source of Water for Challenges for Effect of challenges Flooding in Past? Activities that Resources needed
multiple use Multiple use pose threat to to effectively
How was it water mitigate
handled supply/Plans to
mitigate

1. Kinon Creek for both drinking Creek dries up Water borne Never Lack of hand Funding
and gardening etc. sometimes diseases increase pumps

2. Benfoh One hand pump Frequent break Long distance to walk Never Single hand pump Increased wash
down to nearest creek usage infrastructure

Table 8: Focus Group Discussions: Water Governance – Liberia.

No. Community Community Discussions/ How do members How is it facilitated How is community Who is responsible Water association
participate mobilized in terms of to follow up?/Is committee. Roles.
Organized by whom Water resource there required
management issues capacity need to
follow up?/

1. Kinon Community chairperson Attending and Through the Text messages to Assistant Exists and assist in
convenes meeting listening community chair those who have development O/M of Water
person phones chairman Points

2. Benfoh Development Chairperson By articulating Through the Assistant Youth leaders are very Community
their views on the chairman active in mobilizing chairperson
issues community members
Need for increased
capacity

29
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

5.1.6 OPPORTUNITIES FOR WASH INTERVENTION IN LIBERIA

After carrying out a detailed analysis of the WASH situation in Liberia the following activities are
proposed as possible intervention points in the country.

1. Given the low capacity of sector actors to carry out implementation of WASH activities (as
described in their mandates especially at the national level), there is a need for strong support
to build capacity in the following areas:
Functional capacities:
- Leadership (MTEFs), financial management
& monitoring
- Analysis, visioning (long term
visioning in terms of setting - Procurement & contracts
sector priorities and achievable management
targets).
- Technical writing skills
- Technical capacities – low
- Reporting
expertise (rural/county
capitals/towns) - Advocacy & communication
- Policy & strategy development - Accountability
processes - M&E of water supply
- Management - Water quality testing,
- Planning treatment
- Data management - Excreta disposal/CLTS
- Budgeting, Medium Term - Emergency WASH
Expenditure Frameworks - School & health facility WASH

2. A great need exists to build the capacity of institutions whose mandates include monitoring of
water resources, developing strategies for the mitigation of climate change issues, and
supporting the development of policies that will include alternative livelihoods strategies for
communities residing in the ENNR area. Special attention should be given to the following
areas:
Management and monitoring of water resources
Hydrogeological services
Hydrology services
Water quality analysis (including for industrial pollution such as the mining activity
taking place in the ENNR areas )
Collection of hydrogeological, meteorological and hydrological data
Management of National Water Resources Information System (NWIS)

30
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

3. Need for increased investment: There are over 10,000 improved water points in Liberia, of
which only a little more than 60% are fully functional. This is not adequate. Over 800,000
Liberians completely lack access to water and over 2 million lack adequate access to clean
water. More than 1,700 schools do not have an improved water point. To ensure improved
access for all Liberians and each school, another 10,000 water points are needed. There is a
clear empirical case for funding an initial 8,200 points as envisaged in the Sector Strategic Plan.
4. Prioritize areas for intervention: Lack of access is concentrated in a narrow corridor as more
than 75% of Liberians without adequate access to improved water are concentrated in a
“corridor of need” around major roads and towns. Funding for communal water points should
thus be distributed between counties based on relative lack of access and then prioritized across
districts along the corridor of highest need. To avoid any neglected areas with no access and a
moderate population, 20% of funds should be set aside for a special “no community left behind”
program tackling more remote locations.
5. Maintenance practices must be improved: Current pump breakdown rates are unacceptably
high. As this report has demonstrated, one key issue linked to sustainability is the frequent
breakdown of water points in the communities visited. Of the pumps built in 2010, 15% are
already broken down and more than a third of those built in 2004 are non-functional. A service
delivery approach should be adopted with the following key components: 1) organize active
community water committees to reduce the likelihood of pump breakdown, 2) strengthen
spare-part supply-chains and train more pump mechanics, 3) put in place effective tariff systems
in all communities with water points, and 4) improve the planning and vetting/certification of
construction of water and sanitation infrastructure.
6. Strengthen coordination, decentralize capacity: To direct funding and enforce guidelines (e.g. on
pump type), coordination at the national level needs to improve. In order to successfully
construct and monitor infrastructure, capacity at the periphery needs to improve. Construction
of clean water points by NGOs peaked in 2006-08. Now is the time for the Liberian government
to build the capacity of institutions whose mandates include monitoring of water resources,
developing strategies for the mitigation of climate change issues and support the development
of policies that will include alternative livelihoods strategies for communities residing in the
ENNR area. Special attention should be given to the following areas:
Management and monitoring of water resources
Hydrogeological services
Hydrology services
Water quality analysis (including for industrial pollution-such of as the mining activity
taking place in the ENNR areas )
Collection of hydrogeological, meteorological and hydrological data
Management of National Water Resources Information System (NWIS)

5.1.7 RECOMMENDATIONS OF POSSIBLE ENTRY POINTS FOR STEWARD

The following are recommended entry points for STEWARD activities:

31
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Considering the capacity gaps that exist in terms of inadequate staff numbers at the national level,
which pose challenges for supervision and support of sub-national staff, and challenges to
succession of staff, the GOL will need support with this activity.
Support to Sector Coordination to ensure the equitability of service delivery.
There will be a need to support the GOL in the development of policies that will highlight alternative
livelihoods for rural communities living within the ENNR.
Based on the assessments and the results of this survey, the communities in and around the reserve
face serious livelihood problems, which encompass serious food insecurity. As a result of these
factors, the communities around the reserve derive their sustenance from the environment and its
biodiversity through different means including farming, hunting, fuel wood collection, etc.
Consequently, the forests are degraded of biodiversity, and biodiversity resources are being severely
pressured.
The assessment has proven that WASH services are at their lowest state and those services that are
available are unsustainable. STEWARD could provide support by increasing the services (build more
water points), develop sustainability mechanisms (strategies for O/M) and increase capacity at the
community level to sustain the services.
Support the establishment of supply chains in communities affected by heavy breakdowns and
pump problems.
The Liberia WASH compact has called for the alignment of the National Environment Policy and
National Adaptation Plan of Action for Climate Change to consider the environmental impact of
WASH projects. A strategic entry point for STEWARD would be to support the following:
 Operationalize National Environment policy – Ensuring that all WASH activities are in line with
the policy and are environmentally sustainable – ensure consultation with environmental
expertise.
 Support programs that increase awareness of the National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change
(NAPA) – adaptation and resiliency criteria (e.g. technology choices).
 Support the GOL in the monitoring of environmental data such as water levels, rainfall, river
flow, and water quality.

32
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

5.2 SIERRA LEONE

5.2.1 DEMOGRAPHY
According to Index Mundi (2012), the total population of
Sierra Leone was 5,485,998 (July 2011 est.), with a growth
rate of 2.777%. 38% (2010) of the population is urban while
62% live in rural areas. During several years of conflict, many
rural people moved to the urban centers, particularly
Freetown where there was greater security and better
access to services.
The human development indicators for Sierra Leone are
among the lowest in the world. Sierra Leone (SL) has the
highest maternal and under-5 mortality rates in the world—
UN data shows it as 174/1,000 (2010). Malnutrition is
reported to cause 57% of child deaths. These indicators are
closely linked with the poor situation with water and
sanitation.
Sierra Leone is richly endowed with fresh water resources
but has low water and sanitation coverage, largely due to a
decade of civil war that threw the country’s economic
infrastructure into complete chaos. With the restoration of Figure 7: Map of Sierra Leone.
peace and democracy, the country is making very good Source: World Atlas, 2012.
progress in transforming the lives of its peoples as evidenced
in a 6-7% growth in GDP over the past couple of years.
The Ministry of Energy and Water Resources (MoEWR) is drawing up an Implementation Plan for the
National Water and Sanitation Policy (NWSP), including formulating its principles into a new Water Law.
In the interim, a number of the policy objectives are being implemented including the renaming of the
ministry to include water resources to give water greater visibility. The Ministry, with support from DfID,
is recruiting a service provider, who will see to the implementation of the sector performance
improvement framework. In order to quicken implementation, strategies and implementation manuals,
human resource capacity is to be developed.

5.2.2 POLITICAL

Sierra Leone is in a post-conflict period after its ten year civil war. According to the Bureau of African
Affairs (2012), Sierra Leone's brutal 1991-2002 civil war destroyed infrastructure and truncated political,
social, and economic development. The country has made substantial progress in transitioning from a
post-conflict nation to a developing democracy that has made notable economic gains. It also is
emerging as one of the most stable countries in a volatile region. Most notably, it now contributes
significantly to United Nations peacekeeping operations, including the UN Mission to Darfur (UNAMID).
It will deploy a U.S.-trained battalion to the AU Peace Support Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) later this
year. The government also has passed one of Africa’s toughest anti-corruption laws, made high-profile

33
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

arrests, and secured convictions in a majority of its prosecutions. Despite this, Sierra Leone continues to
grapple with entrenched corruption, poor health conditions, weak government institutions, high
unemployment, slow economic growth, abject
poverty, and inadequate social services. Box 2: Highlights of National Water and Sanitation
Presidential and parliamentary elections were Policy
held November 17, 2012.
The following highlights some specific policy objectives in the
5.2.3 POLICIES AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK water supply, sanitation and hygiene sub-sectors.
Legal enactments
Urban Water Supply and Sewerage
A number of enactments regulate the
management of the water supply and sanitation (i) improve water supply coverage for the urban population
sector in Sierra Leone. The most important of from 47% to 74% by year 2015.
(ii) improve urban sewerage and non-sewerage sanitation
them are:
coverage from 31% to 66% by 2015.
- Water Supply and Control Act of 1963 (iii) improve the financial viability of urban water service
guiding the Water Supply Division of the providers so that they become financially self-sustainable
MoEWR; to the extent that they cover their operational costs and
gradually contribute towards investments in their networks.
- Guma Valley Act of 1961 establishing the
Guma Valley Water Company to provide Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
water supply to Freetown and its environs; (i) improve access to reliable water supply services from the
- The SALWACO Act of 2001 establishing the present 32% and achieve the overall national target of
74% by year 2015.
company to provide water supply services
(ii) ensure that communities participate in the planning,
in 19 districts outside of Freetown;
construction, ownership, O&M of their water supply
- The Environmental Protection Act schemes.
containing sections on water pollution and (iii) gradually increase communities’ obligations for paying for
water catchment management; operations and maintenance costs of water schemes.
(iv) increase communities’ participation in financing their
- The Public Health Act 1996 and the 2004 water supply programs.
Addendum, which vests the responsibility
for environmental sanitation in the Hygiene and Sanitation
Ministry of Health and Sanitation; (i) improve the health of communities and ensure that 66% of
the population has access to sanitation services by 2015.
- The Local Government Act of 2004 dividing
(ii) develop a sustainable approach for financing urban and
responsibilities between central and local rural sanitation involving increased community
governments in the sector; and participation.
- The Forestry Regulations of 1990 including Institutional, Legal and Regulatory Framework
sections on water catchment management.
(i) establish National Water Resources Board responsible for
National Water and Sanitation Policy water resources management.
The National Water Supply Policy (NWSP) sets up (ii) establish a regime for regulating water supply and
sewerage services which effectively balances economic,
the framework for decision making, regulation,
financial and social objectives.
service provision, and the participation of citizens
(iii) enact a new Water Law which creates an enabling
in water resources management. Among its key environment for all those involved in the sector, public and
messages is to re-define the role of government private, at present and future.
from a major service provider to that of (iv) review existing water related legislation which is outdated.
coordinator, policy-maker and regulator. The

34
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

policy document, earlier approved by the cabinet, in August 2008, is undergoing further review to
address issues that were not previously well-articulated. One significant observation is the inclusion of a
sanitation policy, though this is not sufficiently comprehensive.
The NWSP document has the following broad objectives:
develop a comprehensive framework for management of water resources and sustainable
development of water supply and sanitation services within an effective legal and institutional
framework;
improve the provision of sustainable safe water supplies and sanitation facilities in urban and rural
areas through a coordinated approach;
ensure stakeholder participation in the management of water resources and in the planning,
construction, ownership, operation, and maintenance of community based domestic water supply
schemes in rural areas; and,
put in place implementation strategies for sustainable development and management of water
resources in the gradual changing role of the government from a major service provider to policy-
making, regulation, and monitoring.
The NWSP places special emphasis on the fundamental human right of access to safe and adequate
water, provision of education to improve hygiene practices and increased access to sanitation services.
In terms of the regulatory framework, an independent multi-sectoral regulatory authority is to be
established to regulate water and sewerage services.
The Water (Control and Supply) Act 1963 provided the main legal basis for the operation of the sector. It
has, however, now been accepted that the Act and its associated regulations do not adequately meet
current and emerging challenges facing the sector. It has, therefore, become necessary to modernize
the legislation and associated regulations and rules to create an enabling legal environment for dealing
with the challenges facing the sector. A new Water Bill is being prepared for approval by Parliament.
Key issues to be covered in the Water Law include sector coordination and harmonization to optimize
available resource utilization (including transparency and accountability) among competing uses -
increased urbanization, industrialization and mining activities. In the area of drinking water supply,
decentralised service delivery at the district level, community participation, empowerment of the key
sector ministry and its agencies to execute the WSS agenda in an effective and efficient manner are
important features of the upcoming law. Where necessary, relevant customary laws and practices
related to the WSS sector will be incorporated into the new Water Law.
The enactment of the Water Law will see amendments to some of the existing legislation to make them
consistent with the new policy and institutional framework.

35
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Policy, Planning, Facilitation, Regulation Service Provision

Financing, Monitoring

• GVWC (Freetown – water and

• Ministry of Energy and Water • SL Parliament (Legislative) sewerage)
Resources • Proposed National Water • SALWACO (Other urban)
• Ministry of Health and Resources Board (water use
regulation) • SALWACO (rural)
Sanitation
• Proposed Energy and Water • NGOs/INGOs
• Ministry of Finance & Econ.
Dev Regulatory Authority (economic • Small independent providers
regulation) • Private sector (local water
• Ministry of Internal Affairs,
Local Government and Rural • District Councils (rural & small operators, drillers, contractors,
Dev. town WSS) consultants, artisans - pump
• District Water and Sanitation mechanics not well-developed)
Committees
• District Environmental Health
Committees
WSS Asset ownership
Implementation Support •Local Councils (WSS)
• Development Partners (software •GVWC (Water)
and hardware) •SALWACO (Water)
• NGOs (financing, capacity building) •Communities (WSS)
Consumers
• Local Government (legislative) •Households (sanitation)

Figure 8: Institutional Framework for WSS Delivery in Sierra Leone. Source: Prepared from the Explanation in the
National Water Supply Policy, August 2012.

Policy, Planning, Monitoring and Financing

Ministry of Energy and Water Resources: (MoWR) is the lead government institution responsible for
water resources. The ministry is responsible for the formulation of policies, implementation, monitoring
and evaluation in line with government objectives in the management and allocation of water
resources, including drinking water supply for both urban and rural populations. It is also responsible for
sector coordination and integration, cross-sectoral planning, evaluation of programs for water supply
and sourcing funds for water projects. The ministry is the custodian and implementer of the Water Law.
Under the NWSP, the Water Department will replace the Water Supply Division (WSD). Functions
undertaken by the WSD in relation to regulation, implementation and delivery of services have been, or
are to be, transferred to the appropriate agencies such as the National Water Resources Board (NWRB),
Sierra Leone Water Company (SALWACO), Local Government and the economic regulator.
Ministry of Health and Sanitation (MoHS): MoHS is responsible for overall coordination of sanitation
activities at the national level, with the Environmental Health Department (EHD) taking the lead in the
promotion of sanitation and hygiene programs, in close cooperation with the Ministry responsible for
water, Ministry of Local Government, Ministry of Education and other key stakeholders, including donor
organizations, NGOs and civil society organizations. Discussions with EHD of the MoHS suggest that it
receives very little support to undertake its mandate.
Ministry of Internal Affairs, Local Government and Rural Development (MoIALGRD): The ministry has
the responsibility to ensure that local councils function effectively with respect to the implementation of
water and sanitation programmes. The provisions of the Local Government Act 2004, devolve
responsibilities for urban, peri-urban and rural water supply, involving rehabilitation of water supply
schemes, construction of gravity schemes, construction of drilled and tube wells, sanitation and hygiene

36
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

to local councils. The devolution process of water-related activities is almost complete, but lack of
capacity has affected its full implementation.
Ministry of Finance and Economic Development: Provides the financing to support the delivery of
WASH infrastructure as well as the operational and capital expenditure budgets of the sector
institutions. This includes making budgetary allocations to sectors, sourcing donor funds—loans and
grants—to support sectoral activity.
Facilitation and Regulatory Oversight
Local Councils: Local councils are the focal entities of the government at the district level and are the
statutory implementers of broad and specific policy objectives of the development process within their
jurisdictions. Sierra Leone currently has 19 local councils. Local councils’ human resource capacity is
gradually being enhanced with an objective to enable them to adequately implement policy strategies
for both water supply and sanitation in collaboration with the water and health ministries. The NWSP
notes however, that:
“Efforts to build human as well as financial resources of the Local Councils for the past four
years, have not adequately attended to the capacity needed to provide efficient water
supply services. This, together with the need for autonomous water supply entities, has
necessitated the reconsideration of the transfer of water supply services to Local Councils,
hence the requirement for review of the Local Government (Assumption of Functions),
2004 Regulations, specifically on the Main Functions and Activities of the Ministry of Energy
and Power to be devolved. The review will legally vest into SALWACO the devolved MoEP’s
functions with respect to water supply services.” [NWSP, August 2008]
In respect to sanitation, local councils have the following responsibilities, among others: (i) provision of
communal infrastructure involving planning, programming, and financing; (ii) operation and
maintenance of infrastructure (excluding those operated by autonomous organizations); (iii) tariff
setting, collection of revenues of unregulated sanitation services; (iv) maintenance of public health
through education, pollution prevention and control mechanisms; (v) facilitation of community
involvement in sanitation programs; (vi) facilitation of the establishment of and capacity building of
District and Community Water and Sanitation (WATSAN) committees; and (vii) monitoring progress of
sanitation programs and the related activities of Local Councils.
National Water Resources Board (NWRB): The government of Sierra Leone proposes the establishment
of the NWRB to oversee water resources management, including the extraction and use of water
resources among its various competing uses. It’s key functions will be to: (i) develop equal and fair
procedures in access and allocation of water resources, ensuring that social and productive sectors, and
the environment receive their adequate share; (ii) carry out water resources research and determine
appropriate technology in collaboration with local and international research institutes; (iii) carry out an
inventory of water experts, human resource needs assessment and develop training programs in
collaboration with the Ministry responsible for water and other stakeholders and ensure that the sector
has adequate number of experts for the implementation of different water sector activities; and raise
public awareness and broaden stakeholders’ participation in the planning and management of water
resources at national, district and community levels.
Energy and Water Regulatory Authority (EWRA): The proposed EWRA will be responsible for regulating
energy, water and sewerage services, excluding sanitation services. Among its main functions, EWRA will
be responsible for (i) protecting the interest of consumers; (ii) protecting the financial viability of

37
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

efficient water supply entities; (iii) promoting the availability of regulated services to all consumers
including low income and disadvantaged consumers; (iv) issuing, renewing and cancelling licences; (v)
establishing standards for water supply services; (vi) regulating rates and charges for the services; and
(vii) monitoring the performance of regulated entities in relation to investments, quality and quantity of
services, cost of services and efficiencies of production and distribution.
The establishment of the regulator will mean that some current functions performed by the ministry as
well as its sector agencies, which are inconsistent with good practice and are not in line with the
principles of accountability, will pass on to the new body.
District Water and Sanitation (WATSAN) Committees: Local councils will be responsible for
implementing water resources plans, protection and conservation of natural resources at district level,
establishment of by-laws on the management of water resources, and conflict resolution in accordance
with established laws and regulations. District Water and Sanitation (WATSAN) Committees will be
statutorily established, comprising water and sanitation sector stakeholders to carry out the above-
mentioned tasks.
Service Delivery
Guma Valley Water Company (GVWC): GVWC was established to provide water to Freetown and its
environs. It is an autonomous body owned solely by the Government of Sierra Leone and operates
under Sierra Leone’s Companies Act. GVWC has its own Governing Board. Under Sierra Leone’s
Companies Act, GVWC is required to control water abstraction and pollution in the catchment upstream
of its water sources. With a new National Water Resources Management Board, all functions of a
regulatory nature previously undertaken by GVWC will pass on to the new body.
According to the NWSP, GVWC will continue to be responsible for overall water supply services in
Freetown. Its roles, responsibilities and mandates stated in the Guma Valley Water Company Limited
(1961) Act will be reviewed and revised to harmonize them with the new Water Law and the Regulatory
regime which will be established. The company will also be responsible for sewerage services for
Freetown City.
Sierra Leone Water Company (SALWACO): SALWACO was established in 2001 to take responsibility for
urban water supplies in all areas of Sierra Leone outside of the jurisdiction of GVWC. SALWACO remains
a subverted organization as it is unable to generate sufficient revenues to cover its operations, due to
the fact that it inherited broken down infrastructure that requires major rehabilitation. Poor
management in the past has been cited for its poor performance. With the devolution of water delivery
to local councils, SALWACO’s role may change significantly.
According to the NWSP, SALWACO will be responsible for provision of water supply services in the
district towns of Bo, Kenema, Koidu, Makeni, Kabala, and the International Airport at Lungi as provided
in the SALWACO Act. In addition, SALWACO will be strengthened and legally mandated to perform
additional responsibilities including provision of water supply and sewerage services to all urban centers
(except Freetown) and the provision of water supply services in rural areas. SALWACO’s mandate is also
to be reviewed to include rural water schemes and both the SALWACO and Local Government Acts will
be revised to legalize the additional mandate.
Community Water Committees: Communities play a major role in the water and sanitation sector
because they are the primary users, guardians and managers of water sources. Participation of both
men and women in decision-making, planning, management and implementation of water resources

38
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

management and development will be enhanced through establishing village/community water and
sanitation committees.
The Private Sector: The private sector’s role is to supply goods and services for the sector. Discussions
with sector actors indicated that the private sector is not yet vibrant. With time, and in line with the
policy objectives, the private sector will be expected to develop partnerships with public sector
organizations. Areas in which the private sector will be expected to play a role are: (i) project design and
contract supervision; (ii) construction by large and small contractors; (iii) construction, operation and
maintenance of facilities such as sewage works and public toilets; (iv) training and capacity building; (v)
supply of materials and equipment; (vi) provision of consultancy services (technical assistance); (vi)
project financing; (vii) meter connections repairs and distribution of bills; and (viii) management of stand
pipes.
5.2.4 SIERRA LEONE WASH SITUATION
WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR

There is a strong commitment to water supply and sanitation from the current administration as
evidenced in the increase in (i) its financial commitments to the sector, (ii) marshalling bilateral and
multilateral funding support to rehabilitate and expand water infrastructure and, (iii) in its attempts to
improve the institutional framework for increased sector performance. Much more commitment is
needed for sanitation, where access is a major concern, especially in rural areas. Sierra Leone’s PRSP,
and the policies and strategies that it informs, sees water and sanitation as a priority sector area. No
doubt more work is needed to link its intentions with the budgeting process and also ensure that
adequate resources from taxes, transfers and tariffs are available to meet the MDG targets to which the
country has committed. This requires a credible assessment of the sector investment needs and an
action plan to implement the identified interventions.
The lack of financing has often been cited as the major drawback to achieving the sector targets and yet
even when monies are available, considerable delays have been associated with project implementation
due to capacity problems. The soon-to-be launched National Water and Sanitation Policy identifies
many of the sector challenges and states policy objectives and measures for addressing them. This can
be achieved when there is an effective sector leader and champion, a feature which can now be said of
the water sub-sector but not of sanitation.
Discussions with sector actors as well as a review of existing literature present differing views on the
validity of the data on water and sanitation coverage in Sierra Leone. These various sources include
those provided by national surveys such as the Census, Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS),
Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and others, which are produced by Statistics Sierra Leone. These
user-based surveys are the key sources of data for monitoring access to improved water supply and
sanitation. The latest of these surveys are the 2007 Sierra Leone MICS 3 which provides data as of 2005
and the 2009 Sierra Leone DHS which provides data on access as of 2008.

39
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Improved water supply

Trends

Countries are required to halve, by 2015, the percentage of people without access to improved water
supply and improved sanitation taking 1990 as the base year. Statistics Sierra Leone reported that 48%
of its population of just under 4 million, used safe drinking water in 1990. This implies an MDG target for
improved water supply of 76%. GoSL has set a target of 74% for water and this is applied for purposes of
determining the country’s progress. An earlier target of 82.5% indicated in the PRSP no longer applies.
Looking at the trend in water supply, in 2000, MICS 2 reported access at 54%, whilst the 2004 census
reported access to improved supply as 53%. In 2005, MICS 3 reported access as 47% and indicated that
the lower than previous access figures could be explained by the fact that enumerators were carefully
trained on the different definitions of improved water and sanitation facilities and may have collected
more accurate data than had been collected in the past.
The JMP’s latest figures applicable for 2008 will soon be released. The JMP (2008) report indicates that
access to improved water supply in Sierra Leone stood at 49%, with an impressive 86% of the urban
population with access whilst only 26% of the rural population has access. The significant difference
between the rural and urban populations is not surprising as rural Sierra Leone was the greater casualty
of the civil war. It should also be noted that the access figures masks the considerable regional
differences that exist, with the western area, which is predominantly urbanized, having the highest
access figures, while the eastern and northern parts of the country are the least served.
The 2008 access rate of 49% compares with the MDG target of 74%, and from the trend, it appears that
the target will be missed at the current rate of progress. In terms of population, as many as 1.7 million
Sierra Leoneans will be without access to improved water supply even when the target is met. Of the
unserved population, roughly 1.1 million will be living in rural communities and an equal number will be
based in peri-urban and low income communities within cities. The reality of many people still living
without access informs the point made by the Minister of Energy and Water Resources during the
inception meeting of the CSO process, that Sierra Leone views the 2015 timeline only ‘’as an indicator’’.
The bigger picture is how to maintain and sustain service delivery to the served and unserved by
ensuring improvement in macroeconomic variables. It is economic growth, which improves the wealth
status of Sierra Leonean citizens, which will ultimately significantly increase their access to WSS facilities.
Use of improved water supply

The Table 9 below provides data on the type of water facilities being used by the population as captured
by the 2009 DHS.

Table 9: Use of Water Facilities as of 2008 – Sierra Leone. Source: DHS, 2009.

Population
Characteristic Urban (%) Rural (%) Total (%) Total Pop (‘000)
Improved source 81.3 35.1 50.3 2,800
Piped water into dwelling/yard/plot 19.3 1 7.1
Public tap/standpipe 24.3 6.9 12.7
Tube well or borehole 5.9 6.3 6.2
Protected dug well 30.1 19.9 23.3

40
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Population
Characteristic Urban (%) Rural (%) Total (%) Total Pop (‘000)
Protected spring 1.6 0.9 1.2
Non-improved source 18 64.6 49.2 2,700
Unprotected dug well 10.8 15.1 13.7
Unprotected spring 2.8 9 6.9
Tanker truck/cart with small tank 0.1 0.4 0.3
Surface water 4.3 40.1 28.3
Bottled water, improved source for cooking/ washing 0.4 0.1 0.2
Bottled water, non-improved source for cooking/washing 0.1 0 0
Missing 0.2 0.2 0.2
Time to obtain drinking water (round trip)
Water on premises 30.7 4.5 13.1
Less than 30 minutes 33 58.5 50.1

The evidence shows that surface water is the main

Figure 9: Access to Improved Water Sources – Sierra Leone.
source of access to drinking water in rural areas Source: MICS 3, 2007.
(40.1%), exposing the population to waterborne
87
diseases such as cholera and guinea worm. In 90
urban areas the main drinking water sources are 80 70
protected wells (30.1%) and standpipes (24.3%). 70
52 54
60 48
Water treatment is almost non-existent both in 46
50
rural and urban areas. 40 30
Regional coverage of improved drinking water in 30
13
20
Sierra Leone (SL) is presented in Figure 11, clearly
10
establishing that the problem of access is more 0
acute in the northern part of the country where East North South West
only 30% of the population had access to improved
drinking water in 2005. The Western Region seems Improved Source of Water (%) Unimproved Source of Water (%)

to be faring better with more than 86% of its

population having access to improved water sources. This region is the most urbanized of the country.
Improved sanitation

Trends

Improved sanitation coverage is of great concern in Sierra Leone. In 2005, only 11% of the total
population of Sierra Leone had access to improved sanitation, as per the definition assigned to it. JMP
(2008) reports access to improved sanitation at 13%, indicating a marginal increase over 2005. This
figure is based on the findings of the 2009 DHS, whilst the MICS 3 had reported access to improved
sanitation at 41% in 2005. The significant difference is explained by the removal of shared facilities,
which in 2008 accounted for 29% of the facilities used (see Box 2).

41
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Shared sanitation facilities are considered Box 3: Sanitation Ladder and Improved Access to
unimproved, even if it is of superior technology. Sanitation
Significantly though, many sector actors, including
UNICEF Sierra Leone, and the Ministry of Energy Sanitation may be as cheap and simple as a protected pit latrine or as
and Water Resources, continue to base their expensive and complex as a flush toilet with sewerage. The further up
sector analysis on the indicators applied by MICS, the ‘ladder', the greater the benefit for people and the environment. In
which did not exclude shared facilities in its examining the trends in access for sanitation it is important to take note
definition of access. of the sanitation ladder, as it allows a disaggregated analysis of trends.

It is clear from the trends that if current rates of The JMP considers a four-rung ladder for sanitation. This gives an
delivery continue, the sanitation target will be understanding of the proportion of population globally with no sanitation
missed by a very wide margin when shared facilities at all, of those reliant on technologies defined by JMP as
facilities are excluded from the definition of "unimproved," of those sharing sanitation facilities of otherwise
improved sanitation. The situation of course will acceptable technology, and those using "improved" sanitation facilities.
be different if shared facilities are included in the
Improved sanitation is defined to exclude facilities which are shared by
analysis. This has a number of implications for
more than one household. This is a significant clarification as previously
choice of technologies, approach and strategy,
higher numbers for access to sanitation as reported by many African
funding and planning (particularly in low income
urban and peri-urban communities). countries have been downscaled to eliminate shared facilities, even if the
facility is otherwise very high on the sanitation ladder. Thus, a water
Use of sanitation facilities closet facility which is shared is considered unimproved.

Table 10 shows the distribution of Sierra Leone’s

population according to the type of toilet facility used by the household. Overall, 13% of the population
has an improved toilet facility which is not shared. Urban dwellers are much more likely than rural
households to have this type of facility (26% and 6% respectively). The most common toilet facility is the
open pit (30%), which is much more likely to be used in rural areas (37%) than in urban areas (16%).
Overall, one in four households has no toilet facilities, 30% in rural areas and 5% in urban areas.
Table 10: Use of Sanitation Facilities in 2007 – Sierra Leone. Source: DHS, 2008.

Population
Type of toilet/latrine facility Urban Rural Total
Improved, not shared facility 26.1 6.5 13
Flush/pour flush to piped sewer system 0.3 0 0.1
Flush/pour flush to septic tank 8 0.1 2.7
Flush/pour flush to pit latrine 1.3 0 0.5
Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine 6.5 2.3 3.7
Pit latrine with slab 10 4.1 6
Non-improved facility 73.9 93.5 87
Any facility shared with other households 47.9 21.8 30.4
Flush/pour flush not to sewer/septic tank/ pit latrine 0.6 0.0 0.2
Pit latrine without slab/open pit 16.1 37.5 30.5
Bucket 0.4 0.1 0.2
Hanging toilet/hanging latrine 2.7 3 2.9
No facility/bush/field/stream/river [Open defecation] 4.6 30.1 21.7

42
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Table 11 shows an update on the sanitation situation in relation to classification over the years up to
2008. The classification of improved sanitation facilities is very useful as this will help in planning
interventions in the sub-sector, based on the circumstances of the target group. Of particular concern is
the high figure for open defecation in rural areas (36%), and eradicating this should be the major focus
of any strategic sanitation interventions.

Table 11: Type of Use of Sanitation – Sierra Leone. Source: JMP, 2010.

URBAN SANITATION RURAL SANITATION

Estimated coverage (2010 update)
Open Unimprove Open
Year Improved Shared Unimproved Improved Shared
defecation d defecation
1990
1995 21% 40% 32% 7% 4% 12% 50% 34%
2000 21% 41% 32% 6% 5% 13% 48% 34%
2005 23% 45% 27% 5% 6% 16% 43% 35%
2008 24% 47% 25% 4% 6% 18% 40% 36%

5.2.5 NATIONAL LEVEL FINDINGS

Local and International NGOs (NGOs/INGOs):
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have over many years played an important role in the water
sector. Their contribution to the water sector is more pronounced in rural areas where they have been
providing all types of water and sanitation services. For the moment, the operations of many NGOs are
not coordinated with the agenda of the ministry. However, the NWSP indicates close collaboration with
NGOs to enhance their role in water and sanitation activities. Specifically, the government will seek the
assistance of NGOs in Sierra Leone to effectively carry out various water supply, sanitation and hygiene
activities, including training and capacity building, assisting communities with the planning and
implementation of water and sanitation projects, providing health, hygiene and sanitation education
promotion, and financing of water and sanitation projects.
COMMUNITY LEVEL
Interventions by Government and NGOs
As can be seen from the responses provided by the communities interviewed and from the situation
observed on ground in Sierra Leone, there is little or no WASH intervention by government in most of
the communities. Very little has been done by the local council for the provision of WASH facilities in
these communities. More community empowerment needs to be encouraged and supported by
governments and NGOs to improve the provision of WASH facilities.
Moreover, there are only a few NGOs implementing in these communities. Currently, these include:
STEWARD – intervening in natural resource management
CARE International – yet to start its implementation
CADA – intervening in WASH , carrying out CLTS (Community Led Total Sanitation) in
communities (UNICEF Funded)

43
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Inter Aid – have just entered into the communities to do WASH activities through CLTS
All the interventions of these NGOs are yet to create impact on the lives of the people.
Community Contributions
There is readiness on the part of the communities to contribute in any project in the provision of WASH
facilities. Already in most communities, there exist committees known as Village Development
Committee (VDC). These VDC’s are ready to provide labor and local materials like sand and stone for the
construction of WASH facilities. The Village Chief is the administrative head in each community. The
youth leader and chair women are, in most cases, head of all development projects on the community
side.

Tables 12 to 20 provide the findings from the communities visited in PZs of Sierra Leone. The interviews
are based on key informant interviews with opinion leaders and focus group discussions with youth and
women groups.

44
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

Community Focus Group Discussions (FGD) – Youth and Women

Table 12: Community Profiles – Sierra Leone.

No. Community Population Number of Facilities Access to Means of Livelihood

Households Community

1. Taneneh 380 123 1 Community school Bad road Ground nut farming

No Health center No mobile Rice farming

communications
Pepper farming

2. Ferekuray 124 104 No community school Poor roads Ground nut farming

No clinic No communication Pepper

facilities
Farming by Rice farming
households

3 Finfonia 1,400 1000 Primary and No road network Farming

secondary school
Communication Hospital
Farming

4 Sanya N/A 915 School has good No good road Ground nut, pepper
structure and good
teachers No good Potatoes and rice (economic)
communications
Clinic provides system Social – Initiations of both boys
services for pregnant, and girls into secret society
lactating mothers and
children under five.

Farming is the main

activity of the
households

45
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

5 Sembiekie 850 70 No school Bad Roads Ground nut farming

No health center No means of Pepper farming

communication
Rice farming

Bondo society for men and girls

society

6 Sumatha 447 80 1 Primary School Bad road network Farming: Groundnuts, pepper,
cassava and rice
No communication

7 Yana N/A 85 1 Primary school Bad Roads Farming: Groundnuts, pepper,

cassava and rice
No communication

Table 13: Focus Group Discussions: Development Issues – Sierra Leone.

No. Community Key development challenges Priority actions to mitigate Role of WASH and education Partners involved Source of funding
challenges in these priorities

1. Taneneh No school 8 attempts to dig Can provide latrines No partners Only through
boreholes failed. Water themselves supporting them government and the
No health center table cannot be reached. currently local councils
Waiting for government to Can clean community
No improved road network
assist.
But no ability to provide water
No water supply facility supply

2. Ferekuray Water supply and Made submission to local No link for now as no school STEWARD for Only government
council for support and no clinic for now forestry through the councils

46
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

Latrines Health Poverty action or NGOs

No road networks

No communication

3. Finfonia Roads Elders and chiefs are trying Rural Aid constructed pumps FED Through community
very hard to coordinate which have been damaged. No contribution
with council and others for repairs carried out. InterAid
assistance Local NGOs
NACSA. Unfinished

4. Sanya Lack of funds Provision of micro-credit Provide school of a standard so Action Aid, CARE, Funds provided by
schemes to youth groups that children can learn about UNICEF, WHO, government of Sierra
Difficulty in pest control for development activities, environmental and personal ministry of Health Leone and monies
e.g. building of court hygiene and Sanitation, from the peoples
Destruction caused by wild
barrier etc. Ministry of Energy farming activity
animals to their crops Creation of good drinking and power (water
Formation of youths into water systems Division) SALWACO
No easy accessibility to
youth groups for self-help
seedlings Good health center
activities. Enough supply of
insecticides to control pest.
No good water supply system Embark upon educating and
Instant control of wild sensitizing of people about
No good health center
animals to stop destroying health hazards in their
crops/plants community. E.g. absence of
toilets

5. Sembiekie No water supply Request made to local Difficult to discern as there is No partner Government and local
council for assistance but no school involvement in the council
No school to no avail community
No health center
No health center A committee is set up for
young men and women
Bad road
ready to dig up a well by
the swamp for drinking

47
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

6 Sumatha Destruction of farms by animals Construction of individual Safe water supply in schools STEWARD Farm produce and
wells, and health center will provide government
Issue of safe water supply good health for the InterAid-water
Mobilization of money by a community. Children will have
Bad road condition committee for future NACSA-roads
healthy minds for studies.
operation & maintenance
Issues of Latrines CASA-Community
though still insufficient
Led Total Sanitation
Health center (CLTS)

Community center for meetings

Store to keep our products

Drying floor

7 Yana Water facilities No plan—hoping for CADA-CLTS No source, waiting for

government to assist government support
Latrines Department for
International
Roads Development-Hand
Dug Wells without
Communication
hand pumps
Health center

Table 14: Focus Group Discussions: WASH Situation in Communities – Sierra Leone.

No. Issues Community

Teneneh Ferekuray Fintonia Sanya Sembiekie Sumatha Yana

1 Sources of water Stream Stream Streams Stream, Stream Stream From a well and
Rainwater and stream
for domestic single

48
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

use Pump river.

2. Types and number Local unimproved No water wells Stream Wells not 4 unimproved No WASH 1-HDW without
latrines only functioning latrines facilities a pump
of unimproved 11 latrines Local Pit
latrines only (improved) Some house Household local
have toilets and latrines
some do not

30 dilapidated
toilets not
functioning

Drinking water
collected from
streams or
rainwater.

3 % having access to 20% having access to 30% have access 35% have access None
sanitation to this services to sanitation
sanitation

4. Are facilities Some latrines Latrines are still No Yes Yes, the 4 Not applicable Yes in the case
functioning functioning unimproved of the well
functioning?
latrines

5. Perception on Fair latrines Fair Not Good Fair Latrine quality is Not applicable The well needs a
poor hand pump
quality of facilities
Additional well
required

Latrine quality
not good

6. Specific WASH Hand dug wells Tools for digging Rehabilitation of Good water Improved water Water Wells Water well
pits for pumps facility points with hand with hand
needs Latrines for house Latrines
construction of Pump and also pumps
Digging of Health center, Household

49
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

holds latrines latrines toilets, good latrines Improved Health center

road network, latrines
Protected hand schools, market
dug wells communication Tools for
drying floor, cleaning the
Construction of environment
court barrier,
school building for
community
the children
center

7. Appreciation of Only latrines Not applicable as They are not Fair, because Not Good Not applicable Well is not safe
available there are no properly the existing
wash services Latrines are
WASH facilities functioning facilities are not
in good working fixed with sticks
order

8. Plans and Financial support to Not applicable Funding Not applicable in None No plans
be put in place to provision of this case
structures to
help maintain these local materials
maintain these facilities by community
structures? people
themselves

9. Capacity to Yes, if provided with Not applicable No Yes There are Yes, if provided No
tools and equipment household
maintain?
members willing
to be trained
granted that the
facilities are
provided

10. How and where is Composted at the In the bush and Most times in Holes are dug In the bush or Compost fences Compost fences
back of the behind household the bust or at where liquid backyard and some use
solid and liquid
compound compounds the back yards and solid waste the bush
waste disposed of matter are
in community? deposited,
compost fence

50
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

is made

11. Key WASH issues Taps are not enough Provision of safe Community Digging Water facilities No water supply Water facilities
for community drinking water organized the improved water facilities
and challenges in Household No latrines for
cleaning of wells, toilets,
community? Insufficient water for Provision of 7 streams good health latrines No latrines households
the whole latrines center, enough
community Tools for No tools
sensitization of
environmental
people on the
More toilets in the cleaning
danger of dirty
household
environment
Micro credits to
finance the women’s’
group

12 Initiatives at local Request to Local All efforts made in Youths and At local level, None Digging of Have local
Government Council the local council to elders place the local people traditional wells material for
level to solve this
to solve the no avail. bylaws for the provide local in household construction of
problem problems initiatives materials, household
Traditional latrines
Make bylaws household
that will bind latrines Communal labor
every is also available
community Plate rakes,
member to fully cloth lines built
participate in by households
solving this
problem

13. What additional Provision of water Interventions of Local materials, They need Government has Support from Funding from
facility Non- sand, stones, funding from so far provided government, government,
capacity required
Governmental sticks and labor NGOs and local community with NGOs and local non-
to assist Building of super Organizations government the existing council to build governmental
community to structure of the support latrines water facilities organizations
resolve their Water schools and latrines and also tools
Sanitation and for cleaning
Latrines for

51
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

Hygiene Households- environment

improvement of road
challenges?
Communication

14. Is WASH Incomplete Not aware No No Don’t know Not aware Not aware
information
considered in your
municipal budgets?

15. Where do you get No WASH facilities By community Community None Never been From farming From farm
available contribution contribution provided with produce
funds for WASH
funding
service delivery,
operation and
maintenance?

Table 15: Focus Group Discussions: Community Livelihoods – Sierra Leone.

No. Issues Community

Teneneh Ferekuray Finfonia Sanya Sembiekie Sumatha Yana

1 Source of water for From the streams Stream By digging local Stream Stream Wells dug in Pits are dug in the
or wells in the well in site swamps swamp for
multiple uses Local wells
swamps for dry watering of crops
season From stream

2. What challenges do We need water Long distance to Youth organize To provide The stream is The wells dry up in Distance to fetch
supply facilities as source and dig wells for adequate dirty and far the dry season water from the
you have for water streams
this is a severe multiple use water supply from the
supply for multiple problem Stream dries up for multiple village
uses? during the dry season use in their

52
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

Water gets brown community

and dirty

3 How does this Very hard Most people get sick Uncomfortable Adversely Spend more Less crop Much time is spent
time in search production, on fetching water
affect your normal Less food production for water increased hunger
community life? situation,
Animals like cows get Fall sick of malnourished
into the well in drinking the children
search of water water that we
get eventually

4. Previous incidents No No No No No No No
of flooding? How it
was handled?

5. Drought in the Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No

past?

6. How did flooding Drought affects The water changes No No Stream dries Wells and streams Not applicable
their water color, becomes up dry up and there is
or drought affect
sources severely dirtier and, at times, no water
your water completely dries up
sources? Stream and
swamp dries up in
dry season

Wells dry up

7. How did drought or Less food Less food supply No No The crops in No water to drink Not applicable
flooding affect your production in the experienced the garden or cook, and there
dry season get bad and is also insufficient
food supply? sometimes food
can’t even
find food to
cook

53
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

8. What coping None Mobilize youth to dig No No Mostly have Mobilize the youth None
wells by the stream to travel to to dig a pond or
mechanisms do
the border of travel several
you adopt to Guinea (one miles to get water
recover from it? mile)

9. Which institutions None None None None None None None

provided you with
support?

10. What was the form None None None None There was no None None
support
of the support?

11. Do you receive None None No No No No No

support from
government for
WASH services?

12 What activities Without water life Herding of cows from Deforestation For humans, Low water Contamination of Dry season
is impossible, it is a Guinea water is the table water sources by
pose threats to
threat to human source of life-- animals
continuous water life without it is a
supply? threat.

13. Any plans to Yes. There should Government to put Afforestation of Yes, asking No plans No plans No plans
be flow of good in place a system to trees local NGOs and
mitigate the
water. prevent animals from the council for
threat? freely moving in the assistance
community

Building of concrete
walls along the
streams

54
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

14. What resources are Financial support Local materials Funding – Financial Funds Technical No plans Only funding from
support. (material and assistance government
necessary to Local materials Money for imported money) and materials
implement the (sticks, stones, materials like to construct
mitigation plan? sand etc.) cement, re-rods etc. water points

Table 16: Focus Group Discussions: Water Governance – Sierra Leone.

No. Issues Community

Teneneh Ferekuray Finfonia Sanya Sembiekie Sumatha Yana

1 Does your Meeting Yes, especially in the Yes Yes, community Yes, but Yes Yes
dry season meets at the end community still
community meet
of every month does not have
to discuss issues water
around water?

2. Who organizes the Town chief The town chief and Youth leader Town chief The youth The Chief and The town Chief
youth leader leader and chair the Village
meeting?
woman Development
Committee

3 How do members They all All community Well attended Every body’s view All members will They all They all
participate members participate is respected and participate in participate participate
participate in these
fully in these each one of them the decision fully fully
meetings? meetings participates in the
discussion process
at least 80% of
them

4. How are meetings Meeting The chairperson of Discussions of by- The meeting is There is a chair The Town The town crier
facilitated in the meeting laws and the facilitated by the person who Chief goes around to
facilitated? What
Borrie by the arrangement of chief and his leads the give the
specific issues are How to control the

55
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

discussed? chief and his water wells and the cleaning the council in the meeting and message
council setup of the bylaws environment village issues mostly
discussed
They deliberate on include water
health issue, and sanitation
schools, market,
drying floor and
road network

5 Mobilizing for Chief allows his The town crier will go Through the town To summon an Women mostly We beat the The town crier
men to beat the around the town to crier emergency move around to talking drum to goes round to
urgent issues
talking drum. This inform people that meeting, the town quickly inform inform all of an give the
assembles people there is meeting in crier announces people of the emergency message
at the town the chief’s for everybody to urgency of the meeting
center compound gather at the chief meeting and it
compound or gets convened
town center

6. Who is responsible Youth leader or The youth leader or Youth leader and The youth leader, Youth leader The youth and The youth
chair woman the chair woman town chief the village women leaders leader
for follow up?
headman and the
chief

7. Do they have the Yes, but need Yes Yes Yes There is not Yes Yes, with
capacity to perform additional enough capacity support from
incentives the town chief
the follow up?

8. What plans are in There are plans We have set up by- Fencing the By setting up by- After digging the Fencing of the No plan
to be put in laws surrounding area and laws well, we put water source
place to protect
place, like setting establishing cleaning sticks around it
water resources? up by laws to Requests are made teams Imposing fines on to protect it Putting in place
protect the water to local council to lawbreakers from animals by-laws
resources from provide us with
pollution facilities

9. Do you have water No No Yes Yes No No No

56
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

user associations?

10. What role do they Not applicable Not applicable Cleaning and Youth leader Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
enforcing our bylaws supervises the
play to protect
cleaning of water
water resources? wells and the
enforcement of
bylaws through
the town chief

11. Do you share water No Yes No No Yes, the stream No No

Is used by
resources with
people from
neighboring Guinea
communities?

12 What plans exist to Not applicable The Town chiefs of None None There is no plan. None None
the two communities During conflicts,
manage water
will come together the town Chief
conflicts? with elders and try to calls an
settle the conflict immediate
meeting to
resolve the issue

57
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

Table 17: Background/Profile of Opinion Leaders – Sierra Leone.

S/No Community Name Contact Name Sex/Gender Marital Status Level of Education Role/Position in
Attained the Community

1 Fintonia Pa Foday Bangura Male Married Arabic Regent Chief

2 Simbiekie Momodu Male Married Arabic Town head

Bashuma

3 Yana Yaya Kamara Male Married Arabic Town Chief

Table 18: Focus Group Discussions: Community Development Issues – Sierra Leone.

S/No Town/Community Development Challenges Actions required to Existence of Local Relationships Partners involved
resolve these resource to facilitate between WASH in support
challenges mitigation processes services/Health/Ed provision
ucation

1 Fintonia Water Supply Need assistance from Sand, stone, sticks and Wells provided but InterAid for
donors land no pumps installed Sanitation
Provision of improved toilets
Community willing to Labor Effective Steward for forestry
Good road network provide participation sensitization on
such as local hygiene and CARE International
Communication
materials, labor force sanitation
Bio-climate
Provision of medicine at the
Community Health center
health center
mobilization and provided with water
sensitization supply facility

2 Simbiekie Water supply facility Government to Stone, sand, gravels There is no No partner
intervene to provide are available relationship as
water supply, school community does

58
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

No school and construct health Labor force available not have school,
center health center, or
No health center Skilled labor also water supply facility
Community able and available
Good road network ready to provide local
materials and labor
Support to agriculture
force

3 Yana Water supply Looking forward to Sand, stones, labor No health center or CADA who have just
government and local force can be provided school entered the
Sanitation council to resolve the community with
issues CLTS
Road network
DFID constructed
Communication
hand dug well but it
is not covered, so
Lack of health center
the water is not
safe

59
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

Table 19: Focus Group Discussions: WASH Issues – Sierra Leone.

S/No Town/Community Fintonia Sembiekie Yana

1 Challenges with WASH services in the Contamination of water source by No water supply Poverty is high
community animals
No latrines in the community Difficult to raise fund
Source not protected
No tools to clear the environment Farming on small scale because
The source dries up during the dry animals destroy the farms
season
Education and sensitization
Wells not protected

Environmental sanitation is poor

Most houses without latrines

2 How problems came about Naturally These facilities have never been Poverty
provided to the community
Poor construction Destruction of farm crops by
animals
Human activities
High rate of illiteracy

3 Current hygiene behavior change needs Need to provide more toilets Water supply Cleaning the environment

Tools for cleaning the environment Hand dug well protected Environmental sanitation

Education and sensitization of Improved latrines Clean water supply

community needs
Tools for cleaning the environment Proper disposal of unwanted
materials

4 What materials/methodologies are there to Health overseer plays a major role We only do community Need for proper education on
communicate hygiene promotion behavior

60
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

change Youth mobilization--cleaning around environmental cleaning hygiene matter

the public places
Provision of labor, local materials,
Meeting of community people to be
sensitized by hospital staff Construction of latrines and safe
drinking water

Tools to be provided like shovels,

hoes, cutlass, and wheel barrows
to clear the environment

5 Existing local resources and capacities to Yes Yes Local materials are available as
support initiatives well as community labor force

6 Specific actions undertaken at local levels to Toilets being dug by households Community is constructing latrines Asking non-governmental
solve problems through the intervention of Inter Aid for themselves using communal organizations and government
on community-led total sanitation labor offices for assistance

Having community meetings

Youth are involved in cleaning and

protecting the water source

The water source is being chlorinated

daily

7 What results were achieved? Heath conditions being improved Changes occur as the amount of None
flies have reduced
Saved from Cholera breakout
Children do not get sick
More people sensitized from meetings

Less people get sick

8 What lessons were learned? If you keep the environment clean you Since rainy season we never take None, because no assistance has
will have good health anyone to hospitals been given to the community

If you have access to drinking water

61
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

you have good health

9 How can these lessons contribute to Continuation of the services will We need the facilities—the lessons It cannot contribute to
sustainability? contribute to sustainable WASH can be practiced to sustain the sustainability as WASH facilities do
services delivery WASH service delivery not exist in the community

The maintenance of the water source

and chlorination always provide good
and safe water supply to the
population

Table 20: Focus Group Discussions: Community Channels for Communication – Sierra Leone.

S/No Town/Community Fintonia Simbiekie Yana

1 How are issues related to WASH Information goes to the chief and By calling meeting People communicate through
immediately a meeting is called town crier, bell and drum
communicated?

2 Who is responsible for receiving The town chief or elders The town chief The village chief
these complaints?

3 Who takes action on the received The chief and health overseers The councilor and town chief The health oversea and village
chief
complaints?

4 Feedback process to the rest of the Meeting is called through the town crier Through meetings Local court sends the feedback to
the village chief, informing him
community
about the action taken against
the accused persons

5 How do you go about prioritizing It depends on the emergency of the People meet at the end of every
problem month to clean their
WASH issues?

62
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

environment

Community work is done when

necessary

6 Whenever there is conflict around Through the health committee and the Through the village The youth chairperson will report
chief committee, the town, the the matter to the community
WASH how is it resolved?
town chief leads the process town chief and the health
overseer to find solution to
resolve the conflict

7 What would be you suggestions for Rehabilitation of water gravity system Provision of protected hand More education to community
dug well on health issues,
service delivery process? More hand-dug wells to be provided
Latrines to be provided by Sensitization of the whole
Tools for cleaning the environment every household community healthy and
unhealthy community.
More education and sensitization to be Provision of mosque to use to
carried out preach about sanitation Provision of good and safe water
facilities
Improvement of road
network

63
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Table 21: Summary of Key Issues Arising from Community Discussions – Sierra Leone.
Key Issues Summary of findings

Developmental Challenges All communities interviewed had the same developmental challenges which
include:

 Lack of good road networks

 Lack of safe water supply facilities

 No improved sanitation

 Lack of health facilities

 Lack of proper communication

Water and Sanitation  In all communities interviewed, water supply facilities were absent
Facilities  Streams and unprotected traditional wells are the main source of
water for both drinking and other domestic uses
 Sanitation is very poor
 Open defecation is highly practised in these communities

Health and School Facilities  Health centres are only available in two communities—Fintonia and
Sanya
 Most of the communities in this zone are without health facilities. In
some instances people have to walk 3 to 4km to access the nearest
health center.
 Schools, like health centers, are available in only a few communities.
All of the schools are without water and sanitation facilities.

64
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

5.2.5 OPPORTUNITIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTERVENTION BY STEWARD IN THE WASH

SECTOR OF SIERRA LEONE
The current challenges faced within the sector in Sierra Leone provide a great opportunity for the
STEWARD program to enter into WASH support in the country. These opportunities exist in the
following areas:
National level: Coordination of the numerous institutions currently operational in the sector to
avoid duplication of efforts in the development sector related to WASH inputs.
Just coming out from the ravages of war, the environment in Sierra Leone has been stressed and
there is, therefore, a need for programs which incorporate environmental considerations with
development efforts. STEWARD is best placed to make this link between environment, NRM
(forestry, impacts from climate change, biodiversity etc.) and WASH to make an impact on
community lives.
Policy work: there are still some gaps in policy work. Current policies do not reflect practices on
the ground. STEWARD’s work from higher levels can generate evidence that can be used to
influence policy.
It is clear that the local councils, who are responsible for supporting development in
communities, are currently not fully performing these statutory responsibilities. There is an
opportunity for STEWARD to work at the institutional level to strengthen it to fulfil its role
within the national WASH framework. Lessons learned from this process can help reshape the
WASH policy at the national level.
CLTS has been accepted nationally as an effective approach to deliver total sanitation coverage
in Sierra Leone and evidence of open-defecation-free (ODF) communities already exists in some
other parts of Sierra Leone. From the information obtained from the interview in PZ
communities, most of them lack adequate appropriate sanitation and hygiene practices. This
presents an opportunity for the STEWARD program to use this as an entry point to commence
work with communities in collaboration with local councils.
Another opportunity for STEWARD to enter WASH in PZ communities is due to the fact that the
program is already well known by many communities in the PZ as verified through interview
responses. There will, therefore, be quick acceptance resulting in enhancing the worth, profile
and visibility of the USAID/WA supported STEWARD project in Sierra Leone.
This report showed that about 41% of rural Sierra Leone still obtains water from surface water
sources with the attendant pollution impact that goes with it. The responses from the
communities interviewed showed that about 90% do not have a functional safe drinking water
source. Many have resorted to getting water from the swamp (and this is threatened by animals
that walk into these ‘precious’ water sources).

65
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

5.3 GUINEA
5.3.1 DEMOGRAPHY
According to the 1996 census, the population of Guinea is around 7 million people with an annual
growth rate of 2.8% and average population density of 29people/km 2. The table below provides a
summary of social and demographic indicators.
Table 22: Key Social and Demographic Indicators – Guinea. Source: EDS, 2005.

Indicator Rural Urban National

Birth rate 40.8% 31.8% 38.4%

Age 0-5 years mortality 133% 204% 163%

rate

Maternal mortality rate - - 980 for every 100,000 live births

Fertility rate 6.3% 4.4% 5.7%

The 2010 economic growth of 1.9% was not enough to reduce the poverty level. The high inflation rate
of 20.4% significantly impacted on people’s purchase power. Findings from the 2007 Poverty
Assessment Survey (ELEP, 2007) show a poverty level of 49.2%, 53% and 55% respectively in 2002, 2007
and 2010.
The EIBEP study (integrated poverty assessment in 2005), shows that 70% of the population in Guinea is
rural. Nearly half of the Guinean population (44.7%) is under the age of 15 years. In contrast, only 4.8%
of the population is 85 years of age and above.
5.3.2 POLITICAL

There are seven administrative areas in Guinea in addition

to the capital city, Conakry, which is also classified as an
administrative area. Guinea has 33 districts (prefectures),
302 rural local governments, and 38 urban local
governments—5 of which are in Conakry (EDS, 2005).
Guinea has four natural areas with a varied population
distribution. They are Lower Guinea (21%), Middle Guinea
(22%), and Upper Guinea (20.8%), Forest Guinea (20.7%).

Figure 10: Map of Guinea.

Source: World Atlas, 2012.

66
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

5.3.3 POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

Guinea currently does not have a national water policy. There are separate policies in subsectors such as
urban water supply, rural water supply, and the water and sanitation strategic framework which are
implemented by the different subsectors.
There is, however, an on-going reform process of the water sector which shifts focus to integrated water
resource management that has led to the development of a road map from 2011 to 2015. One of the
priority areas in this road map is the development of a national water policy.
The water, hygiene and sanitation sector is regulated by the following national policies, legal
instruments and regulations.
National Water Policy
Since the adoption, sign off and publication of the water code, Guinea has been involved in research
towards the development of PAGIRE (i.e. an action plan for the Integrated Water Resources
Management). This action plan outlines the development focus of the country over the next few
decades and areas of cooperation as part of the shared water basins (Code l’eau de Guinée, 1994).
As a result, actions have been carried out at regional level as part of OMVG (Gambia River Authority),
OMVS (Senegal River Authority) and ABN (Niger River Authority) in addition to the enactment of the
water code. These actions, however, still fall short of expectations because they are not fully aligned
with cooperation initiatives for managing shared basins and also do not include all aspects of Integrated
Water Resources Management (IWRM).
The country vision for water supply sets out major objectives for improving water management and
reducing poverty to achieve sustainable development by 2015 (Ministère du plan, 2005).
Specifically, Guinea intends to:
Promote and implement IWRM principles at national and regional levels;
Have an adequate legal and statutory framework for equitable access, protection and
conservation of the water resources; and,
Coordinate, harmonize and share relevant information on IWRM.
The government water supply policy aims to contribute to improved hygiene and health through
provision of safe water. To achieve this and ensure sustainable facilities, the government’s strategy is to:
Ensure that the sector is financially stable through adequate billing which is based on quantity of
water extracted in rural and urban areas;
Involve local communities in the management of the rural water facilities (boreholes, wells,
sources and water supply systems); and,
Build capacity and improve effectiveness of sector institutions.
National Health Policy
The health and public hygiene ministry developed a policy with a National Health Development Plan
component. This plan aims at setting up an integrated health system with the potential to meet the
health and hygiene needs of Guineans and contribute to poverty reduction (Politique Nationale de la
Santé, 2001).

67
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

To achieve this, the following five strategic areas were developed:

Integrated fight against disease and maternal mortality : reduce morbidity, mortality and
other complications;
Build institutional and management capacities: priority reforms and re-organisation of the
health system;
Improve the supply and use of care and services: ensure availability, accessibility and
affordability of quality health services; and,
Develop human resources: good staff that is motivated, empowered and with relevant skills
in all the public health institutions in the country.
Health promotion to:
Create complementarity and synergy of all sectors (private and public);
Promote an increased community participation towards the development of the health system;
Encourage communities to adopt best practices with the potential of promoting health and
disseminating chlorination techniques for water; and,
Disseminate collective and individual hygiene measures—the use of safe latrines in household
and public places, etc.
National Public Hygiene Policy
This policy is in line with the national policy instruments and international conventions and agreements
signed by Guinea on health and environment. It also aligns with the National Poverty Reduction
Framework.
The mobilisation and commitment of partners (CSOs, trade unions, community based organisations,
NGOs) is an essential factor for a successful implementation of this policy (Ministère de la santé). The
policy focuses on developing strategies to significantly reduce the occurrence of diseases resulting from
poor or lack of hygiene in Guinea. This will be achieved through:
 Universal access to health services, safe water and sanitation irrespective of geographic
location, economic power and socio-cultural factors. Also, associations, communities, private
and public sectors will complement one another towards achieving this;
 Stronger empowerment of communities so that they can be more involved in finding solutions
to their health and public hygiene issues;
 Prevention of acute and chronic poisoning due to chemical products currently used;
 A health system focused on meeting the needs of communities and supported by close
collaboration at all levels;
 Compliance with the improved hygiene standards approved by the public authorities; and,
 Control and monitoring of requirements for environmental protection.
National Policy on Environmental Management
Due to the level of degradation of the environment and the natural resources in Guinea, the
government received support from the development partners to undertake the following actions:

68
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

1) PNAE: national action plan for environment;

2) PAFN: national forestry action plan; and,
3) PNDA: national agriculture development policy.
The environment policy is defined by the National Action Plan on the Environment (PNAE) issued in
1994, with the aim of including environmental issues in Guinea’s social and economic development
policies. The PNAE had, however, only been partially implemented. It was therefore necessary to review
and update it.
The National Forest Policy was adopted in 1989. An action plan was put in place in 1990 as well as a
global 25-year strategy for the development of forest resources. This strategy involves all stakeholders
including the administration, private companies, associations, local governments and communities. The
strategy is also in line with the decentralisation process started in 1986.
In 2002, the country adopted a national strategy for safeguarding biodiversity and ensuring sustainable
use of resources (PANA 2007). This is supported by an action plan that goes through 2015. The objective
of the action plan is to safeguard and ensure sustainable use of biodiversity and also strengthen
international cooperation for equitable distribution of income generated from the exploitation of these
resources.
The new policy for agricultural development is a follow up to the LPDA2 (1998-2005). The policy has the
following specific objectives:
 Increase production and productivity of family farms;
 Promote agricultural businesses through private sector initiatives;
 Improve the access of agricultural products to markets; and,
 Ensure the sustainable use of environment and natural resources.
National Sanitation Policy
Guinea has made commendable efforts in water and sanitation. Accelerated progress has, however,
been hampered in part by the coordination of a multitude of stakeholders. This situation is ascribed to
the lack of a policy document that will serve as a framework for use by all sanitation players (Politique
Nationale de la Santé, 2001). In an attempt to fill this gap, the junior Ministry for Environment, through
its relevant department, developed a national sanitation policy. This is the outcome of a long
consultation process involving the key players in the hygiene and sanitation sector of Guinea.
Institutional Framework

Despite a robust legal framework, substantial effort is still required to effectively implement a truly
integrated water resources management policy. The current situation in the field is characterized by
fragmented management of the water uses. For example, there is still a lack of coordination between
sectors like health, hygiene and sanitation and the access of communities to safe water and sanitation.
There is no systematic and strategic approach to the work being done by most of the actors with
duplication of effort resulting in waste and ineffective interventions.
Public Stakeholders
The public stakeholders include: State ministry for energy and environment, health and public hygiene
ministry, junior ministry for environment, forestry and sustainable development, ministry of housing and

69
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

planning, ministry of decentralisation and land management, ministry of secondary and civic education,
and the ministry of higher education and scientific research. (See Appendices 8 to 13 for details of roles
and responsibilities for some government institutions).
The following bodies of the above ministries deal with hygiene and safe water issues:
State Ministry for Energy and Environment (MEE)
The water and sanitation policy letter has the mandate to define the water policy of Guinea. It is
focused around the following key areas: (i) management and administration of the water resources;
(ii) urban water supply; (iii) rural water supply, and (iv) sanitation.
The MEE designs, develops and implements the water and energy policy. The following are the
various departments under the MEE in charge of water resources management (see details of roles
and responsibilities in Appendix 8).
- The National Water Directorate (DNH)
The main role of the DNH is the inventory, assessment, management and coordination for the
adoption of a national water policy in line with the integrated water resources management,
administration of resources and water rights. It is also responsible for tasks which do not fall under
the remit of other technical ministries so as to ensure sound management of water resources in
Guinea.
SNAPE (National Water Point Office)
SNAPE is an independent public authority with financial management autonomy. Key roles and
responsibilities are: i) to put together data required for the development of a national rural water
supply program; ii) update the national water points database; iii ) identify rural water needs; iv)
participate in all commissions on the reception of public water points in rural and semi urban areas;
v) sign off on studies done by private organizations or NGOs; vi) monitor the quality maintenance of
rural water equipment by beneficiaries; vii) monitor the water quality of rural and semi urban
facilities; viii) capitalize experiences of village water projects; and ix) promote water supply systems
in large rural cities.
Based on demand from the state, local governments or rural water projects, the SNAPE may
undertake the following tasks of public interest provided that funding is available:
Supervise projects or works including a rural water component through delegated project
ownership;
Supervise the implementation of any rural water supply programme: modern wells, springs,
pumping stations, wells fitted with hand pumps;
Train local artisan and develop spare parts supply networks for rural water facilities;
Raise awareness and mobilize project beneficiaries;
Monitor the operation and maintenance arrangement put in place for all rural and semi urban
water points; and,
Support the rural communities in their local project ownership efforts.

Guinea Water Company

On December 18, 2001, the government created a limited company, SEG (Guinea Public Water
Company). The aim of this company is to manage the assets, rights and obligations, operation,

70
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

maintenance, renewal, rehabilitation, and development of urban water systems for safe water supply in
Guinea.
It is a public holding company under the Ministry of State for Energy and Environment. Key
responsibilities include:
 to identify needs and secure funding;
 carryout studies and new projects;
 manage urban water assets;
 produce and distribute safe water;
 connect communities to the water network;
 customer/subscribers management (billing and collection of fees);
 facility maintenance and renewal;
 management of the debt service; and,
 ensure sustainable water supply to people and keep a good level of service for customers.
Delegated Ministry for Environment and Sustainable Development
(See details of roles and responsibilities in Appendix 9)
National Directorate of Sanitation and Environment
The National Directorate has the following responsibilities: i) to design, develop, monitor and evaluate
the strategies and action plan for sustainable and efficient management of household waste (solid,
liquid, waste water, sludge); ii) carryout research and apply techniques on disposal or conversion of
household waste and related waste; iii) review and recommend applications for activities related to
sanitation and conversion of municipal waste, give technical approvals; iv) develop sanitation projects
and programmes for urban and rural waste reclamation and secure funding; v) supervise work related to
the identification, selection and development of sites: dumping sites, treatment plants for waste water
and sludge.
National Directorate for Environment
Key responsibilities include: i) design, develop and monitor the implementation of government policy on
the protection of environment; ii) set pollution standards; regulate domestic and industrial waste before
they are disposed into environment; iii) carry out campaigns to raise public awareness on environmental
issues; iv) carry out the process of Environmental Impact Studies (EIS); and v) design, develop and
monitor the implementation of strategies and action plans for sustainable, effective and efficient
management of waste (solid and sludge).
Ministry of Public Health and Public Hygiene
(See details of roles and responsibilities in Appendix 10)
Public hygiene Directorate
This department implements the government policy on public health. In particular, it has to:
 Put together the elements of the policy and develop the work plan of the public hygiene
department;
 Develop regulations on hygiene and ensure that these are enforced;
 Regulate and monitor hygiene;

71
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

 Identify the best strategies for implementing the national policies on sanitation, hygiene,
housing and environment, access and use of drinking water, food safety, hygiene promotion;
 Involvement in the design of training programs for public hygiene workers;
 Promote and get involved in research programs related to public hygiene;
 Participate in technical control, supervision of resource management and evaluation of
outcomes in public hygiene;
 Involvement in resource mobilization to implement projects, programs and work related to
public hygiene;
 Strengthen partnerships around issues related to public hygiene; and,
 Quality assurance for water and food stuff.
National Institute for Public health
With its national laboratory for quality control, this institute is expected, among other things, to check
the quality of drugs and pharmaceutical products, analyse and control the quality of water, food and
beverages, and be involved in the creation of a national food safety system.
Other non-state stakeholders
Many NGOSs work in the water, hygiene and sanitation sector and include national and international
NGOs, associations, etc. (See details in Appendix 14).
NGOs
Based on their areas of competence, NGOs can provide support through the following intervention
areas:
 Developing and prioritizing the community needs for water, hygiene and sanitation;
 Developing individual or collective water and sanitation projects;
 Managing mechanisms of public facilities;
 Training on thematic issues or simple management techniques on the development and
maintenance of facilities;
 Providing technical and management support to relevant small and medium scale businesses;
 Holding additional training sessions for small and medium scale business management and staff;
and,
 Providing advisory support to communities as part of the decentralized cooperation strategy.
Consulting firms (Private Sector)
The private sector generally works on a variety of areas and rarely specializes in a specific area. As
contractors or executing agencies, they are very active at all levels of project implementation (in
particular, the technical and socio-economic studies, work supervision, facilitation, training and advisory
support).
Based on the public contracts executed in Guinea, the firms Bel Laforet, West Ingenierie, Stratheg,
Tropique Environment, etc., can be said to have proven experience on hygiene, water and sanitation
projects.

72
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

UGSPE
This body ensures the operation and management of community facilities as part of the contracting
policy of SNAPE and the supported community. UGSPE ensures the sustainability of public water
provided through small water systems or modern water points fitted with hand pumps.
Hygiene and Water Status in Guinea

Member countries of the UN organization signed the Millennium Declaration with an ambitious vision to
fight poverty. The declaration includes specific and time-bound objectives, which, if achieved, will
contribute to human development. The Government of Guinea is committed to implement these
agreements as part of its social and economic development program for the country (PNUD , Ministère
de l’environnement, 2009).
Through its safe water policy, the Guinean government plans to help improve hygiene and the health of
its people by providing them with safe water. To do this in a sustainable way, the Poverty Reduction
Strategy Paper set out to implement the following objectives under rural water supply:
Increase access to safe water in rural areas;
Create sustainable access to safe water by ensuring the functionality of 90% out of the 11,894
hand pumps (Vernier and Kardia brands) mapped out in 2008; and,
Promote water hygiene.
To successfully achieve the above objectives the, following activities will be carried out:
a) Construction of boreholes and modern water points fitted with hand pumps and provision of
safe water through stand pipes and private connection at household levels;
b) Rehabilitation of a) boreholes/modern wells older than 10 years and b) small water systems;
c) Building capacity for maintenance and renewal of facilities through: (i) involvement of rural
communities in decision making processes from the design to the implementation of projects
and programmes; (ii) empowering/training users in the management, safety and maintenance of
facilities; (iii) setting up appropriate water tariffs; (iv) using micro finance institutions;
d) Help sustain the work of sub sector stakeholders - local repairers, spare part dealers, etc.; and,
e) Improving hygiene conditions through supportive measures such as health education in schools,
waste management, and construction of household and institutional/public latrines.
Objectives under the urban water supply:
Improve water supply or access in the city of Conakry;
Improve water supply or access in other cities; and,
Improve effectiveness of the urban water sector.
The three activities below will help to meet the above objectives:
a) Increase the productivity of the safe water sector;
b) Institutional reform of the sector through: (i) a clear water tariff policy in place, (ii) development
of a system to assess the raw and treated water, (iii) mapping of subscribers, (iv) minimizing the
leakages and (v) fighting fraud; and,

73
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

c) Rehabilitation works and development of production capacity.

The government is also committed to improving private sector participation in the development and
exploitation of water. Therefore, the on-going review of the statutory framework will continue to
stimulate private sector investments in the production, treatment, transport, and distribution of water.
With respect to sanitation, the PRSP is focused on the following:
Develop or improve an environment database;
Set standards for waste disposal and regulate the sector through the “polluter pays principle”;
Increase the financial resources for sanitation;
Improve the performance of the private and public stakeholders to provide facilities and
services in urban and rural areas;
Promote and scale up promotion and use of appropriate technologies;
Conduct awareness raising campaigns on sanitation;
Implement hygiene education & environmental protection programs in primary schools and
health centers;
Implement the new urban plans and rehabilitate existing old houses, focus on sanitation in
industries with polluting potentials; and,
Create and develop green spaces/parks and protect ecological zones.

5.3.4 FINDINGS BY PRIORITY ZONES (PZ)

All communities of the project are located in three of the four natural regions of Guinea, especially:
- Madina Woula in Kindia district;
- Soyah and Ouré Kaba in Mamou district;
- Bossou and NZoo in Lola district
All communities are located in the basin of the Mano River Union in the Southern part of Guinea. They
have similar poverty levels for water, hygiene and sanitation and experience severe destruction of the
plant cover through bush fires and uncontrolled logging. Tables 23 – 27 provide the outcome of the
interviews held with the communities visited.

74
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

Table 23: Community Profiles – Guinea.

No. Community Population Number of Access to community Means of Livelihood

House Holds

1. Soyah 8,627 850 Road Agriculture

Telephone network Livestock breeding
Television Trade
Traditional exploitation of sand
2. Madina 4,506 Not available Road Agriculture
Livestock breeding
Telephone network Fishing
Trade
No television

3 Oure Kaba 5,800 253 Road Agriculture

Livestock breeding
Telephone network

Television

4 Bosou 3,396 491 Road Agriculture

Livestock breeding
No telephone network Trade

No Television

5 N’Zoo 21,944 169 Road Agriculture

Road Livestock breeding
No telephone network Fish farming
No television Trade

75
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

Table 24: Focus Group Discussions: Development Issues – Guinea.

No. Community Key development challenges Priority actions to Role of WASH and Partners involved Source of
mitigate challenges education in these funding
priorities

1. Bossou

2. Ourè kaba Lack of basic infrastructure including Construct water, health Very good linkages Development partners
boreholes, schools, health centers, etc. and school facilities, etc. because all work together
towards addressing Guinea national
Financing, capacity building of local Empower/build capacity development issues government
organisations/ bodies of local organizations
International NGOs

3. Soyah Education, lack of water facilities Education, Very good linkages as they Development partners
implementation of all work together to
regulation address development Guinea national
issues government

International NGOs

4. Madina Oula Education, lack of water and livestock Local government plan They complement each Development partners
breeders must include areas and other
activities International NGOs
Conflict between farmers and livestock
breeders Participation of some
NGOs in implementing
development work

5. N’Zoo Lack of facilities (offices, roads in rural State subsidies They complement each Mining companies

76
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

areas, electricity, etc.) Collecting taxes from other Development partners

mining companies
Lack of modern water points International NGOs
Support from
development partners

Table 25: Focus Group Discussions: WASH Situation in Communities – Guinea.

No. Issues

Comm- Bossou Ourè kaba Soyah Madina Oula N’Zoo

unity

1 Sources of water for Stream Stream Stream Stream Stream

domestic single use
Pump Rainwater

River

2. Types and number of Local unimproved No water wells Stream Wells not functioning 4 unimproved latrines
unimproved latrines latrines only
only 11 latrines Local Pit Some houses have toilets and some
(improved) do not

30 dilapidated toilets not

functioning

Drinking water collected from

streams or rainwater

3. % having access to 40% 10% 10% N/A 10%

77
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

sanitation

4. Are facilities All water points are 4 water points 2 water points are not functional All water points are
functioning? functional functional
18 latrines Public latrines are all operational
Very few latrines are
functional

5. Perception on quality Water sources help in Water sources Water sources help in reducing Water sources help in
of facilities reducing burden on help in reducing burden on women reducing burden on
women burden on women
women
Reduce open defecation Reduce open defecation Reduce open
Reduce open defecation
defecation

6. Specific WASH needs Small water system Small water system Small water Construction of modern water Small water system
(solar powered (solar powered system (solar points (solar powered)
powered)
Latrines (491) Public latrines (10) Construction of public latrines 150 households
Public latrines latrines
Community 250 households (20) Construction of household latrines
sensitization on WASH latrines Training of local
organizations on WASH
Training of local
organizations on
WASH
7. Appreciation of wash
services

8. Plans and structures to Water sold according Water sold according Reviving the Availability of management Continue selling water
maintain these to quantity to quantity taken existing water committees for maintenance of based on quantity
structures? points existing pumps
A bank account is Reviving the existing management Latrines maintenance
opened facility management committees
committees

78
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

9. Capacity to maintain? Increased sensitization Educating Lobby the Maintain the existing facilities in Lobby development
of communities communities on their development good conditions partners
rights and partners
Advocacy Sensitize communities Increased sensitization
responsibilities
Increased of communities
Organizing the empowerment Advocacy
committees of communities
and leaders
10. How and where is solid
and liquid waste
disposed of in
community?

11. Key WASH issues and Community awareness Lack of sensitization Community Community awareness or Inadequacy of water
challenges in or education on WASH of the communities awareness or education on WASH and sanitation facilities
community? and environment education on
management WASH

12 Initiatives at local Sensitize communities Sensitize Sensitize No initiative Lobby partners to build
levels to solve this communities communities water and sanitation
problem facilities

13. What additional Increased sensitization Educating Lobby the Maintain the existing facilities in Lobby development
capacity required to of communities communities on their development good conditions partners
assist community to rights and partners
Advocacy Sensitize communities Increased sensitization
resolve their WASH responsibilities
Increased of communities
challenges Organizing the empowerment Advocacy
committees of communities
and leaders
14. Is WASH considered in Yes No No Yes Yes
your municipal
budgets?

79
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

15. Where do you get Development partners Development Partners State subsidies Selling water per
funds for WASH service partners quantity used
delivery and O&M? Community Government Taxes on companies
Government
Community Community participation only
Community (through
contribution,
taxes, selling
water)

Table 26: Focus Group Discussions: Community Livelihoods – Guinea.

No. Issues Community

Soyah Madina Oula Oure Kaba Bosou N’Zoo

1 Source of water for Traditional water Traditional water Traditional water points Traditional water Traditional water points
multiple uses points points points

2. What challenge do you Depletion of water Depletion of water Depletion of water courses and Depletion of water Motor operated pumps for
have for water supply for courses and courses and traditional wells courses and irrigation
multiple uses? traditional wells traditional wells traditional wells
Lack of pumps Continued breaks of hand pump
Remote water courses, Issue of spare parts Insufficient pumps
rugged landform for pumps

3 How does this affect your Burden of water Reappearance of Burden of water collection for Reappearance of Loss of productivity
normal community life? collection for women water borne diseases women the water borne
diseases Fall back into traditional water
Girls drop from school Poverty and under Reappearance of water borne sources which cause diseases

80
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

to help their mothers development diseases Loss of productivity

in the water chore

4. Flooding in the past? How No No Flooded once. This led the local No No
was it handled? authorities to alert the district
authorities. Request was made
to the health center staff for
support in analysing the
borehole water and treating the
traditional wells to avoid any
spread of cholera

5. Drought in the past? No No No No Yes

6. How it affected your Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
water sources?

7. How drought or flood Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
affected food supply?

8. What coping mechanisms Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
do you adopt to recover
from it?

9. Which institutions Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
provided you with
support?

10. What was the form of the Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
support?

81
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

11. Do you receive support Technical services Technical services Technical services Technical services Technical services
from Government for
WASH services? Construction of Construction of Construction of SANPLATS Construction of Construction of SANPLATS
SANPLATS SANPLATS SANPLATS
12 What activities pose Local production of Excessive bush logging Poor management of modern Deforestation Bush fires
threats to a continuous bricks, deforestation, water points
water supply? excessive quarrying, Poor operation of Bush fires Poor management of modern
management Deforestation water points
Poor management of committees of
pumps existing pumps Issue of pump spare parts

Bush fires

13. Any plans to mitigate the Sensitizing Community forests Environmental education Protected areas Enforce the regulations
threat? communities on bad
and harmful practices Protect biodiversity Reforestation of some areas Reforestation of Reforestation of some areas
such as bushfires and some areas
Education of communities
bush logging
Prohibition of bush
fires and strict
compliance with
regulations

14. What resources are Financial support from Financial support from Financial support from Financial support Financial support from
necessary to implement development partners development partners development partners from development development partners
the mitigation plan? partners
Community Community Community contribution Community contribution
contribution through contribution through through effective involvement Community through effective involvement
effective involvement effective involvement in protecting what already contribution in protecting what already
in protecting what through effective
in protecting what exists exists
already exists
already exists involvement in
protecting what
already exists

82
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

Table 27: Focus Group Discussions: Water Governance – Guinea.

No. Issues Community

Soyah Madina Oula Oure Kaba Bosou N’Zoo

1 Does your community General assemblies, General assemblies, General assemblies, General assemblies, General assemblies,
meet to discuss issues community meetings community meetings community meetings community meetings community meetings
around water?

2. Who organizes the Local authorities and Local authorities and Local authorities and state Local authorities and Local authorities and
meeting? state agency staff state agency staff agency staff state agency staff state agency staff

3 How do members All these groups are Individuals are free All community members Formal invitation Sometimes the city
participate in these invited to different to express their are informed at the dwellers are invited
meetings? meetings to discuss views weekly markets days to be part of the
their development meeting
issues

4. How are meetings Chaired by Chaired by the Chaired by authorities in Chaired by authorities Chaired by
facilitated? What authorities in the LG authorities the LG office in the LG office authorities in the LG
specific issues are office office
Management reports Attendance of all district Attendance of all
discussed?
Attendance of all of modern water leaders and areas district leaders and Attendance of all
district leaders and points and areas district leaders and
areas environment Management reports of areas
modern water points Conflict settlement
Management reports conflict settlement Conflict settlement
of modern water Health and education and
points conflict
settlement Environment
management
Health and
education
5 Mobilizing for urgent Public Public Public announcement Public announcement Public
announcement announcement system system announcement

83
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

issues system system system

Information is delivered in Information is
Information is Information is the mosque delivered in the Information is
delivered in the delivered in the mosque delivered in the
mosque mosque mosque
6. Who is responsible for Local authorities and District leaders, areas Monitoring committee Unit managing the Local youth
follow up? state agency staff leaders within the LG public water supply facilitators

Councillors Pump management

committees

7. Do they have the Not sufficient and Not sufficient and Not sufficient and hence Not sufficient and Not sufficient and
capacity to perform hence the need for hence the need for the need for capacity hence the need for hence the need for
the follow up? capacity building capacity building building capacity building capacity building

8. What plans in place to Ccommunity Coercive measures Maintenance of the water Locating the modern Locating the modern
protect water sensitization against non- points, compliance with water points far from water points far from
resources? compliance standards when building pollution sources, less pollution sources,
Prohibition of bad latrines to avoid pollution open air defecation
less open air
practices around the of the water table,
modern water points defecation

9. Do you have water No No No No No

users associations?

10. What role do they play Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
to protect water
resources?

11. Do you share water River is the only River is the only River is the only resource River is the only River is the only
resources with resource shared with resource shared with shared with the resource shared with resource shared with
neighboring the neighboring the neighboring neighboring community the neighboring the neighboring
communities? community community community community

84
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

12 What plans are in Amicable resolution Amicable resolution Amicable resolution Amicable resolution Amicable resolution
place to manage water
conflicts? State agency State agency Leaders and elderly people Representative of the Communities and the
are invited in the LG office social organisations, local leaders of each
Authorities call the Authorities call the water point managers area, representatives
local leaders to local leaders to and the elders are also of organisations,
discuss the issue discuss the issue invited to the meeting local facilitators,
water sector
authorities are
invited to attend

85
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

5.3.5 OPPORTUNITIES AND ENTRY POINTS FOR STEWARD PROGRAM IN THE SECTOR IN GUINEA

- Reform and coordination of the WASH sector: There is currently no holistic Water and
Sanitation Policy. There are, however, subsector policies that are currently carried out
differently among agencies. This has resulted in poor coordination of the sector actors
and actions resulting in waste and duplication of efforts. This can be an entry point for
the STEWARD program. It is important to mention that establishing a new policy takes
time and does not have tangible and immediate benefits and as such may not impact on
the livelihood of the PZ communities in the short term.
- There are many basin projects implemented in Middle and Upper Guinea as part of the
transboundary basin management. Since Guinea has a focus on implementing a strong
IWRM program, this could be a strong entry point for STEWARD especially considering
the current focus in the PZs which is natural resources management. Given the plan to
integrate this with ecosystem, biodiversity, climate change and livelihoods, an IWRM
project may fit perfectly. The IWRM component can take a transboundary approach
focusing on water use, water quality, environment, waste management and community
livelihood needs (adaptation and resilience).
- Even though among the communities in the PZ interviewed there seems to be some
water points, a close analysis of those figures shows that the ratio of population to a
hand pump is far above the approved 360 persons per hand pump in Guinea. This
means there is not adequate access. There are several opportunities in this area for the
STEWARD program. One includes the provision of water points and sanitation facilities
under a service delivery approach that would bring in all the water supply and sanitation
service delivery inputs including institutional, social, economic and financial sectors to
include capacity building and technology. STEWARD can develop a best practice, in a
few communities, that takes into consideration all of these aspects across the spectrum
(i.e. national, district and local government). The best practice could then become the
basis for reviewing the performance of the current policies against what works and what
does not. It will also show how to integrate climate change, livelihoods and biodiversity
issues into WASH service delivery. This can also lead to the reinforcing of institutional
capacities across the whole spectrum of the institutional linkages. The success of this
approach would be supported by the availability of the following: availability of a
national water supply and sanitation program; existence of a national task force for
CLTS; availability of a NAPA (national action plan for adaptation to climate change); and,
availability of a local government code which vests some power to local entities.

86
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

6.0 PROJECT INTERVENTION AREAS

6.1 UPPER GUINEAN FOREST AND THE PZs

The Upper Guinean Rainforest, with its unique
biodiversity, is regarded by the World Conservation
Organization (IUCN) as one of the world’s 25 hotspots
of biodiversity. These “hotspots” only cover 1.4 % of
the earth’s surface but they contain more than 60 % of
all animal and plant species to be found on this planet.
This is why they have the highest priority for long-term
international conservation efforts. (WAPCA, 2009)
According to WAPCA, the Upper Guinean Rainforest
constitutes a 350 km wide strip of coastal forest area
that stretches from Sierra Leone through Liberia, Ivory
Coast and on to Ghana. In Ghana, the Volta River marks
the boundary of this forest area. In Ivory Coast, there is Figure 11: Upper Guinean Forest.
a v-shaped section, the “Baoule-V”, which separates
Source: Wild Life Extra, 2008.
the Upper Guinean rainforest into eastern and western
parts.
According to USAID, the forests of the region are fundamental to the welfare of African societies, have
great cultural importance, and have climate mitigation values. Within this context, the national
boundaries of West African states are arbitrary in context of natural resource functioning, but are critical
considerations for natural resources management. Therefore, a regional approach and dialogue is
integral to maintaining these ecosystems, goods and services.
6.1.1 STEWARD PROGRAM PRIORITY ZONES WITHIN THE UPPER GUINEAN FOREST
As stated in STEWARD Program’s 2012 technical report, the program works to achieve its development
objective through activities implemented under each intermediate result (IR) in two Priority Zones (PZs)
in the Upper Guinean Forest Ecosystem in four countries: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Ivory Coast.
A third Priority Zone has been proposed, but the selection of the area has not yet been finalized. These
Priority Zones were selected because of their biological significance; each zone qualifies under USAID
biodiversity criteria as an area of biological significance.
STEWARD’s program work is focused on these two Priority Zones (PZs). PZ1 comprises Outamba-Kilimi
National Park situated in Sierra Leone and Madina, Oula, Suya and Oure Kaba sub prefectures are found
in Guinea. Together these areas make up PZ1 as shown in the Figure 12 below.

87
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Figure 12: Map of PZ 1: Defining the Boundaries. Source: STEWARD Program FY2012 Technical Report, 2012.

Priority Zone 2 (PZ 2) is made up of Mount Nimba situated in both Guinea and Cote d’Ivoire and Nimba
Nature reserve situated in Liberia. Together these areas make up PZ 2 as the figure 13 shows.

Figure 13: Map of PZ 2: Defining the Boundaries. Source: STEWARD Program FY2012 Technical Report, 2012.

88
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

6.2 SUSTAINABLE WASH SERVICES, LIVELIHOODS, CLIMATE CHANGE AND

BIODIVERSITY IN THE UPPER GUINEAN FOREST ECOSYSTEM
There is a strong link between sustainable livelihoods, climate change, biodiversity and sustainable
WASH services. The World Bank (2010) states that water is essential to sustain life and economic
development and the livelihoods of the poorest people are critically associated with access to water
services. Understanding this linkage is very important for the work that STEWARD is doing in the PZs of
the three assessment countries, especially with the plan to extend the program to include sustainable
WASH.
Currently, STEWARD is a forest conservation and sustainable livelihood program focusing on
transboundary priority zones (PZs) in the Upper Guinean Forest Ecosystem. The upper Guinean Forest is
one of African’s eight biomes, and is extremely rich in plant species diversity and endemic species.
Among STEWARD’s objectives is the conservation of biodiversity, improving rural livelihoods in critical
transboundary landscapes in the Upper Guinean Forest Ecosystem, and contributing to sub-regional and
national strategic plans on climate change. These objectives fit very well into the current strategy of
STEWARD to include sustainable WASH services in its program delivery in the Upper Guinean Forest.
Incorporating sustainable WASH services and linking them to sustainable livelihoods is not as straight
forward as it sounds. There is a need to have a deep understanding of the strategic links between
livelihood issues and the types of WASH services. The approach by which these linkages are made can
make the greatest impact on the livelihoods of poor rural communities who are the STEWARD program’s
focus in the Upper Guinean Forest Ecosystem. Linking these challenges with climate change and
biodiversity adds another angle to the complexity.
Nicol (2000) stated that the problem of water access to the poor can be taken beyond the achievement
of simply health benefits. They postulate that support to water supply development can help achieve
sustainable livelihoods within poor communities and, in so doing, make a real contribution to poverty
reduction. The argument is that while lack of water quality is a good indicator for economic provisioning
in terms of human consumption, it does not necessarily indicate lack of provisioning for livestock access
or for cultivation of crops, which are important determinants of poverty in given communities. While a
poor quality supply for a household’s own consumption might warrant a higher poverty weighting, the
same supply might be plentiful and not harmful for livestock, serving to increase livestock productivity
and reduce the vulnerability of the household. It may also increase the household’s income sufficiently
to free other assets to improve supplies in the long term.
To be able to achieve a greater impact on community livelihoods through sustainable WASH delivery,
the STEWARD project must therefore look beyond just ensuring the availability of quality water for
human consumption, to ensuring water is also available at the required quantity to meet the rural
communities’ productive needs.
Of the five communities interviewed in Guinea, for example, two of the main sources of livelihood that
cut across all of them are agriculture and livestock breeding. These two livelihood sources require
adequate water to ensure productivity. Similarly, communities interviewed in Sierra Leone and Liberia
are also predominantly involved in farming as their means of livelihood. A WASH intervention by
STEWARD in these types of communities must go beyond just clean water for drinking to ensuring that
there is adequate water for multiple uses. An understanding of the livelihood needs of the community
can therefore also define the approach and type of WASH delivery that can be practiced.

89
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

The result of the assessment done in the PZs in the three countries revealed the following as sources of
water used by the communities:
In Sierra Leone, for example, most of the communities in the PZ get their water from streams,
swamps and wells. These sources are used for domestic and productive uses. Responses from
the communities interviewed indicate that these streams and swamps dry up occasionally
during the dry season. Communities are then forced to dig wells in the swamps or stream beds
to water their crops. This makes communities vulnerable and impacts their livelihood.
In Liberian communities, the water supply source for some communities is creeks used for
drinking and other multiple uses. The drying up of these creeks impacts the source of water for
gardening. The communities also complained of the distance it takes them to travel to the
creeks. This affects the quantity of water they can use for domestic activities and other multiple
uses and, hence, impacts their livelihoods.
The WASH programming of the STEWARD project must take into consideration the community
livelihood needs in addition to ensuring adequate quality for drinking. A sustainable WASH delivery
approach that balances these needs is very important for impacting community livelihoods in the PZs.
According a UN Water (2008) publication, climate change is expected to add to pressures on
transboundary water resources in many areas with fluctuations in water availability and quality. It will
magnify regional differences in the world’s natural resources and assets and lead to an increased risk of
inland flash floods and more frequent coastal flooding, droughts, etc. The necessity to adapt to climate
change, however, will also offer new opportunities for cooperation in developing adaptation strategies.
Climate Change and Livelihoods in Liberia
A UNDP report explains that Liberia is highly vulnerable to climate change in the coastal areas and the
communities’ capacity to adapt to a changing climate is very low and resiliency is very limited. Liberia
signed onto the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto
Protocol (KP) in 2002 and since then has been active in the Convention and KP processes. Current major
climate hazards in Liberia include reduced rainfall in some places and relative heavier rainfall along the
coast, extreme coastal flooding events, sea level rise, and soil erosion.
Climate Change and livelihood in Sierra Leone
According to the published report of the Initial National Communication on Climate Change, Sierra
Leone is vulnerable to climate change and extreme weather events. The Vulnerability and Adaptation
Assessment Report and the Climate Variability Report of the NAPA Project, have clearly indicated that
Sierra Leone is experiencing a variety of climatic hazards which include seasonal drought, strong winds,
thunderstorms, landslides, heat waves, floods, intense seasonal rain fall, and shifting rainfall patterns
amongst others.
The changes in rainfall and temperature patterns have been causing current cropping patterns to
become unsuitable to emerging climate conditions. Livestock is already experiencing greater stress due
to the climatic variability and pest and disease outbreaks are becoming more pronounced. These
changes have adversely affected the ability of the rural poor to maintain their existing livelihoods and
have limited the ability of Sierra Leone to maintain export earnings and pay for the importation of food.
Inadequate staff and poor facilities for weather forecasting and related activities have undermined the
ability of the meteorological department to provide adequate information to other sectors of the
economy so that they can better adapt to the impact of climate change.

90
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

The assessment results from the PZs of the three countries shows that climate change might already be
a challenge for some of the communities as extracts from the interview results show.
Some Liberian communities get their water supply from creeks for drinking and for gardening.
These creeks, however, do dry up during the dry seasons and that means their livelihoods are
threatened.
Some communities interviewed in the PZs in Guinea say they experienced flooding, while others
say they experienced droughts in the past and this had impacts on their sources of livelihood.
In the PZs in Sierra Leone, 4 communities out of 7 interviewed say they have experienced
droughts in the past which led to the drying up of their sources of water including streams,
swamps and wells. The result of these events have been hunger, illness, loss of food production,
insufficient water for animals, and increased time spent searching for water. These have had
great impacts on community livelihoods.
The field results from the PZs shows, therefore, that there is a need for the WASH intervention in the
PZs of the three countries to pay close attention to community adaption strategy development to help
the communities develop adaptive capacities to deal with climate change challenges as it relates to
water supply sources.
This assessment has therefore shown that there is a close link between STEWARD’s current focus on
livelihoods and climate change and the intended inclusion of sustainable WASH services in the PZs. The
need for this close linkage is very clear from the results of the discussion held with communities and, as
such, any programming approach for WASH service delivery that is eventually adopted by the program,
should take into consideration some of the issues discussed above.
The sustainability of whatever WASH service approach is finally adopted will however have a policy and
institutional implication and this must be taken into consideration in the design of the program.

7.0 OPPORTUNITIES AND ENTRY POINTS FOR THE STEWARD PROJECT

7.1 REFORM OF THE WASH ENVIRONMENT

Two of the three countries involved in this assessment, Liberia and Sierra Leone, have just emerged
from war. Liberia is emerging from a 14-year war that paralyzed the institutions and structures at all
levels. Similarly, Sierra Leone is recovering from a 10 year civil war that caused harm to significant
resources in the country.
This assessment shows clearly that these two countries are grappling with reconstruction and reforms of
the different sectors in the countries, especially WASH. Substantial progress has been made, but a lot
still has to be done to ensure that the WASH sector returns to normal. Bringing the sector back on track
will require some reforms within the sector. Some areas that such reforms may touch are listed below.
Involving stakeholders in WASH reforms
Revisiting WASH policies
Changing the culture of public WASH providers

91
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Optimizing WASH assets management and infrastructure development

Improving WASH provision through internally developed programs
Improving WASH service provision through partnerships with the private sector
Financing WASH operations in a sustainable and affordable manner
Regulating WASH services in a transparent and predictable manner
Improved water governance at national, district and local levels

7.2 CAPACITY BUILDING

Inadequate capacity for WASH sector runs through all the three countries. Most of the capacity building
may require active reforms that will involve all the institutions discussed in this report. Most of the
capacity building should be through supporting sector actors to enable them to play their roles
effectively. This will require skills and knowledge acquisition in technical aspects of WASH. Some areas
for this capacity building include:
Monitoring and evaluation;
Operation and maintenance;
Linking climate change, biodiversity, NRM with livelihoods and WASH activities;
Water quality;
Household water handling in PZ communities;
Establishment of supply chain for WASH services; and,
Training of pump mechanics for maintenance of water facilities.
The areas mentioned above are not exhaustive. If STEWARD decides to go into WASH capacity building
in any of the countries, there will be a need to carry out a comprehensive capacity gaps assessment to
identify clearly the specific needs within the sector.

7.3 SITE BASED WASH INTERVENTIONS

Going through the findings from the PZs, it is clear that there is a need for site-based WASH
interventions. Particularly, in a country like Sierra Leone where about 40% of its rural population
depends on surface water as the primary water source.
A very strong entry point for site based WASH intervention is sanitation. Currently, in all three countries
assessed, the sanitation coverage is poor. With this low coverage of sanitation in terms of latrines, the
only option for the rural dwellers, in particular in the PZs, is open defecation. The effects of open
defecation are many: it pollutes ground and surface water, it affects agricultural produce, it pollutes the
environment, and it spreads disease including Cholera and Bilharzia.
A strong entry point for STEWARD in the three countries will be sanitation intervention in the PZ zones
through CLTS and the provision of safe water sources to stop the people from drinking polluted water. A
component to this will be hygiene promotion as a strong component of the WASH service and water
quality. An important aspect of water quality will be the safe handling of water in the rural community.

92
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

A market based approach can be used in the WASH project so as to ensure the efficient and more cost-
effective use of STEWARD’s funds.
Climate change components will be incorporated with the communities that are in areas that are more
vulnerable such as those in flood prone areas, coastal communities, wetlands and water-stressed areas.
The exact composition of the site-based WASH package will depend on the specific needs of each
community, though sanitation will be a basic component.

7.4 STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF OPPORTUNITY PER COUNTRY ASSESSED

7.4.1 COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

Whilst Cost Benefit Analysis is a realistic way to determine the benefit of a project, it requires obtaining
more detailed information than was possible to collect for this assessment. For example, it was not
possible to do a household survey to understand the household needs as this was outside the scope of
this assessment.
However, there are past detailed studies carried out by reputable organizations like the World Bank,
that provide indications of possible cost benefits of water and sanitation interventions in Sub-Saharan
Africa countries, which includes the three STEWARD countries of Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea,
where this assessment was done. The results of previous studies have been used to demonstrate the
benefits that are expected from WASH interventions by STEWARD in the three countries.
Hutton and Haller (2004) explained that the following are critical to the calculation of total societal
economic benefit:
(1) Health sector benefit due to avoided illness;
(2) Patient expenses avoided due to avoided illness;
(3) Value of deaths avoided;
(4) Value of time savings due to access to water and sanitation;
(5) Value of productive days gained of those with avoided illness;
(6) Value of days of school attendance gained of those with avoided illness; and,
(7) Value of child days gained of those with avoided illness.
The table below is an extract from analysis done from the studies carried out in Hutton and Haller
(2004). It provides a picture of findings against cost benefit components that were studied in sub-
Saharan countries. This information has been included here to provide an indication of possible benefits
that can be obtained as a result of a WASH intervention in the three assessment countries which were
part of the study where this data was collected
Table 28: A Summary of WASH in Sub Saharan African Countries. Adapted from Hutton and Haller, 2004.

Cost Benefit Components Region Pop (m)

(AFR-
D)

93
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Annual number of diarrheal cases averted per capita 0.36 Yes 487

Annual cost per person receiving intervention (US$) 8.4 Yes 487

Annual cost per capita (entire population) receiving 3.9 Yes 487
intervention (US$)

Annual health sector treatment cost saved per capita (US$) 2.31 Yes 487
by intervention

Annual patient treatment cost saved per capita (US$) by 0.15 Yes 487
intervention

Productive days gained due to less diarrheal (million days) by 314 Yes 487
intervention

Value of productive days gained due to less diarrheal illness 73 Yes 487
(US$m)

School days gained due to less diarrheal illness (‘000 days) 67,394 Yes 487

Baby days gained due to less diarrheal illness (Millions days) 398 Yes 487

Annual value of time savings (US$ m) 14,414 Yes 487

Value of averted death per capita (US$ m) predicted future 1,174 Yes 487
earnings

Total economic benefits of interventions (US$ m) 18,883 Yes 487

Cost Benefit ratios – all cost all benefits 9.97 Yes 487

Cost Benefit ratios – all cost all benefits, time saving benefits 7.61 Yes 487
only.

AFR = Africa Sub-Saharan; Countries = Algeria, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde,
Chad, Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Madagascar,
Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome And Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,
Togo
D = Mortality stratum corresponding to; High Adult, High Child Mortality
According to Hutton and Haller (2004), the cost benefit ratio of water and sanitation interventions is
high when all benefits are included. The values from this study in the STEWARD project countries are in
the region of US$ 5 to US$11 for every US$ 1 invested. This is the case when there is low technology
investment.

94
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Going by the findings from the study of Hutton and Haller, investing in water and sanitation in the three
STEWARD countries is beneficial for these countries.
7.4.2 LONG TERM SUSTAINABILITY
WaterAid (2010) defines sustainability as beneficial change to access in services leading to
corresponding lasting outcomes and impacts in people’s lives. The concept of sustainability is underlined
by the fact that once change has been brought about by an intervention, that trajectory of change must
be maintained and enhanced. Long term sustainability, therefore, will mean maintaining this trajectory
of a beneficial state for a long time—as long as the life of the facilities. An important aspect of
sustainability is that emphasis is required on getting the ‘service’ of the service delivery right.
Long term sustainability of WASH services begins right from the planning stage. Some of the key inputs
such as financial, institutional, social-cultural, technical, economic, gender and equity, community
ownership, governance, and community capacity aspects must be in place from the onset.
Even though water is treated as a right, it is important to ensure that it is also seen as an economic
good. Evidence so far from the sector has shown that the charity approach to service delivery where
everything is done for the community free of charge has not been sustainable. There is a need to get the
community involved not only in managing the service, but also contributing for its upkeep whether
through financial or in kind support. This will involve building capacity for the community to play this
role.
Various approaches to sustainable WASH service delivery exist. Whatever approach is adopted, it is
important to prepare the community from the onset to be part of the process and to take the lead
through an inclusive approach.
From the result of the assessment of the PZs of the three countries, sustainability seems to be a
challenge in some of the communities. One of the issues identified was broken down water facilities e.g.
about 29% of water points in Liberia are said to be in a state of disrepair. Sustainability must be
considered as a component of service delivery from the onset. A strong monitoring and evaluation
system that makes provision/arrangement for post construction M&E financing is very critical to
ensuring the sustainability of the services. The capacity of the beneficiary communities to be able to
operate and maintain the service is also important.
7.4.3 POTENTIAL FOR SCALABILITY
Opportunity exists for STEWARD through its WASH intervention in the PZs to develop a WASH model
that links with community livelihood, biodiversity and climate change. With the right partnerships and
engagement with the communities and the involvement of government, such models can be adopted by
the sector as best practices. The ability of the WASH intervention to meet the needs of the beneficiaries
will be a strong motivation for replication. For an example, if STEWARD intervention in Guinea develops
service delivery that can reduce or eliminate cholera in a region, it can attract government interest to
scale this process to other parts of Guinea.
A strong disincentive for scaling-up within these three countries is the coordination of the sector and the
commitment of the government to reforms. While this study was not detailed enough to confirm exactly
the level of reforms going on in the three countries, it was clear that sector coordination is still weak in
the countries assessed, especially in Guinea and Sierra Leone. All three countries are still heavily donor-
driven which is a strong hindrance to meaningful scalability.

95
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

7.4.4 SYNERGY WITH OTHER USAID PROGRAMS

USAID has a project it is supporting in Liberia with which the STEWARD project can form a synergy.
IWASH – USAID in Liberia specializes in Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS). Considering that a
suggested entry for STEWARD is CLTS, it can work closely with IWASH in Liberia to impact more lives.
STEWARD can relate to other USAID programs in the area to link health and education to WASH
interventions. A detailed picture of the possible synergy will become clearer as the component of the
WASH intervention is further defined.
In Sierra Leone, STEWARD’s current partners are CARE, Fauna and Flora International, Bioclimate, Media
Impact, Thomson Rueters, and AUDER. The consultant met with these partners during the workshop
organized by STEWARD program in Freetown. There is a great advantage for STEWARD to easily link its
work in NRM with WASH implementation. Two approaches for doing this are possible:
Work directly with these partners in the WASH components thereby making the integration very
direct. A challenge with this is that there may be need to build capacity in WASH delivery for
such partners. A drawback of this approach, is the fact that it would not be as sustainable as
building the capacity of local NGOs to ensure capacity remains in the countries of intervention.
Engage local NGOs to work with WASH and use STEWARD’s current NRM partners to make the
link through a mentoring/capacity building process.
There was limited information on USAID programming in Guinea. Synergy will be possible with
international organizations that have programs in Guinea such as Plan Guinea and Vergnet.

7.5 RECOMMENDATIONS (SITE BASED OR NATIONAL LEVEL INTERVENTIONS)

This assessment shows that opportunities already exist for interventions at national and site levels in the
three study countries as discussed in section six above. Both will have an impact on the WASH sector.
However, the national level intervention may not have immediate impact on the livelihoods of the
communities. Moreover, the STEWARD program is already involved at the grassroots level in the PZs,
which is where the needs are greatest, going by the findings from community level interviews. Site
based interventions will provide faster and more direct impact on community livelihood than a national
level focus.
The site level intervention can still be packaged to have policy impact at a national level as discussed
below. Therefore, it is recommended that the STEWARD program starts with site level interventions.
This site level intervention can also be done under the broad framework of the Integrated Water
Resources Management especially in Guinea and Sierra Leone.
Entry point for STEWARD is Total Sanitation for PZ communities with water and hygiene components
Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is an innovative methodology for mobilizing communities to
completely eliminate open defecation (OD). This methodology, as defined by the Institute for
Development Studies (IDS), recognizes that at the heart of CLTS lies the idea that merely providing
toilets does not guarantee their use, nor result in improved sanitation and hygiene. Earlier
approaches to sanitation prescribed high initial standards and offered subsidies as an incentive. But
this often led to uneven adoption, problems with long-term sustainability, and only partial use. It
also created a culture of dependence on subsidies. Open defecation and the cycle of fecal–oral
contamination continued to spread disease. To address these issues, CLTS activities work with
communities to learn to conduct their own appraisal and analysis of open defecation (OD) and take
their own actions to become open defecation free (ODF). This approach has proved successful in

96
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

many West African countries and has been embraced by the three countries in this assessment at
the national level. It has proved, so far, that it is a very fast way to achieve total sanitation coverage
in communities. This acceptance makes it a legitimate and strong entry point for STEWARD WASH
intervention in the three countries.
Develop community adaptive capacities
Adaptive capacity is the ability of a system to adjust to climate change (including climate variability
and extremes) to moderate potential damages. There is a strong link between climate change
impacts and community livelihoods. Most of the communities visited in Sierra Leone, for example,
are involved in rice farming because the environment where they live is conducive for this type of
farming. The communities are, therefore, vulnerable to the impact of climate change. These
communities will need to build adaptive capacity to deal with the impact of climate change. The
STEWARD program should work with such communities within the WASH program to develop their
capacity to deal with the impacts of climate change as they occur.
Water quality programing at community level within PZs
Water quality in rural communities is closely linked to hygiene behavior. Two important
components—managing water quality at the source and safe water handling along the supply
chain—affect the transport and handling of water. This water handling is closely linked with hygiene
and should be included as a key component of a hygiene training program.
Capacity building – through partnership with local NGOs and the private sector
Capacity building is a need throughout the three countries assessed as a part of this study. One way
to build such capacity is through the implementation of partnerships with institutions involved in
the aspects of WASH that STEWARD will be engaging in. There are two levels at which STEWARD can
be engaged in capacity building—at the institution and community level.
At the institution level, the partners could be NGOs who are already working with WASH activities
but do not know how to integrate WASH with climate change, livelihoods and biodiversity issues.
Additionally, partners could include NGOs that are working in the field of forestry but do not have
the capacity for linking the work they do to WASH delivery in communities. Finally, partners could
be local council and district institutions which could be assisted through partnership on the WASH
program to understand how to carry out their statutory responsibilities.
At the community level, there is a need for capacity building to manage WASH services. In Liberia,
29% of the water points are not functioning. Community capacity to operate and manage their
WASH services will need to be built. Closely related to this, is the need to support the
establishment/functionality of a strong supply chain network. Capacities of artisans and
maintenance mechanics may need to be enhanced where they are low.
These opportunities already exist within each of the countries and simply require making it a focus
of the programing that STEWARD will be engaged in.
Use learning from site-based intervention to influence policy
Often when policies are developed, they are not based on the realities on the ground. In other
instances, policies are generated that have not been fully tested on the ground or there are gaps in
some aspects of policy.

97
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Onsite intervention provides the opportunity for the STEWARD program to develop approaches
within the PZ communities from which it can generate evidence of what works well and what does
not. The evidence generated from this approach can then inform policy. There is also the
opportunity to develop local capacity within the local NGOs and community associations to lobby
and influence policies at various levels of government.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the outcome of this assessment carried out in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, it is clear that
opportunities exist for the STEWARD program to intervene in these countries in the WASH sector which
have direct and indirect ties to sustainable natural resource management. As already identified in the
SOW, WASH coverage in the three countries is very low, especially as it relates to sanitation. This makes
sanitation a strong entry point for intervention in all three countries.
Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), an approach which has proved effective in Africa, has already
been accepted and is being implemented in the three study countries. It therefore, presents an
opportunity as the sanitation approach to adopt by STEWARD and its partners.
Other areas such as capacity building, water quality and environmental management, and waste
management, are components that can be included in the WASH program. A service approach that
involves all the relevant institutions at national, district and local levels playing their roles as set out in
the policy documents is recommended. This way, a model of how a site-based intervention should be
practiced can be developed as a best practice. The outcome of such demonstration projects can then be
used to influence policies through work with local NGOs which can be another means of building
capacity.
While there is the possibility of STEWARD intervening at the national level, this assessment does not
recommend it at this stage as the impact will be seen only over a longer period of time. There is a
greater need for intervention at site level which should be the priority. Some suggestions of what this
intervention could look like and what some of the components could be were briefly mentioned but
these ideas are not meant to be an exhaustive list. There is a need to develop a detailed WASH
implementation plan that will provide details for WASH interventions. This is an area of expertise for
WSA and the organization will be more than willing to support STEWARD in developing such a plan.

98
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: National Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion Committee Members, Liberia,
October 2012

Name Organization Phone number Email address

George Yarngo Ministry of Public Works 0886511171 [email protected]

G. Wolobah Kanwee 0886455530 [email protected]
Bearford Weeks 0886514005 [email protected]
Jeff Wylie Ministry of Lands, Mines 0886815802 [email protected]
Oliver B. Kulah and Energy 0886512225 [email protected]
Anthony Kpadeh Ministry of Lands Mines 0886543034 [email protected]
and Energy
Omarly Yeabah Ministry of Health 0886669906 [email protected]
Amos Gborie 0886611061 [email protected]
Jessie Korboi Ministry of Planning and 0886513618 [email protected]
Economic Affairs
Kpangbala Sengbe Ministry of Finance 0886998426 [email protected]
Charles Kumbly Ministry of Education 0886574678 [email protected]
Zoe Kanneh 0886561671
Ellen Pratt Monrovia City Corporation 0886727368 [email protected]
Jefyne Bates [email protected]
Emmet Watson Liberia Water and Sewer 0886-513398 [email protected]
Clarence Momoh Corporation 0886533814 [email protected]
Gabriel S. Flaboe 0886513239 [email protected]
Anyaa Vohiri Environmental Protection 0886514013 [email protected]
Jonathan Davies Agency 0886523544 [email protected]
Biodiversity Focal Point
Robertta Rose WASH Consortium 077916323 [email protected]
Momo Kamara UNDP GoAL WASH 0886539217 [email protected]
Joseph Collins WSP 0777638531 [email protected]
Christine Ujunje [email protected]
Sam Treglown UNICEF 0886664931 [email protected]
Sarah House 0770139384
Apollos Nwafor WaterAid 0880757808 [email protected]
Prince Kreplah Civil Society WASH Working 0886533015 [email protected]
Group
Augustine Mulbah USAID 077 085 854 [email protected]
Tony Kolb [email protected]
Joan Atkinson 077788650 [email protected]
Maggie Kilo AfDB 0880912918 [email protected]
Alain Pierre AfDB 0886668855 [email protected]
Reid Moor Smith PSI 0880761526 [email protected]

99
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Drake Ssenyange Liberia WASH Consortium 0886926171 [email protected]

Coordinator
Leroy Johnson CHF 0886435589 [email protected]
[email protected]
Ralph Kilian I WASH 0886143933 [email protected]
Joelle Gordon African Rain 0880556994 [email protected]
Charles D. Cooper 0886670426 [email protected]
Lilian Best MOPEA 0886796952 [email protected]
Harrison Daniels NACFECEO 0886591823 [email protected]
Masaba Rhoda 0886139189 [email protected]
Elizabeth Zori Yahweh Adult 0886267351 [email protected]
Abdul Koroma MPW NWSHPC 0886930377 [email protected]
Coordinator
George Whoryounwon MOH/Coordinator/WASH 0886650361 [email protected]
Thomas Davis 0886550678 [email protected]
Bev Kauffeldt Samaritans Purse 0886538938 [email protected]
Taya Raine 0886468298 [email protected]
Nick Street Zoa 0886 452 717 [email protected]
Timothy Kpeh United Youth for Peace 0776443243 [email protected]
Alioune Fall Tetratech 0880337108 [email protected]
Richard Wellington MOH Pool fund 077532129 [email protected]
Kent Bubbs Universal Outreach 077924002 [email protected]
Landis Wyatt Foundation 077010478 [email protected]
Wondayehu Gedamu Tearfund 0886509538 [email protected]
Lassana Dosso ACF 0880419211 [email protected]
Timothy Owhochukwu Concern Worldwide 0886478551 [email protected]
Adam Garley Solidarites 0886531706 [email protected]
Harrison Geneyan Oxfam 0880539004 [email protected]
Tracy Wise Consortium WASH Advisor 0776812110 [email protected]
LURA - Liberians Unite for
Cooper Rescue Action 0886999930 [email protected]
Abraham Powell ECREP 0886551390 [email protected]
Samson Neese ERS 0886527388 [email protected]
Aron Gballon CIPORD 0886477815 [email protected]
Kingstone Saye RIDA 0886442789 [email protected]
Hassan Fahnbulleh 0886570760 [email protected]
Hardii A. Zobombo FAAL 077074810 [email protected]
Tamba Bundor CODES 0886514325 [email protected]
Moses Barclay LICH 0886615915 [email protected]
Norman Tinarwo Pump Aid 0880544235 [email protected]
Liberia Agency for
Community Empowerment [email protected]
Ramses T. Kumbuyah (LACE) 0886550910
Balaram CARE international 0886 797 958
Ambaye Zakewos Living Water 0880487704 [email protected]

100
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the
STEWARD Program

Justin Pendarvis 0777317671 [email protected]

David Matthews EQUIP [email protected]
Morris Gbegasee 0886519711 [email protected]
Lee S. Mason MOPEA 0886546346 [email protected]
Carine Gachen Irish AID 0880-535453 [email protected]
Aaron G. Woods 0886567128 [email protected]
Patrick O. Sawyer LRDC 0886383077 [email protected]
[email protected]
Magdalene Mathews 0880598873
Ministry of Gender &
[email protected]
Jehu Zonue Development 0886283636
Cecil S. Wilson UOF 0886613577 [email protected]

101
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 2: Ministry of Public Works – Division of National Rural Water Supply & Sanitation, Liberia
Roles, responsibilities, challenges, enabling environment and capacity needs
Key capacities needed to perform role / responsibilities

Roles / responsibilities Human Institutional Enabling environment

MoPW Functional capacities: Facilities, equipment,

WASH sector lead (instructed by Executive Order /
funding:
(at both national the President 2012) Leadership Ministry agreement for
& county levels) Analysis, visioning Internet / power / formation of RWSSB
Leads in policy formation as chair of
Policy & strategy development computer access
NWSHPC Internal Ministry
processes Office facilities
NWSHPC co-ordination (see above) support for WASH
Current: Management Logistics
Moving from an implementing activities
Planning Funding
agency to a facilitating agency Resident Engineers
Bureau of Data management Technical
(drilling capacity will be phased out working at county level
Community Budgeting. MTEFs, Financial equipment
to be replaced by supervision, understand the WASH
Services management & monitoring (surveying, drilling,
quality assurance) sector and are
Procurement & contracts well rings, committed to
Responsible for the design,
management hydrogeological/GI supporting the WASH
construction and maintenance of
Technical writing skills S equipment) team and programmes
Planned: civil works
Reporting Vehicles/trucks/sto
Provide technical expertise and
Rural Water Advocacy & communication rage facilities
capacity building to county, district
Supply and Accountability Processes & systems:
and community levels
Sanitation M&E
Manages water points fitted with Policy, procedures,
Bureau (RWSSB) Technical capacities – expertise in
hand pumps for towns, cities and in systems established:
rural areas (rural/county capitals/towns):
Enforce service delivery standards Planning
Water supply
http://mpwliberi in the sector Budgeting &
a.com/ Water quality – testing,
Monitor and co-ordinate NGO financial
treatment
activities in rural water supply & management
Excreta disposal/CLTS
sanitation M&E &
Emergency WASH

102
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

Establish and strengthen systems School & health facility WASH information
and processes to support sharing
sustainability of rural water supply Standard operating
& sanitation. procedures
HR management:

Job descriptions
Salary, pensions,
recruitment
procedures
Supervision,
reviews
In-service training
provision
Transfer between
posts

103
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 3: Ministry of Lands Mines & Energy, Liberia

Roles, responsibilities, challenges, enabling environment and capacity needs
Key capacities needed to perform role / responsibilities

Roles / responsibilities Human Institutional Enabling

environment

Ministry of Lands Functional capacities: Facilities, equipment, funding:

Support for WSSC MoLME as a
Mines and
Leadership Internet / power / computer wider Ministry
Energy (MoLME) Secretariat to the Water
Analysis, visioning access continues to
Resources & Sanitation Board allocate
Policy & strategy Office facilities
(NWRSB) resources and
development processes Logistics
Liberia efforts
Management and monitoring of Management Funding
Hydrogeological towards water
water resources Planning Technical equipment
Services (LHS) resources
Hydrogeological services M&E (hydrogeological, hydrology,
Hydrology services Data management etc.?) Internal
Water quality analysis (including Budgeting, MTEFs, financial Processes & systems: political
for industrial pollution) management & monitoring support exists
Policy, procedures, systems
http://www.mol Collection of hydrogeological, Procurement & contracts for re-
established:
me.gov.lr/index.p meteorological and hydrological management establishing
hp data Professional writing skills Planning the Water
Management of National Water Reporting Budgeting & financial Resources
Resources Information System Advocacy & communication management Board
(NWIS) Accountability M&E
Technical capacities – expertise in Standard operating
(rural/county capitals/towns): procedures
HR management:
Water resources
Water quality – testing and Job descriptions

104
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

monitoring Salary, pensions

Cross-cutting (gender, Supervision, reviews
environment) In-service training provision

105
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 4: Liberia Water & Sewer Corporation

Roles, responsibilities, challenges, enabling environment and capacity needs
Key capacities needed to perform role / responsibilities

Roles / responsibilities Human Institutional Enabling environment

Liberia Functional capacities: Facilities, equipment,

Legal clarity on roles
Water & Policies & management: funding:
Leadership and responsibilities
Sewage Planning for urban W&S
Analysis, visioning Internet / power / including in relation to
Corporatio Provision of technical support to the
computer access new institutions (such
n (LWSC) WASH sector Policy & strategy development processes
Office facilities as WSSC) in co-
Tariff setting and collection of funds Management
ordinating structure
(tariff setting will move to the WSSC Planning Logistics
once it is established) M&E Funding Reconsideration of line
Leakage monitoring Data management Technical equipment reporting Ministry –
Budgeting, financial management & (water quality currently MoLME,
Provision of water services in urban areas, monitoring monitoring, flow would fit more
Monrovia, County Capitals and towns Commercial management measurement, strategically under
above 5,000): Procurement & contracts management construction and O&M MoPW due to service
Management of water resources Professional writing skills tools) delivery and
Management of pumping and water Reporting Processes & systems: infrastructural roles?
treatment systems Advocacy & communication
Policy, procedures, systems
Development and maintenance of Accountability
established:
distribution systems Working with the private sector
Operation and maintenance Technical capacities – expertise in (urban/towns Planning
Water quality monitoring above 5,000): Budgeting & financial
management
Sewerage services & on-site sanitation: Water supply
M&E
Provision of sewerage services Standard operating
Water quality – testing, treatment
Provision of end disposal sites for the procedures
Sewerage & treatment
disposal of pit latrine and septic tank HR management:
Emergency WASH
contents when emptied

106
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

School & health facility WASH Job descriptions

Cross-cutting (gender, environment) Salary, pensions
Supervision, reviews
In-service training
provision

107
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 5: Ministry of Health, Liberia

Roles, responsibilities, challenges, enabling environment and capacity needs
Key capacities needed to perform role / responsibilities

Roles / responsibilities Human Institutional Enabling

environment

MoHSW The Division of Environmental and Occupational Health is the Functional capacities: Facilities, equipment,
Executive Order
Designated National Authority (DNA) of the Ministry of Health and funding:
(at both national & Leadership / Ministry
Social Welfare charged with the responsibilities to carry out:
county levels) Internet / power / agreement for
Analysis, visioning
Community water and sanitation programs computer access formation of
Policy & strategy development
Food quality control Office facilities DCMHyP
processes
Protection and safety of workers and environment Management Logistics
National level:
Port health services Planning Funding
Internal Ministry
Current: Control of pollutants and contaminants in the environment M&E Technical equipment
support &
Health care waste management Data management (laboratories, IEC tools
budget
Division of Vector and vermin control Budgeting. MTEFs, Financial and materials)
allocation for
Environmental & Note: These mandates are enshrined in the Public Health and Safety management & monitoring Processes & systems:
community
Occupational Laws (see below), the National Environmental and Occupational Procurement & contracts mobilisation,
Health Health policy as well as the Health Care Waste Policy of Liberia. Policy, procedures, systems
management hygiene and
established:
Professional writing skills water quality
Planned: WASH specific roles / responsibilities:
Reporting related activities
Planning
Directorate of Advocacy & communication
Promotion & mobilisation: Budgeting & financial
Community Accountability management
Mobilisation and Generating demand for services through community Technical capacities – expertise in
M&E
Hygiene mobilisation & hygiene promotion processes (rural/county
Standard operating
Promotion Provide technical expertise and capacity building on: capitals/towns/urban):
procedures
(DCMHyP) Establishment of
Health & hygiene promotion Water quality – testing,
database on CLTS and
Sanitation treatment
HP
Water quality monitoring Excreta disposal
HR management:
Drinking water treatment Environmental health
Environmental health Industrial pollution
Job descriptions
Promotion of sanitation Vector control Salary, pensions

108
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

Vector control Solid waste management Supervision, reviews

Monitoring/inspection: Emergency WASH In-service training
School & health facility WASH provision
Compliance with the Public Health Law Cross-cutting (gender,
Drinking water quality environment)
Food safety
Progress of HP and CLTS implementation and ODF status

109
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 6: Ministry of Education, School Health Division, Liberia

Roles, responsibilities and capacity needs
Key capacities needed to perform role / responsibilities

Roles / responsibilities Human Institutional Enabling environment

MoE Functional skills: Transport Ministry of Education

Protect, maintain, improve and
processes including
School Health promote the health status of Leadership Office facilities planning and the
Division students and school personnel Analysis, visioning
Computer and internet development of
through health instructions and Policy & strategy
(referring to skills facilities curriculum and training
services development processes
needed for materials enables the
Oversee the construction of Planning Budget allocation for integration of WASH in
engagement with
schools with associated facilities M&E school health activities all educational activities
the WASH sector)
including WASH Data management
Development of curriculum Technical skills:
Teacher training in WASH
School & health facility
Setting standards and developing WASH
guidelines for all educational levels
Curriculum development
Monitor NGO partner
Teacher training
interventions in schools

110
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 7: Matrix of Key WASH Organizations with Projects in Liberia

Key findings for INGO’s

Key activities
Name of organization Area of Areas of WASH Programs Partners in plans to Participate in Appraisal of the sector Additional actions to
speciality policy being aimed at the sector/ sustain the the WASH coordination in the achieve MDGs
addressed by combating (Funders) funding for sector decision WASH sector
programs climate WASH sector making
change support processes
IWASH-USAID Assisting households in disinfection of
well water Community Service delivery WASH CSO Current Very good
Assisting communities to develop and Led Total and equity None at GOL funding lasts Need to refer to the
adopt improved methods of excreta Sanitation (Strategic the Local NGO up to the next Consistently WASH sector strategic
disposal; Objective II of the moment two years and actively plan
Assisting communities to form viable Liberian WASH Funders
water consumer associations (WCAs) Compact) No plans at
to manage the water supply, (USAID the moment
LIBERIA) to go forward.
WaterAid Supporting capacity building in rural Advocacy Service delivery Excellent at the Increase funding for
and low income communities. and policy and equity WASH CSO Not available Moment WASH.
Construction of latrines (Strategic None at GOL (Could not
CLTS activities Objective II of the the Local NGO comment) Consistently Step up advocacy to
Liberian WASH moment Funders and actively raise the exigency for
Compact) (UNICEF such action
WaterAid UK)

AfricaRain Heavily involved in rainwater Construction GOL Plan exists to Support private sector
harvesting of aqueducts Service delivery None at ,(AKIOS go on for as Extremely effective involvement
and equity the Foundation, long as the Consistently
moment Firestone demand is and actively
company) available

111
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 8: Ministry for Energy and Environment, Guinea

Roles, responsibilities, challenges, enabling environment and capacity needs
Key capacities needed to perform role/responsibilities

Roles/responsibilities Human Institutional Enabling environment

MEE Public hygiene Functional capacity Facilities, equipment, funding National Climate Change
Quality control of water in Action Plan
Capacity to New equipment National Environment Policy
areas affected by cholera
raise purchased for water Solid waste management
Key institutions epidemic;
awareness and analysis; strategy;
Monitoring the waste
mobilize Train local artisan A water and excreta
management and launch of
project repairers and develop management strategy ;
- The National Water a competition on hygiene
beneficiaries spare parts supply An implementation strategy
and waste management in
Directorate (DNH) Skills in networks for rural water CLTS approach.
health centres; The water code
monitoring the facilities;
SNAPE (National Development of The environment code
maintenance Processes:
Water Point Office) sensitization materials and The cross sector committee
arrangement
messages on good practices Development of a training for water
Guinea Water put in place for
in the management of module on how to The decentralized authorities
Company all rural and
waste generated from manage biomedical waste; The national sanitation policy
semi urban
health care service Development of water A solid waste management
water points strategy;
provision. action plan
Support the A water and excreta
Awareness creation in to identify and secure
rural management strategy;
schools and landing sites on funding;
communities in
food hygiene in response to managing urban water
their local
the cholera epidemics assets;
project
ownership connect communities to
efforts the water network;

112
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

customer/subscribers
management (billing and
collection of fees);
facility maintenance and
renewal;

113
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 9: Delegated Ministry for Environment and Sustainable Development, Guinea

Roles, responsibilities, challenges, enabling environment and capacity needs

Key capacities needed to perform role/responsibilities

Roles/responsibilities Human Institutional Enabling environment

Key institutions Design, develop and monitor the Functional capacity Facilities, equipment, funding Existence of a
implementation of government policy National Climate
National Directorate Capacity Funding
on the protection of environment; Change Adaptation
of Sanitation and building of the Logistics and equipment
Set the pollution standards; regulate Strategy and Year of
Environment staff on climate Processes:
domestic and industrial waste; Adoption.
National Directorate change issues
Campaign to raise public awareness Put in place strong A National Climate
for Environment Technical
on environmental issues; coordination Change Adaptation
Guinea is a member support
Carry out the process of Strategy was
of the three (3) cross- implementatio Promotion of autonomous
Environmental Impact Studies (EIA); adopted in
border basin n integrated sanitation
Design, develop and monitor the December 2007.
organizations: Niger water Regrouping of all the
implementation of strategies and CLTS approach has
Basin Authority resources ministries of sanitation
action plans for sustainable, effective been developed in
(NBA), Organization management Working with school children
and efficient management of waste on the promotion of some areas to
for the Development policy.
(solid and sludge). sanitation reduce the open air
of the Gambia River
Design, develop, monitor and There is no specific Water defecation, and
(OMVG), Action Plan for climate
evaluate the strategies and action henceforth
Organization for the change adaptation
plan for a sustainable and efficient contribute to
Development of the strategy.
management of household waste; improved quality of
Senegal River There is no new strategy
Carry research and apply techniques environment and
(OMVS) and hosts in addition to the actions
on disposal or conversion of the conservation of
the Regional taken through the projects
household waste and related waste; biological diversity.
Programme for identified by the National
The environment

114
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

Integrated Review and recommend applications Climate Change code

Development of for activities related to sanitation and Adaptation Action Plan
Fouta Djallon (PRAI- conversion of municipal waste, (NAPA) to improve
MFD) Develop sanitation projects and resilience.
programmes for urban and rural
waste

115
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 10: Ministry of Public Health and Public Hygiene, Guinea

Roles, responsibilities, challenges, enabling environment and capacity needs

Key capacities needed to perform role/responsibilities

Roles/responsibilities Human Institutional Enabling environment

MEE  Put together the elements of the policy and Functional capacity Facilities, Document on Poverty
develop work plan of the public hygiene equipment, funding Reduction Strategy
department; Capacity to raise
(2011-2012)
awareness and
Key institutions National Policy on
 Develop regulations on hygiene and ensure mobilize project Processes:
Public Hygiene (DNHP)
these are enforced beneficiaries
Working with National Climate
Skills in
Public hygiene  Regulate and monitor hygiene; school children Change Action Plan
monitoring the
Directorate on the National Environment
 Identify the best strategy for implementing the maintenance
National promotion of Policy
national policies on sanitation, hygiene, arrangement put
Institute for sanitation Solid waste
housing and environment, access and use of in place for all
Public health The problem of management strategy;
drinking water, food safety, hygiene rural and semi
coordination of A water and excreta
promotion; urban water
the sector management strategy ;
points
 Involvement in the design of training Adapt sanitation An implementation
Support the rural
programmes for the public hygiene workers; facilities to strategy for CLTS
communities in
climate change approach.
their local
 Promote and involvement in research Institutional PNAE: national action
project
programmes related to public hygiene; capacity building plan for environment;
ownership
due to increase PAFN: national forestry
 Participate in technical control, supervision of efforts
in self supply action plan;
resource management and evaluation of
PNDA: national

116
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

outcomes in public hygiene; agriculture

development policy.
 Involvement in resource mobilization to
implement projects, programmes and work
related to public hygiene;

 Strengthen partnerships around issues related

to public hygiene;

 Quality assurance for water and food stuff.

117
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 11: Ministry of Planning and Housing, Guinea

Roles, responsibilities, challenges, enabling environment and capacity needs

Key capacities needed to perform role/responsibilities

Roles/responsibilities Human Institutional Enabling environment

MEE This directorate works on all issues Functional capacity Facilities, equipment, Land and estate
relating to urban sanitation. It has a funding code
Lack of qualified
delegated project owner role at national n°92/019/PRG/SG
staff with Need for funding to
Key institutions level to implement the country G of 30 March
knowledge in implement urban
development plans 1992, it deals with
water and water works
It’s main functions on sanitation include, sanitation issues natural aquatic
Processes: area, sanitation
National Directorate participate in setting standards and
for town planning defining specific requirements for Planning issues, urban
and land use sanitation; define the rain water drainage water supply. It
Setting up standard
planning system, disposal of wastewater, excreta also includes
operating procedures
and solid waste; conduct technical studies specific provisions
for the urban water
for sanitation projects and develop Terms on water
sector
of Reference for studies related to resources
sanitation and road networks. management.

118
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 12: Ministry of higher education and Scientific Research & Ministry of literacy and secondary education, Guinea

Roles, responsibilities, challenges, enabling environment and capacity needs

Key capacities needed to perform role/responsibilities

Roles/responsibilities Human Institutional Enabling environment

 Ministry of Higher CERE –Research and Environmental Studies Functional capacity Facilities, equipment, In Guinea, water,
Education Centre is a component of this ministry. This funding hygiene and
centre has modern and independent scientific sanitation
 Scientific Research facilities. In particular, its laboratory has Need for funding to education is not
& Ministry of To date, there provide WASH just about learning
special equipment to do the basic physico- has been no
Literacy and services in schools. concepts but seen
chemical and bacteriological analysis of water. study on the
Secondary Education There is a need for as a package of
Sometimes, CERE can be invited by the Guinea water supply
34, 450 latrines to activities to bring
Water Company to do quality checks for water rate in schools about behaviour
supplied to the population of Conakry meet the national
due to lack of change of school
needs in schools
capacity children vis a vis
Processes:
Technical capacity their environment
Through the National Institute on Education not adequately
Provision of water
Support in the facilitated.
and Research (INRAP), the ministry is points in schools
responsible for designing programmes for provision of
Capacity building of
elementary/primary and secondary education water and
teachers on WASH in
(development of tools related to water, sanitation
schools
sanitation and hygiene and environment facilities in
management in schools). The ministry trains schools
teachers to deliver the above mentioned
programmes.

119
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 13: Ministry of decentralisation, local administration and development, Guinea

Roles, responsibilities, challenges, enabling environment and capacity needs

Key capacities needed to perform role/responsibilities

Roles/responsibilities Human Institutional Enabling environment

Ministry of Through the national directorate of Functional capacity Facilities, Local Governments’
Decentralisation, decentralisation, the ministry supervises the equipment, funding code. Issued in 2006,
Local Manage and
decentralised/local governments. the law on the local
Administration monitor water Funding governments specifies
The new code provides the local authorities
and Development resources within Technical
with the power to create technical services their roles,
their local equipment responsibilities,
dedicated to water, sanitation and hygiene,
constituencies. Vehicles organisation and
to develop partnerships with the private
sector and CSOs in order to deliver water, Accountable for Processes: operation.
hygiene and sanitation services and allow their development There are specific
programmes. Planning
access to energy in their respective provisions included
Development of Budget and
constituencies. among other things,
institutional financial
This gives local authorities new water and hygiene
capacity of the local management
responsibilities for planning, funding and sector, environment
government, Designing
regulation for efficiency and sustainability. and sanitation
standard
management (see
operating
articles 29, 31 and 38).
procedures for
the urban water
sector.

120
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 14: Other Findings related to INGO’s and Private Sector on the National Level in Guinea

Key Findings for INGO’s

Name of Key Area of Speciality Areas of WASH policy Programs Partners in the plans to Participate Appraisal Additional actions
INGO Activities being addressed by aimed at Sector/ sustain the in the WASH of the to achieve MDGs
Programs Combating funding for sector sector
/Private climate (Funders) WASH decision coordinati
sector Change sector making on in the
Company support processes WASH
sector

Plan Guinea Educati Strengthening Strengthen the Not yet Funders: Overseas Strategic Actively The co- Technical support
on health, water, health, water, engaged in sponsors, western Plan has a participate ordination to reorganise the
Child hygiene and hygiene and combating country resource in most of is not sector and
Protecti sanitation system sanitation system climate governments, mobilizatio the WASH effective increase funding
on and to provide quality and provide change international n plan issues in because for rural WASH
Health services to quality services to institutions and which Guinea sector is programs
children (Capacity children. some companies consists of spread out
building, building Build the capacity such as Nokia the child to differed
infrastructures, of families to use sponsorshi ministries
health and best practices in p and
water/hygiene, health, nutrition, subsidies
Partners:
sanitation water, sanitation requests
facilities. & hygiene. Communities, local
NGOs, civil society
organizations

121
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component for the STEWARD Program

Private Water- Supply and SNAPE, NGOs, Not Rural area The Increase the
sector Energy- installation of SNIES, Private available supply and coordinati capacity of spare
Sanitation hand and solar Supply and installation sanitation on is not parts stores
Guinea pumps., training of hand and solar (Could not policy good for
Vergnet pumps, training None at the comment) Upgrade the 10
repairer private
repairer craftsmen, set Moment year old
Company craftsmen, set up sector equipment and
of after-sales up of after-sales operation materials
service service

122
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 15: List of Organizations Contacted with Names of Focal Persons

Sierra Leone

No. Name Function Organization

1 Marian Johnson Admin/Finance Wash- Net

2 Sallu Deen WASH Coordinator Min. of Health and Sanitation

(MOHS)

3 Gabriel Kpaka Meterologist Meteorological Department

4 Johannes Bassie PRO Wash-Net

5 Umaru Conteh CHDO Ministry of Health and

Sanitation

6 Sahr Kellie Asst. Conservator Min. Agriculture, Forestry and

Food Security

7 Saffa Bockarie Environmental Expert Sierra Leone Water Corporation

8 Alpha M. Siaka Research Coordinator Sierra Leone Biodiversity

Program

9 Usman Conteh Ag Deputy Secretary Min. of Energy and Water

Resources (MEWR)

10 Francis Moijue Senior Engineer Water Division, Ministry of

Energy and Water Resources

11 Amadu Barrie Head of Civil Engineering Fourah Bay College

Liberia

No. Name Organization Contact No. Email address

1 George Yarngo Ministry of Public Works 0886511171 georgewkyarngo@gmai
l.com

2 Jeff Wylie Ministry of Lands, Mines 0886815802 jeffersonw.wylie@yaho

and Energy 0886512225 o.com
[email protected]
3 Jonathan Davies Environmental Protection 0886523544 jwdaviesepa.lib@yahoo

123
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

Agency .com
Biodiversity Focal Point
4 Omarly Yeabah Ministry of Health 0886669906 [email protected]
Amos Gborie 0886611061 [email protected]
5 Amos Thompson National WASH promotion 0886334995 Amosn.thompson@yah
Committee oo.com
6 Momo kamara UNDP GOAL WASH 0886539217 [email protected]
rg
7 Augustine Mulbah USAID 077 085 854 [email protected]
8 Alain Pierre AfDB 0886668855 A.MBONAMPEKA@AFD
B.ORG
9 Carine Gachen Irish AID 0880-535453 [email protected]
om

Guinea

No. Name Organization Function Tel. and email

1 Fodé Lamine Mansaré Rural Local Government of Ouré- Deputy Mayor 66 04 93 40
kaba/Mamou
2 Baba Camara Rural Local Government of Ouré- Secretary General 66 95 65 11
Kaba/Mamou
3 Keita Kaba Rural Local Government of Sub Prefect 64 35 76 50
Soya/Mamou
4 Foula Keita Rural Local Government of Secretary General 64 29 31 70
Soya/Mamou
5 Cyrille Lizo Doré Rural Local Government of Mayor
Bossou/Lola
6 Alpha Sidibé Rural Local Government of Sub Prefect (sub
Bossou/Lola district officer)
7 M’Bemba Soumah Rural Local Government of Tax Collector 68 10 52 51/64 25
Madina-Oula/Kindia 54 01
8 Kémoko Mara Rural Local Government of Sub Prefect (sub 62 92 42 18
Madina-Oula/Kindia district officer)
9 Alphonse Foroléno Rural Local Government of Secretary General 69 09 51 76/67 80
N’Zoo/Lola 58 47
10 Lounsény N’Donzo Rural Local Government of N’zoo/ Sub Prefect (sub 66 49 58 88
Lola district officer)
11 Adama Diallo Vergnet Guinea General Director [email protected]
r
12 Mamady keoulen camara Plan Guinea Department Head 24999676

124
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 16: Identification of stakeholders groups, their interest, importance and influence in
the WASH sector in Sierra Leone

Stakeholder Influence Interest Influence Attitude

Stakeholder Name
/Power

Ministry of Energy and Propose National Water High High +ve

Water Resources Resource Commission and
Water Use Board

Ministry of Health and Development of sanitation High High +ve

Sanitation policies for both rural and
urban areas

Ministry of Planning and Allocate budget for water High Medium +ve
Economic Development and sanitation to the
respective ministries

Ministry of Internal Responsible for the High Medium +ve

Affairs Local management of water and
government and Rural sanitation policy
development implementation at the local
level

Sierra Leone Water Supply of water to the small High Medium +ve
Company towns

Water Supply Division Provide technical support to High High +ve

the local authorities

Development and High High +ve

Environmental health implementation of
Division environmental health
policies and action plans

The Urban WASH Support the city authority in High Medium +ve
Consortium the implementation of
WASH objectives

125
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

Support national and local High Medium +ve

National and government in the
International NGOs implementation of national
WASH policies and plans

126
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 17: Identification of stakeholders groups, their interest, importance and influence in
the WASH sector in Guinea

Stakeholder influence interest Influence Attitude

Stakeholders name
/power

MEEE- State Ministry for Task to develop water policy for High High +ve
Energy and Environment Guinea. (i) Management and
administration of the water resources;
(ii) urban water supply; (iii) rural water
supply and (iv) sanitation.

The National Water Aassessment, management and High Low +ve

Directorate (DNH) coordination for the adoption of a
national water policy in line with the
integrated water resources
management, administration of
resources and water rights
SNAPE (National Water Participate in all commissions on the High Medium +ve
Point Office) reception of public water points in
rural and semi urban areas; signoff
studies done by private organizations
or NGOs etc.

Guinea Water Company Operation, maintenance, renewal, Medium Low +ve

rehabilitation and development of
urban water systems for safe water
supply in Guinea.

Delegated Ministry for Develop sanitation projects and High High +ve
Environment and programmes for urban and rural waste
Sustainable reclamation and secure funding
Development

Design, develop and monitor the High High +ve

National Directorate for implementation of government policy
Environment on the protection of environment; set
the pollution standards
Ministry of Public health Implement the Government policy on High Medium +ve
and Public Hygiene public health

Analyse and control the quality of High Low +ve

National Institute for water

127
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

Public health

Ministry of Create technical services dedicated to High High +ve

Decentralisation, Local water, sanitation and hygiene or else,
Administration and to develop partnerships with the
Development private sector and CSOs in order to
deliver water, hygiene and sanitation
services and allow access to energy in
their respective constituencies.

128
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 18: Outcome of Stakeholders Consultation, Guinea

Sector Water Sanitation Way forward

Constraints  Inadequacy of Inadequate resources Existence of a sector

the legal Existing materials are policy and strategy to
instruments inadequate and old manage the water
 Weak cross- Accessories and points in rural
sector equipment are from (PNAEPA)
collaboration different sources
 Weak Weak coordination of
partnership interventions
between private Inadequate resources
and public Existing materials are
 Inadequacy of inadequate and old
the financial Accessories and
resources equipment are from
different sources
Weak coordination of
interventions
Challenges Subsequent to the Lack of specialised Development of
above factors, the consulting firms the 4th project for
diseases borne from Uncoordinated supplying water
unsafe water and Intervention in the to Conakry and
inadequate sector other cities to
sanitation represent Lack of consultation achieve better
more than 90% of framework coverage till
medical Inadequate financing 2030
consultation in all Degradation of water Construction of
health centres of quality from the source the 4th station on
Guinea to the use point (in 90% Yéssoulou
Water borne households)
diseases impact on Frauds and illegal
the regular connection to the
attendance of jobs network (25%)
and schools Old facilities leading to
Since 1990, Guinea leakages (20%)
has been Flat billing due to a lack
experiencing of water meters
cholera outbreak Low income of
every year. This customers leading to
diseases has irregular payment of
become endemic bills (70%)

129
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

since 2003 and last Density of the network

6 months and more Water tariff set by the
In 2006, 3230 government only –
cholera cases were unique shareholder
reported with 218 Low cost of the cubic
deaths (6.7% death meter of water
rate) Low recovery
In 2007, 8546 cases
including 310
deaths (3.6% death
rate).
in 2012, 6844 cases
and 121 people
died (1.8% death
rate)
Opportunitie Existence of an statutory instrument Availability of
s integrated exist (public health different safe
communication code); latrines in line
plan strategy and policy with the socio
Existence of documents exist cultural context
chlorine production existence of state of each region;
units hygiene services and Availability of
Existence of trained trained/skilled staff trained masons
staff for production existence of rules to build safe
Availability of including hand washing latrines;
communication at critical periods Gradual scale up
materials Availability of different of safe latrines
Existence of trained safe latrines in line with even in rural
workers to carry the socio cultural areas;
promotion activities context of each region; Mainstreaming of
Availability of trained the sanitation
masons to build safe component into
latrines; projects and
Gradual scale up of safe programmes;
latrines even in rural Commitment and
areas; motivation of
Mainstreaming of the development
sanitation component partners.
into projects and Strategy and
programmes; policy documents
Commitment and are available
motivation of Existence of a
development partners. national task

130
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

Strategy and policy force

documents are
available
Existence of a national
task force

131
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 19: STEWARD PROJECT III NATIONAL LEVEL DATA COLLECTION TOOLS—
GUIDE QUESTIONS

Focus Group Guide for community

A- COMMUNITY PROFILE

1. Name of community, population (disaggregated by gender)

2. Number of houses/households in the community
3. Schools, clinic, the main activities of households, etc.).
4. Description of access to communities (road network, communication etc.)
5. What activities are they engaged in within the community? (economic, social etc.)

B- DEVELOPMENTAL ISSUES

1- What are the key development challenges faced by community

2- What priority actions have been implemented or are planned to be undertaken to mitigate
the challenges?
3- What role does WASH, health, education Play in these priorities?
4- What partners are involved in providing solutions to the identified challenges
5- What is the source of funding to address these challenges

C- WASH SITUATION IN COMMUNITIES

1- What are your sources of water for domestic (single) use?

2- Types and numbers of WASH facilities within the community(water point, Latrines,
technology types)
3- % having access to these services (statistics)
4- Are the facilities still operational (functioning)?
5- What is the community’s perception on the quality of the facilities?
6- What are your specific WASH service needs/requirements?
7- How will you appreciate the existing WASH services in your community?
8- What plans/structures are in place to operate and maintain these facilities?
9- Do they have the capacity to operate and maintain the facilities?
10- How and where is solid and liquid waste in the community disposed?
11- What are the key WASH issues/challenges in community?
12- Initiatives undertaken at local level to solve these problems/challenges?
13- What additional capacity is required to support them resolve their WASH challenges?
14- Is WASH considered in your municipal budget?
15- Where do you get funds for WASH service delivery and for O&M?

D- COMMUNITY LIVELIHOODS

132
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

1- What is your source of water for multiple uses? (gardening, irrigation, small scale
businesses etc.)
2- What challenges do you have with water supply for multiple uses in your community?
3- How do these challenges affect your normal community life?
4- Have you experienced flooding in the past? How did you handle it?
5- Have you experienced drought in the past?
6- How did the droughts and/or flood affect your water sources?
7- How did the drought and flood affect your food supply/consumption in the community?
8- What coping mechanisms did you adopt in order to recover from the situation?
9- Which institutions provided you with support?
10- What was the form of the support?
11- Do receive support from the Government for WASH services?
12- What activities both human and natural pose as threats to the continued supply of water in
your community?
13- Are there any plans to mitigate these threats and what are they?
14- What kinds of resources are required to effectively implement the mitigation plans?

E- WATER GOVERNANCE

1. Do you as a community meet to discuss issues around water management?

2. Who organizes these meetings?
3. How do members (men, women and children) participate in these meetings?
4. How are the meetings facilitated? What specific issues are discussed in these meetings?
5. When there is an urgent water resource management issue, how do you quickly mobilize
the community to share the information?
6. Who is/are responsible for follow-up actions after the meetings?
7. Do they have the required capacity to perform the follow-up roles?
8. What plans are in place to protect your water resources from pollution and also reduce
vulnerability?
9. Do you have water user associations in your community?
10. What roles do they play in managing the water resources?
11. Do you share water resources with neighboring communities?
12. What plans are there to manage conflicts related to water usage in and between
communities?

133
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

Appendix 20: STEWARD PROJECT III NATIONAL LEVEL DATA COLLECTION TOOLS—
GUIDE QUESTIONS

Interview Guide for INGO

A- BACKGROUND
1- Name, date created, date of official recognition, membership, status and rules of
procedure, Management board composition, full address, etc.
2- Vision, Mission statements
3- Organization chart, Plan territory occupation

B- KEY SECTOR ACTIONS

1- What are your main priority strategic and operational programmes in the sector?
2- What is your area of speciality?
3- Which area of the national WASH policy(if any) is your strategy addressing
4- What specific activities are you undertaking in the WASH Sector at local and national
levels?
5- What is the level of access to services in relation to Technology types and level of use,
single use versus communal use, household vs. Communal at community levels?
6- Do you implement specific WASH programmes aimed at combating Climate Change?
7- How does your WASH strategy address issues of food security at both national and local
levels?
8- Who are your collaborators/partners?
9- Who are your funders?
10- Do you have plans to sustain the funding for WASH sector support?
11- What capacity do you have at the moment to ensure sustainable funding?
12- Is there any capacity requirements/support for you for to effectively do this?
13- Which regional and national level institutions can provide this required capacity?
14- Where does the finance for WASH delivery at communal level come from (funding for
capital investment and running cost etc?)
15- What specific areas would you recommend for an intervention to be focused on and why?
16- In your opinion what kind of services need to be provided in the sector to promote food
security and livelihood for communities?
17- What mechanisms are in place to manage conflicts in the WASH sector?
18- What are some of the lessons you have learnt and how can these lessons contribute to
scaling up WASH service?

C- WASH SECTOR GOVERNANCE

1- Do you participate in the WASH sector strategic decision making processes?
What specific role do you play in the sector coordination activities? (National and Local
levels)
2- What is the frequency of the sector strategic meetings/platforms?

134
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

3- What is the mode of participation in these meetings/platforms?

4- What is you appraisal of the sector coordination in the WASH sector?
5- What WASH Sector capacities exist to achieve the MDG target in terms of fundraising,
providing services, communities’ awareness, and ensuring sustainability?
6- What additional key actions should be undertaken in the WASH sector to achieve the MDG
target?

135
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

Appendix 21: STEWARD PROJECT III NATIONAL LEVEL DATA COLLECTION TOOLS—
GUIDE QUESTIONS

Key Informant Interview for Community Opinion Leaders

A- BACKGROUND

1. Sex/Gender?
2. Marital status?
3. Level of education attained (if any)?
4. Role/position in the community?

B- COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

1- What in your opinion are the key development challenges faced by your community?
2- What practical actions are required to resolve these challenges?
3- What local resources and capacities exist in the community to facilitate the mitigation
process?
4- What is the relationship between WASH services, Health and Education in your
community?
5- What Partners were involved in the provision of support to resolve your development
challenges?

C- WASH ISSUES IN COMMUNITY

1- What are the Key issues/Problems/local constrains to WASH services sustainability in the
community?
2- How did these problems come about?
3- What are your current hygiene behavior change needs in your community?
4- What opportunities, methodologies and materials are there to properly implement and
communicate hygiene behavior change?
5- Are there any existing local resources and capacity to support this initiative?
6- What specific actions have been undertaken at local level to solve these problems?
7- What results were achieved?
8- What Lessons were learned?
9- How can these lessons contribute to sustainable WASH service delivery?

D- COMMUNITY CHANNELS FOR COMMUNICATION

1- How are issues/problems related to WASH service delivery in the community

communicated?

136
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

2- Who is responsible for receiving these complains?

3- Who takes actions if any, on these received complains in the community?
4- What is the feedback process to the rest of the community?
5- How do you go about prioritising these WASH service problems?
6- Whenever there is conflict related to WASH, how is it resolved and who leads the process?
7- What would be your suggestion for improvement in the service delivery process

137
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

Appendix 22: STEWARD PROJECT III NATIONAL LEVEL DATA COLLECTION TOOLS—
GUIDE QUESTIONS

Key Informant Interview—WASH Ministry, Health, Forestry and Environment

A- BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1- What is the Vision and Mission of the Ministry?

2- When was the ministry created?
3- Structure (Organization chart) of the ministry
4- Main priority actions on-going in relation to WASH
5- What is the current strategic and operational focus of the ministry?
6- Who are the Ministry’s main partners in the WASH sector (Technical and Financial, Bilateral
or multilateral)
7- How are these partners identified?
8- What are their commitments to sector strategy and Priorities?

B- WASH ACTIVITIES

1- Is there a WASH Policy? Summarize Country’s WASH policy and strategy contents (collect
copies of policies of finance, environment, health and forestry ministries if available)
2- If no to the B1 above, what are the plans in place to develop a WASH policy?
3- What have been the major WASH achievements so far in relation to coverage rates/levels,
technologies used, supply chains, financing, and policy?
4- Have there been any challenges in implementing WASH services? Yes, No
5- If yes to B4, What are the main challenges that were encountered in relation to the
Environment, Political, Economic, Social and Technical/Technological?
6- What is the level of access to services in relation to Technology types and level of use,
single use versus communal use, household vs Communal at community levels?
7- Have there been any specific WASH interventions to combat Climate Change and also
promote biodiversity conservation?
8- What WASH plans are there or have been implemented to promote and ensure sustainable
livelihoods and food security?
9- What has been your experience with trans-boundary water resource issues?
10- Is there a policy/plan to deal with trans-boundary water resource management issues?
11- What plans/strategies are there to manage conflicts in water resource management in the
sector?
12- What are your budget provisions and projections in order to reach the MDG target?
13- How are issues of pollution, solid and liquid waste disposals managed in the sector?
14- Are there any specific plans and strategies in dealing with these issues in 7 above?
15-

138
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

C- WASH SECTOR COORDINATION

1- Who are the main actors in your WASH sector; both national and local levels?
2- What is their level of involvement in sector activities planning, implementation and
Monitoring?
3- Is/Are there platform(s) for WASH decision making?
4- Who is responsible for organising and coordinating these sector actors?
5- What is the frequency of interaction between these sector players/actors?
6- What institutional frameworks, plans and strategies are in place to promote effective
participation by actors in the sector?
7- What are some of the achievements of sector coordination activities?
8- Are there any key lessons and experiences coming out of these coordination activities?
9- What mechanisms are in place to share these lessons and experiences with other sectors?

D- CAPACITY BUILDING/DEVELOPMENT IN WASH

1- What current capacity exits among the identified WASH actors to implement strategic
programmes?
2- Are there additional capacity requirements for the actors?
3- What Strategies are in place to bridge the capacity gaps identified?
4- Are there any specific interventions that need to be made by other regional and national
level WASH institutions or platforms in order to improve upon existing capacity as well as
scale up WASH programmes?
5- What practical plans and strategies exist or are in place to ensure sustainability of the
WASH services?
6- In terms of priority, which areas in the sector present themselves as opportunities and
require urgent support or intervention?
7- What will be your specific intervention and support requirements from other regional and
national WASH sector partners/institutions to facilitate an environment that promotes
sustainability?

E- LINKAGE WITH OTHER SECTORS

1- What is the link between WASH sectors and others sectors at national level (Climate,
change, IWRN, biodiversity conservation, etc.)
2- What is the level of collaboration between the WASH ministry and the ministries of
environment, forestry, health and finance?
3- What are their specific policies/strategic actions for WASH sector programme support?
4- Are there any dedicated departments/agencies in the above mentioned ministries for
WASH sector support? (Mention/list them).
5- What are Challenges in this inter-departmental/agency arrangement for WASH sector
support?

139
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

Appendix 23: STEWARD PROJECT III NATIONAL LEVEL DATA COLLECTION TOOLS—
GUIDE QUESTIONS
Interview Guide for the private sector

A- BACKGROUND

1- Name, date created, date of official recognition (If different), membership, status and rules
of procedure, full address, etc.
2- Vision, Mission statements
3- Organization chart

B- KEY SECTOR ACTIONS

1- What is your speciality as an organisation(specific WASH area of intervention)

2- What are you key programmatic interventions in the sector at national and local levels?
3- Which institutions have you been collaborating with?
4- Who are your funding partners?
5- Have you been participating in WASH sector platforms and decision making processes?
6- Which of the sector Policy areas does your own organisational strategy address?
7- Do you have any reasons for specifically focusing on these aspects of the sector?
8- In ensuring quality of service, what parameters/components are usually taking into
account?
9- What results have you achieved so far? Have there been any challenges?
10- What lessons have you identified that could contribute to scaling-up and sustainability of
the services?
11- What is the comparative advantage for the organization over other actors?

C- PRIVATE SECTOR LINKAGE WITH WASH SECTOR (INVESTMENTS)

1- What is the role of the private sector in promoting sustainable WASH services?
2- What is the level of government support for your intervention?
3- Are there any strategic investments opportunities for the private sector and which are
they?
4- How have private sector activities provided support to achieving the WASH sector targets?
5- Are there specific plans in place by the private sector/by you, to ensure sustainable funding
for WASH sector support?
6- What Specific capacities do you possess to ensure this?
7- Do you have Specific capacity requirements related to 4 and 5 above?
8- How can these capacities be provided within the sector?
9- What model of integrated approach would you suggest for improving the WASH sector?
10- What specific areas would you recommend for an intervention to be focused on and why?

140
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

11- In your opinion what kind of services need to be provided in the sector to promote food
security and livelihood for communities?
12- What mechanisms are in place to manage conflicts in the WASH sector?

141
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

APPENDIX 24: Scope of Work

Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Project

1. Purpose
The purpose of this Scope of Work (SOW) is to conduct an assessment of the Water Supply,
Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) situation, needs and opportunities in the focus countries and
Priority Zones (PZs) of USAID/West Africa’s Sustainable and Thriving Environments for West
African Regional Development (STEWARD III) program (Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea and Cote
d’Ivoire).

The assessment will be undertaken as part of STEWARD’s integrated program considering

Biodiversity/Natural Resources Management (NMR) and Climate Change Adaptation (CC-A)
components, and will view WASH needs and opportunities within this context.

2. Background
STEWARD is a USAID/West Africa regional program that addresses threats to biodiversity, improves
resiliency to global climate change, and capitalizes on regional opportunities to spread best
practices and harmonize policies. The program is headquartered in Sierra Leone, and focuses in
three transboundary PZs within the Upper Guinea forest ecosystem which covers an area of about
420,000 km2, extending from southern Guinea into Sierra Leone, through Liberia and southern Côte
d’Ivoire, into Ghana and western Togo.1The program was developed to address the significant
biodiversity threats facing this regional ecosystem, through an integrated approach that balances
conservation needs with livelihood and development priorities. In STEWARD’s earlier phases, the
program focused primarily on biodiversity conservation. Starting in 2011, USAID/West Africa
integrated global CC-A and sustainable livelihoods into the scope of STEWARD III. The objectives of
the current phase of STEWARD’s work are to (a) conserve biodiversity and improve rural livelihoods
in critical transboundary landscapes; (b) produce harmonized policies and legal frameworks for
natural resource management (NRM) in the West Africa regional context; and (c) contribute to
national strategic plans on climate change in the Mano River Union states that promote resiliency
in the face of climate change and mitigate its negative effects.

USAID/West Africa now has an opportunity to incorporate WASH funding into STEWARD to
complement existing resources for biodiversity conservation and CC-A. With the addition of these
funds, USAID seeks to expand STEWARD’s scope and integrate NRM, livelihoods strengthening, and
climate change resiliency with increased sustainable access to clean water, sanitation and hygiene
services and behavior change in WASH.

1
STEWARD works in three transboundary PZs: PZ1: Sierra Leone (Outamba-Kilimi National Park) / Guinea (Madina Oula,
Soya and Ouré Kaba sub-prefectures); PZ2: Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire (Mount Nimba) / Liberia (East Nimba Nature
Reserve); and PZ3: Côte d’Ivoire (Taï National Park) /Liberia (Proposed Grebo National Park) and adjacent community
lands.

142
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

Certainly the WASH needs are high in West Africa. Four out of five sick people in the region suffer
from diseases caused by dirty water and/or unhygienic practices, usually in the poorest
communities, and especially among women and children. The link with food security is also
significant, as diarrheal disease due to unimproved services and lack of hygiene is a significant
contributing factor to chronic under nutrition and stunting. Numerous countries within West Africa
do not meet the Millennium Development Goals for improved water supply nor improved
sanitation targets.2 The STEWARD focus countries indicated in this SOW have especially low
development indicators overall, with significant gaps in water supply and sanitation coverage,
particularly in rural areas. Where water supply services do exist, they suffer from chronic problems
of poor operations and maintenance, frequent breakdowns, poor quality of services and lack
financial solvency. Coverage of improved sanitation is low, and existing latrines are poorly
maintained. Both these facts indicate an overall lack of demand for sanitation. Concerted and
collaborative action will be required to develop WASH services and to improve access to them on a
sustainable basis in the near, medium, and long-term.

WASH funding within STEWARD has the potential to support a broad range of interventions in the
sector; e.g., i) supporting national enabling environments and capacity building; ii) site-based
interventions that stimulate demand and behavior change in sanitation and hygiene; improving the
quality of drinking water; and iv) developing or rehabilitating water supply and sanitation
infrastructure. As the WASH needs far exceed the available resources, STEWARD must carefully
choose the most strategic, catalytic, and sustainable investments in WASH that maximize impact
and sustainability, while optimizing synergies with the rest of the program’s interventions in NRM,
biodiversity and climate change. Strategic programming choices must be based on a
comprehensive analysis of the current situation, challenges, and opportunities that exist in the
WASH sector within STEWARD’s zone of influence on the ground in the PZs and within the context
of WASH at the national level.

3. Objectives
To best advance STEWARD’s interventions in the WASH sector, this assessment will:
(5) Assess the current WASH situation and trends in each STEWARD focus country identifying key
issues and challenges as well as current levels of response by governments, donors, and other
actors;
(6) Undertake the same analysis in the three STEWARD PZs;
(7) Understand the ways in which WASH achieving sustainable WASH services connect to other
development results STEWARD - biodiversity conservation, sustainable livelihoods and climate
change resiliency - in general as well as in the three transboundary PZs of the program; and
(8) Identify key gaps in the WASH sector that could be strategic entry points for USAID investment
in the context of the integrated STEWARD biodiversity/climate change program at national and
site-based levels.

2
The MDGs call for decreasing by one-half the proportion of people without access to improved drinking water
supply and sanitation by 2015. “Not on track” means that coverage in 2006 was more than 10% below the rate it
needed to be for the country to reach the MDG target, or the 1990-2006 trend shows unchanged or decreasing
coverage.

143
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

4. Tasks
The consultant Team will carry out the following specific tasks for each of the four STEWARD focus
countries (Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, and Ivory Coast), and three trans-boundary Priority Zones:

a. Collect national information on:

o Current status of WASH services coverage and analysis of constraints to the sustainability
of WASH services (technologies, supply chains, financing, capacity, policy, etc.);
o the WASH enabling environment (institutional frameworks, policies, strategies, plans,
investments, and coordinating mechanisms);
o current capacity among government, NGO/PVO/CBO, and local private sector actors to
implement strategic programming in the WASH sector at the national level; donor activity
in the WASH sector (including donor coordination bodies);
o budget projections to reach MDGs or universal coverage, including life-cycle costs; and
o The role that any regional and/or national level WASH institutions or platforms could play
in learning, sharing of experiences, capacity building and scaling up WASH.
b. Collect site-based (PZ 1 and PZ2 level) information on :
o current service types and status for water supply/water treatment and sanitation (e.g.,
products, types of technologies in place and levels of use, household vs. communal
approaches, single use vs. multiple use, operational status, financial aspects (source of
funding for capital investments and running costs, and contributions of different
stakeholders);
o validation of national official WASH statistics with supplemental local information;
o additional information on WASH service delivery including characteristics of WASH service
providers (public-NGO-private sectors), perceptions about quality of services,
maintenance/rehabilitation issues, fee structures and cost recovery, issues concerning
water sources (quantity and quality, quantity and quality of surface and/or groundwater as
they relate to WASH services);
o local government capacity and issues associated with any decentralized service provision;
o local perspectives and observed constraints to WASH services sustainability; and
o current hygiene behaviors and needs/opportunities (including current behavior change
methodologies and materials, partner capacity (government and other) in this area)
c. Assess linkages between WASH and the other programmatic areas of the STEWARD project
including:
o threats to drinking water quality and quantity that can be addressed through improved
water resources/watershed management;
o climate change projections, vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies related to WASH
service delivery including water source vulnerability, extreme events (floods, landslides,
etc.); responsibility and priorities of national, local governance structures in water
resources/watershed management, especially as they link to drinking water supply/WASH;
o community governance capacity for WASH-related NRM (e.g., water users’ associations,
local government units, watsan committee structure, etc.); and
o constraints that hinder the practice of improved watershed management as it affects
WASH services

144
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

d. Identify opportunities and strategic entry points for STEWARD WASH investments in the areas
of:
o reform of the WASH enabling environment in any of the four focus countries;
o capacity building of government, private sector, NGOs/CBOs, etc. in specific areas of
WASH;
o site-based WASH interventions that are catalytic, sustainable, and replicable (may consist
of demand creation and hygiene behavior change , or include capacity building to maintain
existing infrastructure, or both of these along with strategic investments in new hardware);
o WASH interventions that are synergistic with NRM, biodiversity conservation, and/or CC-A
programming, including linkages to livelihoods and food security; and
o Potential for collaboration or partnering with other donors and partners, including other
WASH investments of USAID/West Africa (e.g., the WA-WASH program).
The team should rank potential intervention areas taking into consideration cost-benefit (strategic
impact for dollars spent); focus on factors contributing to long-term sustainability; potential for
scalability; synergy with other USAID/WA programs (e.g., WA-WASH). Recommendations should
also be made on the balance between national interventions and site-based work.

5. Methodology
The consultant team will draw on a range of data and information sources, including all STEWARD
and relevant USAID project documents, publicly available literature or grey literature from
government or other sources, interviews with key public and private stakeholders/informants in
the capital cities and important provincial/district centers of the four target countries, and
meetings with all STEWARD partners (sub-awardees). The consultant team will also make site visits
to two transboundary PZ sites (PZ1 and PZ2; PZ3 will only consist of the desk study) of the
STEWARD program described earlier. At the end of the site visits and data collection phase, the
consultant team will debrief with STEWARD management, and hold a meeting to synthesize results
across the country-level analyses. The Team Leader will also visit USAID/West Africa in Accra for an
out-briefing and preliminary presentation of results at the end of the field analyses.

6. Key Personnel and Level of Effort

The consultant team will consist of a mix of local and international professionals with expertise in
WASH in the West Africa context, including familiarity with how WASH programming intersects
with NRM and CC-A. In each STEWARD focus country, local or country-based consultants will
provide most of the effort in information collection and will coordinate and oversee all aspects of
the site visits of the international consultant(s). The team will be managed by a senior
international consultant with broad experience in WASH in West Africa who will be familiar with
integrated WASH programming and service delivery. The senior consultant will provide overall
leadership to the effort, and will synthesize inputs of the team and will ensure production and
delivery of the final report.

There may be participation of one or more USAID technical experts on the team, who will
accompany the consultants on the field visits and consultations in the focus countries (this is
exclusive of the attached budget). They will provide their own travel costs, but will need to be
factored into the logistic arrangements made by the consultant team (e.g., transport, hotel and
plane reservations, etc.).

145
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

Illustrative LOE to carry out this SOW is:

International Team Leader / Senior WASH expert (1): 30 days
National WASH and/or Integrated NRM experts (4) with experience in integrating with
NRM programs (1 in each of the STEWARD target country) with up to 30 days each X 3 = 90
days.

LOE estimates include time in the field visiting the STEWARD countries and PZs. All international
consultants will be bilingual (English/French). A different mix of team members and LOE may be
proposed by the consultants.

7. Schedule
Work will be carried out over an 6 week period from August – October 2012, including work in-
country as well as in their home base. An approximate schedule to complete the tasks outlined
above is presented below. An alternative calendar may be proposed by the consultants.

Illustrative Timeline / Implementation Schedule

Week
Tasks
1 2 3 4 5 6
Literature review X
Orientation with STEWARD Team X
PZ1 visit: Sierra Leone/Guinea X
PZ2 visit: Guinea/Liberia/Ivory Coast X X

Consultant team debrief and drafting meeting X

Draft Report Prepared/Reviewed X
Final Report Prepared and Delivered X

8. Deliverables
The consultant team will produce the following deliverables:
 One draft report with analysis and recommendations disaggregated by country and by areas of
program emphasis;
 One round of revisions following review by USAID and USFS/STEWARD staff;
 One final report incorporating comments of USAID and USFS/STEWARD staff; and
 Aannexes of the report will include: a list of people/organizations consulted (with contact
information), a list of documents consulted (and web links as available).

9. Key Working Relationships

The consultant team will work under the supervision of the US Forest Service management office
for STEWARD based in Freetown, Sierra Leone. As needed, the consultant team leader will also
consult with the US-based US Forest Service management as well as USAID/West Africa AOR of the
STEWARD program.

146
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

USAID/WA and/or STEWARD will provide the consultants with all relevant background documents
on USAID programs, as well as information on USAID institutional parameters for the exercise (e.g.,
earmark definitions). All other research materials and documents will be the responsibility of the
consultant team. STEWARD staff and sub-awardees implementing field activities under the
program will help organize field visits in each PZ. Local-based members of the consultant team will
serve as the principal liaison for making local travel arrangements for international consultants, and
they will organize all capital city consultations (in coordination with STEWARD or sub-grantee
representatives as necessary). The contract can pay for additional required logistical costs as
needed, e.g., if an additional rental vehicle is needed.

10. Budget

The following illustrative budget will be used to carry out the tasks described above.

Illustrative Budget for STEWARD WASH Assessment

Please see revised budget attached to email.

147
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

REFERENCES / LIST OF DOCUMENTS CONSULTED

Sierra Leone

1. Annotated guidelines for the preparation of national adaptation program of action, least Developed
Countries Expert Group- UNFCC- July 2002.
2. Report on the identification of Adaptation Options in Agriculture and Food Security Sector
3. Report on the identification of Adaptation Options in the Forestry Sector
4. Report on the identification of Adaptation Options in Water Resources Sector
5. Report on the identification of Adaptation Options in Meteorological Sector
6. Climate Change 2007: Climate Change Impact, Adaptation and Vulnerability, IPCC WG11 Fourth
Assessment Report.
7. Sierra Leone Encyclopedia 2006: Development Assistance Coordination Office (DACO) Sierra Leone
Information System (SLIS)
8. Statistic Sierra Leone (2004) National Census Report
9. Country Status Overview- WASH Sector
10. Government of Sierra Leone (2000). Household survey Report (MICS 2). Central Statistics Office
Ministry of Development and Economic Planning.
11. Statistical Sierra Leone and UNICEF-Sierra Leone (2007). Sierra Leone Multi indicator cluster survey
2005, final report, Freetown Sierra Leone: Statistics Sierra Leone and UNICEF Sierra Leone.

12. Water Supply and Sanitation Policy. Nov 2009, The Republic of Liberia

13. Liberia WASH Compact. Sanitation and Water for All: A Global Framework. May 2011 , The Republic of
Liberia

14. Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Sector Strategic Plan 2012-2017. April 2012 , The Republic of Liberia

15. The National Forestry Policy (2006), the Republic of Liberia

16. National Forestry Reform Law (2006), the Republic of Liberia

17. Liberia Protected Areas Network Strategic Plan-2008-2013 (draft)

18. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (2010) ‘Annual Monitoring and Evaluation/Health Monitoring,
Information System Assessment Report’, the Republic of Liberia

19. Ministry of Lands, Mines & Energy (2009) ‘National Integrated Water Resources Management Policy,
2009’, The Republic of Liberia

20. Ministry of Planning & Economic Affairs (2011) ‘National Capacity Building Strategy, 2011’, the Republic of
Liberia

148
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

21. Ministry of Public Works (2009) ‘Water Supply & Sanitation Policy, 2009’, The Republic of Liberia

22. Ministry of Public Works (2010) ‘The Guideline for Water and Sanitation Services in Liberia’, the Republic
of Liberia

23. Ministry of Public Works (2011) ‘Strategic Plan, 2011-2016’

24. Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) & UNICEF (2004) ‘Village Profile Assessment, Conducted in Sept
2004-Nov 2004’, The Republic of Liberia

25. Monrovia City Council (Draft, 2011) ‘Solid Waste Letter of Sector Policy’

26. Sommer, M (2009) ‘Where the Education System & Women’s Bodies Collide: The social and health
impacts of girls’ experiences of menstruation and schooling in Tanzania’, Journal of Adolescence (2009),
doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.03.008

27. Subah-Belleh Associates (2008) ‘Hygiene-Related Risky Behaviors and Practices in Liberia, A baseline
survey of 1000 communities in eight counties’, May 2008, Monrovia, Liberia, UNICEF

28. The State Water and Sanitation Mission Manuals’, The Swajaldhara Project, SWSM, DRD, GoUP, India,
2004

29. The University of Liberia (downloaded September 2012) ‘T. J. Faulkner College of Science and Technology;
Civil Engineering’, http://www.tlafrica.com/lu/ul_course_master_list_civil_engineering.htm

30. Five-year socio-economic development plan (2011-2015), transversal social content, 2011

31. Demographic survey and health 2005

32. Diagnosis of Access to Safe Water for Rural and Urban Populations, 2006 Sékou Sangaré

33. National Health Policy, 2001

34. National Health Development Plan (PNDS) 2005 -2014, 2004

35. National Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan (PANA), 2007

36. National Environment Policy, Summary report of the situation, 2009

37. National Public Hygiene Policy, 2010

38. National Sanitation and Living Environment Policy, 2010

39. Document on the Poverty Reduction Strategy (DSRP 2011-2012), 2011

40. Environment Code, ord Nber 045/PRG/87 et 022/PRG/89

149
 Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

41. Guinea Water Code, 1994

42. Sanitation Diagnosis Report, 2006

43. Environment Diagnosis Report, 2006

44. National Safe Water Supply and Sanitation Program, 2009

Guinea

1. Plan quinquennal de développement socio-économique Ministère du plan

2011 (2011-2015), contenu social transversal,
2. Enquête Démographique et santé 2005 Ministère du plan
3. Diagnostic de l’accès à l’eau potable des populations en PNUD (Sekou sangaré)
2006 milieu urbain et rural,
4. Politique Nationale de la santé, 2001 Ministère de la santé

5. Pan d’Action National d’Adaptation aux changements Ministère de

climatiques (PANA), 2007 l’Agriculture, Elevage,
Environnement, des eaux
et forêts
6. Politique National de l’Environnement, rapport de synthèse PNUD, Ministère de
état de lieux, 2009 l’environnement
7. Politique National de l’Hygiène Publique, 2010 Ministère de la santé,
8. Politique National de l’Assainissement et du cadre de vie, Ministère environnement
2010 et du cadre de vie
9. Document de Stratégie de Réduction de la Pauvreté (DSRP Ministère du plan
2011-2012), 2011
10. Code l’environnement ord N°045/PRG/87 et 022/PRG/89, Ministère environnement
1987
11. Code l’eau de Guinée, 1994 Ministère de
l’hydraulique et énergie
12. Rapport Diagnostic Assainissement, 2006 PNUD GUINEE
13. Rapport Diagnostic Environnement, 2006 PNUD GUINEE
14. Programme National d’Alimentation en Eau Potable et Ministère Hydraulique et
Assainissement, 2009 Energie (SNAPE)
15. Plan National de Développement Sanitaire (PNDS) 2005 - Ministère de la santé
2014, 2004

150
Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Assessment of an Integrated WASH Component
for the STEWARD Program

General References

1. WAPCA (2009). Forests and Biodiversity. http://www.wapca.org/05.htm

2. Wild Life Extra (2008). New National Park in Sierra Leone sets the Standard for
conservation. http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/safaris/gola-park829.html#cr
3. STEWARD (2005). Performance Management Plan.
4. USAID (undated). Sustainable Thriving Environments for West African Regional Program
(STEWARD). One Pager document produced by USAID, International Programs and US
Forest Service.
5. Hutton Guy and Haller Laurence (2004). Evaluation of Cost and Benefits of Water and
Sanitation improvements at global levels. Water, Sanitation and Health. Protection of
Human Environment. World Health Organization, Geneva. WHO/SDE/WSH/04.04.
Retrieved on 5th November 2012 from
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wsh0404.pdf
6. Bureau of African Affairs (2012). US relations with Sierra Leone. Fact sheet. Us department
of state. Democracy in Action. Accessed on 13th of November 2012 from
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5475.htm
7. UN data (2012). Children under-five mortality rate per 1000 live births. Sourced from
Millennium Development Goals data base. United Nations Statistics division. Access on
13/11/12 from http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=MDG&f=seriesRowID%3A561
8. STEWARD Program (2012). Annual Technical Report. Submitted to USAID Regional Mission,
Accra.
9. Nicol Alan (2000). Adopting Sustainable Livelihoods Approach to Water Projects:
Implication for Policy and Practice. Overseas Development Institute. Working Paper 133.
10. World Bank (2010). Sustaining Water for All in a Changing Climate. World Bank Group.
Implementation report of the Water Resources Sector Strategy. Retrieved on March 27 th,
2013 from http://www-
wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/10/14/00033495
5_20101014040753/Rendered/PDF/571250WP00Box31LIC10sustainingwater.pdf
11. UN Water (2008). Transboundary Water: Sharing benefits, Sharing responsibilities.
Thematic Paper.
12. UNDP Liberia (2012). Coastal Project: Enhancing Resilience of Vulnerable Coastal Areas to
Climate Change Risk in Liberia. Retrieved on March 27th from
http://www.lr.undp.org/careas.html

151