Computer software
Types of computer software, their benefits, and the
difference between these types
Name:
[COMPANY NAME] | [COMPANY ADDRESS]
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Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................2
Concepts and terminology..........................................................................................................3
Basic computer operations.........................................................................................................5
Input:......................................................................................................................................5
Processing:.............................................................................................................................5
Outputs:..................................................................................................................................5
Computer components...............................................................................................................5
Computer hardware....................................................................................................................6
Computer software.....................................................................................................................7
Definition of computer software............................................................................................7
Software classification...............................................................................................................8
System software.....................................................................................................................8
Operating Systems.............................................................................................................8
Programming languages.......................................................................................................10
Application software............................................................................................................11
Database systems.................................................................................................................13
Database system components...........................................................................................13
Hardware:.........................................................................................................................13
Software...........................................................................................................................13
Data..................................................................................................................................14
Procedure..........................................................................................................................14
Users.................................................................................................................................14
Characteristics of the types of software...................................................................................15
Conclusion................................................................................................................................15
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Introduction
The lives of individuals now have changed after the introduction of the computer to it
greatly, it has become necessary in all areas of their lives and based on this spread that it
enjoys, as attention has been paid to producing a different group of it to meet the needs of
all users. And the benefits that are obtained from it are more, and the computer has
entered all areas of life, where homes, institutions and companies are almost not without
its presence, in addition to its basic use in education, and it is considered a tool for
entertainment and games.
And do not forget the efforts of the scientist Charles Babbage, in this innovation, and the
computer was described as an electronic device that takes a series of operations in order
to reach the result. It also enables the user to retain and store information to access it
when needed. The importance of the computer is evident in its many functions, but it can
perform many operations, foremost of which is the treatment process, on top of which is
the logical and arithmetic operations.
The importance of the computer increases with the increase in its use, and it is
represented in the following:
The importance of computers is an important tool for science students, and they
generally rely on it in preparing their reports and educational projects.
Facilitating ways of communicating with others through editing and writing letters,
and preparing reports and documents.
An active element in the success of the educational process.
• The basis of the distance education process, due to the need for a computer.
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The ability to use it to perform some electronic transactions such as completing
payments, purchases, and others.
Using different applications to perform the tasks assigned to the user.
Providing tools and means to facilitate the work, such as tables, worksheets,
presentations and many more.
Computer is also important in filling free time with games and watching valuable
videos, so it plays an important role in entertainment as well.
Preserving and storing information away from the factors that harm traditional storage
methods.
Facilitate mathematical operations and storage.
Concepts and terminology [1]
Data: A set of ideas and facts that describe an object or event without performing a
mathematical or logical treatment.
Information: It is the set of data after processing. Data is the raw material for information and
information .It is a set of ideas and facts that describe something or event after the ideas have
been processed mathematically or logically.
Database :It is a set of data files that are located in information systems without duplication.
Files: A group of homogeneous data elements with a single relationship associated with
describing a group of things.
Records: A set of data fields describing a set of facts about something.
Field: A group of letters or symbols that describe a single reality of something.
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Letters or symbols: A set of binary cells describing an alphabet, a number, or any special
symbol such as +, _ / *, and so on.
Binary digit Bit: It is the smallest unit of data, and in either case, it is always zero or one.
Program: It is a set of commands written in a specific language, arranged in a logical order,
aimed at solving a specific problem.
Commands: Meaning-specific instructions carry out data processing operations so that the
forms of these instructions do not change in the same language.
Programming language: A set of instructions and rules that perform the functions of data
processing operations, according to specific writing conditions and restrictions, and multi-
level programming languages, either with a high-level language such as FORTRAN,
COBOL, or a low-level Assembly language.
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Basic computer operations
Basic Operations
Input Process Output
Input:
Through this process, data is read from the storage medium and sent to the main computer
.memory. It is possible to enter data by using the keyboard
Processing:
It is the basic operation of the computer, carried out by the processing unit, and the
.processing mechanism depends on the executed program
Outputs:
After the processing process, the output of the process is the output. Therefore, the output is
transferred from the main memory to the storage medium for storage or to the screen for
printing as needed.
Computer components
The main parts of a computer are the software part and the hardware part.
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Software is something intangible, meaning intangible
As for hardware, it is the physical part of the computer that can be touched, and it includes
existing and connected devices and peripherals.
The computer does not work without the presence of software and hardware together
In order for the software to work, it must be present on the hardware, and in order for the
hardware to do its work, it must have software that will guide it at work.
Thus, the computer is like a human, the software is the brain that issues commands and the
body is like hardware.
Computer hardware
It consists of the physical parts of input devices, output devices, and processing units.[2]
input devices processing units output devices
keyboard Unit of arithmetic the screen
Mouse and logic. the printer
Scanner Control unit . Headphones
Microphone
Disk Drivers
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Computer software
It is the mechanism through which implementation is carried out or is considered as a
language that the computer understands and through which it can carry out the tasks assigned
to it.
In general, any computer in order for it to work must be loaded with an operating system on
which this system is the one that allows the user to interact with the computer and this system
expresses software.[3]
Definition of computer software
The benefit of the computer lies in the ability to carry out the tasks assigned to it, and in order
to be able to do so, the user must be able to deal with the computer and its components and
software, which are considered as a set of commands and instructions that enable the user to
interact with the computer.
Software examples:
Windows system
Internet browsers
Audio and video drivers.
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Software classification
The basic types of software
System software
Programming languages
Database system
Application software
System software
It’s the software that a computer needs to do its normal work such as the operating system
and hardware controllers used in the computer
Operating Systems
A software group that identifies the various computer components, connects them together,
manages their work, and allows us to use them in our daily life.[4]
Operating systems functions include the following:
Turn on the computer
Managing computer resources such as memory, processing unit, and input and output
units.
Manage and organize files into folders
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Maintaining the confidentiality and security of the computer system
Monitoring the work of the computer system and obstructing the unauthorized works.
Providing an interface that allows the user to run application programs and use them
in his daily life.
Classified operating systems:
Operating systems can be classified according to the property rights standard into two
categories as follows:
Proprietary operating systems license system resources with proprietary rights to a specific
owner, preventing them from being modified, developed, or republished from Dos, Windows,
Mac OS.
Open resource operating systems that license system resources with proprietary rights to a
specific owner to allow them to be modified, developed and re-deployed, including
EduBOSS from Linux for schools and institutes for educational purposes.
Operating systems can be classified according to the criterion of the number of users into two
categories as follows:
Single-user operating systems Operating systems that do not allow performing more than one
task at the same time. Like Windows, Dos
Multiple user operating systems that allow organized access to more than one user
simultaneously, thus performing more than one task at the same time. It is also called a multi-
processing operating system because it contains multiple processors such as Unix operating
system, Super computer and Mainframe computer.
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Programming languages
Specialized software that allows writing code and developing various programs such as
Visual Basic, C #, C ++, Java, and others.
Generations of programming languages:
First Generation Language Machine Language: A programming language that writes VIA
code using symbols that the machine understands (only 1.0 characters). It is a difficult and
complex language.
Second-generation language - assembly language: a programming language in which
instructions are written using special symbols and abbreviations, each of which encodes a
series of binary symbols, namely
Complex language but much easier than machine language.
Third generation languages - high-level languages: are programming languages that use
logical vocabulary and expressions (from human language) such as language, Fortran, Basic
In these languages, specialized software is used to translate the program into machine
language, namely:
Interpreter: Converts the source program written in a high-level language into machine
language, respectively.
Compilers: A program that turns the text into a language that the computer can understand
Fourth generation languages: include database management systems that are used in
building and managing database systems such as, FoxPro, Oracle, SQL Server and Access.
SQL is used in a unified language.
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Fifth-generation languages Object-oriented programming languages: Programming
languages that use the class concept to create objects whose properties and behavior can be
controlled. These languages have two main features:
Reusability : as the class is programmed for one time so that we can use it in multiple places,
and the items become as building stones that can be used in building new applications.
Encapsulation: As the purpose that is created from the class includes the characteristics of the
class and your behavior encapsulated (encrypted) so that it can only be processed by the class
that created it.
Inheritance: subspecies (children) possessing the characteristics and behavior of their parents
(parent varieties)
Application software
The software that is used in the implementation of various activities in our daily life, such as
the sales program, the accounting program, and others.
These software are called: end-user applications
Application software is classified into :
1. Ready-made software: Standard software that is developed by specialized software
development companies to meet the specific needs of specific customers, such as Al
Mamoun for Corporate Accounting.
2. Integrated software: packages are a ready-made set of application software that
complement each other in terms of functionality. An example of an office package that
includes a group of application programs, including:
Word processor
Microsoft Excel
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Database management system
Microsoft power point
3. Custom applications: Application software that is prepared to meet the specific needs of
a particular company. It is more expensive than both off-the-shelf software and integrated
packages.
4. Web explorers: Software that allows us to download and view web pages. Web explorers:
Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Chrome
5. Computer aid design: It is a three-dimensional graphic software used by engineers in
various design processes such as designing machines, testing them in a virtual
environment, and designing buildings, bridges and products.
6. Software interfaces: It is a tool used to enable the user to interact with a computer. There
are two types of interfaces:
Command-line interface: the interaction between the user and the program takes place by
writing the instructions directly using the keyboard.
Graphical user interface: the interaction between the user and the program takes place
using windows, icons, menus and the mouse.
7. Utility Software: They are software used to add special benefit to system software such as
hard disk marshaling software, boot acceleration software, and others.
Database systems
Data: Raw facts gathered about a person or thing
Information: the result of data processing that gives an indication that can be used in
decision-making.
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System Database: an integrated, shared computer architecture that includes the actual data
and specifications of this data.
Database system components
Database systems include multiple components, namely:
Hardware Software Data Procedure Users
Hardware:
It includes all of the following:
Computers and their peripherals
The network that connects the computers of the organization with each other.
Software:
It includes all of the following:
An operating system that manages devices in a computer system, such as Windows
Database management system which manages the database structure and access to
and store data such as Oracle, Access
Application (utilitarian) programs that handle data processing and use in
Making decisions and conducting the day-to-day business of the organization, such as
the program of sales, salaries, and others.
Data
And include
User data: The actual data stored in database tables.
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Internal data: specifications for actual data tables.
Procedure
It includes the rules and instructions applied when operating the database, and the measures
to be implemented in the event of malfunctions in the database.
Users
They can be classified into:[5]
Administrator System: his task is to supervise the general operation of the system.
Administrator Database: Oversees the operation of the database.
Analysts System: Their job is to design a system database and develop a system.
Programmers: their task is to write the code according to the specified design of the
database and design the application programs.
User End: People who use the system to make decisions and conduct the daily
business of the organization
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Characteristics of the types of software
Computer software has many features, including the following:
1. Facilitating dealing with the computer as it is prepared in very advanced programming
languages, dealing with the user in his own language, and dealing with the computer in
the language of the machine, which was impossible for the user to know all of.
2. Save time and effort in performing specialized and complex operations that require a long
time to complete.
3. Achieving tasks with infinite accuracy reaches zero error, and this is what the human
element does not have.
4. Providing the ability to exchange data and information with more than one source, and
produce the final results in multiple forms, such as printing.
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Conclusion
Computer software represents a series of successive commands, arranged in a logical
sequence in the form of a flow chart, using specialized software algorithms, according to the
purpose of each program, whether it is an operating program or a specific application
program, so the programming process begins with the introduction of the process and ends
with the expected results.
It is written in the language of the machine that the computer deals with and understands, and
its external form (interface) in the language of the user. In the picture that can be seen, heard,
or printed.
Software and programming language are among the most important data that have been
created from the computer an intelligent tool, perhaps superior to human intelligence, and
those deaf machines would not have performed their tasks without these programs, and
scientific research centers are still providing more of them, which is unimaginable what they
will be in the future.
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References
1- "application software". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University
Press.
2- "Parts of computer". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013.
3- "What is Application Software & Its Types | eduCBA". eduCBA.
4- Dhotre, I.A. (2009). Operating Systems. Technical Publications
5- "database, n". OED Online. Oxford University Press. June 2013
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