Presentation
on
Terms and Definations
Presented by:
Umamani Subudhi
Department of Electrical Engineering 1 / 17
Outline
1 Transient
2 Long-Duration Voltage Variations
3 Short-Duration Voltage Variations
4 Voltage Unbalance
5 Conclusion
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Transient
Transient
Transient over voltages in electrical transmission and distribution
networks result from the unavoidable effects of lightning strike and
network switching operations
Oscillation is an effect caused by a transient response of a circuit or
system. It is a momentary event preceding the steady state
(electronics) during a sudden change of a circuit.
It is an event that is undesirable and momentary in nature. It is the
sudden change in one steady state operating condition to another.
Types of transient:
Impulsive transient
Oscillatory transient
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Transient
Transient
Impulsive Transient:
An impulsive transientis a sudden non–power frequency change in the
steady-state condition of voltage, current, or both that is
unidirectional in polarity (either positive or negative).
Impulsive transients are normally characterized by their rise and decay
times.
Due to high frequency nature, the shape of impulsive transients may
be changed quickly by circuit components and may have significant
different characteristics when viewed from different parts of the power
system. They are generally not conducted far from the source.
Impulsive transients can excite the natural frequency of power system
circuits and produce oscillatory transients.
Source: lightning
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Transient
Transient
Figure: Impulsive Transient
12
Figure: Oscilatory Transient
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Transient
Transient
Oscillatory Transient:
An oscillatory transient is a sudden, non–power frequency change in
the steady-state condition of voltage, current, or both, that includes
both positive and negative polarity values.
Instantaneous value of oscillatory transient changes polarity rapidly.
It can be classified into 3 types,
High-frequency Transients: These have frequency components greater
than 500 kHz and a typical duration measured in microseconds (or
several cycles of the principal frequency).
Medium-frequency Transients: These have frequency components
between 5 and 500kHz with duration measured in the tens of
microseconds (or several cycles of the principal frequency).
Low-frequency Transients: These have frequency components less
than 5 kHz,and a duration from 0.3 to 50 ms.
Sources: Back-to-back capacitor switching, Transformer energization.
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Long-Duration Voltage Variations
Long-Duration Voltage Variations
[ Fig. Oscillatory Transient caused due to back-to-back capacitor switching]
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Long-Duration Voltage Variations
When the rms value of voltage deviates for duration more than 1
minute, it is termed as long duration voltage variation.
Sources:Load variations, System switching operation.
Over Voltage: An overvoltage is an increase in the rms ac voltage
greater than 110 percent at the power frequency for duration longer
than 1 min.
Sources: (a) Overvoltage is usually the result of load switching (e.g.,
switchingoff a large load or energizing a capacitor bank).
(b) Incorrect tap settings on transformers can also result in system
over voltages. 7 / 17
Long-Duration Voltage Variations
Long-Duration Voltage Variations
Under Voltage:
An under voltage is a decrease in therms ac voltage to less than 90
percentat the power frequency for a duration longer than 1 min.
Sources: A load switching on or a capacitor bank switching off.
Sustained Interruptions:
When the supply voltage becomes zero for a period of time in excess
of 1 min, the long-duration voltage variation is considered a sustained
interruption.
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Short-Duration Voltage Variations
Short-Duration Voltage Variations
When the rms value of voltage deviates for duration less than 1 minute, it
is termed as short duration voltage variation.
It may be categorized into following types.
Interruption: An interruption occurs when the supply voltage or load
current decreases to less than 0.1 pu for a period of time not
exceeding 1 min.
Sources:Interruptions can be the result of power system faults,
equipment failures, and control malfunctions.
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Short-Duration Voltage Variations
Short-Duration Voltage Variations
Sags(dips): A sag is a decrease in rms voltage or current between 0.1
and 0.9 pu at the power frequency for durations from 0.5 cycle to 1
min.
Sources:Voltage sags are result of system faults and also can be
caused by energization of heavy loads or starting of large motors.
Figure: Sag Signal
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Short-Duration Voltage Variations
Short-Duration Voltage Variations
There are several factors which cause voltage sag to happen:
Since the electric motors draw more current when they are starting
than when they are running at their rated speed, starting an electric
motor can be a reason of voltage sag.
When a line-to-ground fault occurs, there will be voltage sag until the
protective switch gear operates.
Some accidents in power lines such as lightning or falling an object
can be a cause of line-to-ground fault and voltage sag as a result.
Sudden load changes or excessive loads can cause voltage sag.
Depending on the transformer connections, transformers energizing
could be another reason for happening voltage sags.
Voltage sags can arrive from the utility but most are caused by
in-building equipment. In residential homes, we usually see voltage
sags when the refrigerator, air-conditioner or furnace fan starts up.
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Short-Duration Voltage Variations
Short-Duration Voltage Variations
Swells: A swell is defined as an increase to between 1.1 and 1.8 pu in
rms voltage or current at the power frequency for durations from 0.5
cycle to 1 min.
Sources:Voltage swells occur from temporary voltage rise on the
unfaulted phases during an SLG fault. Swells can also be caused by
switching off a large load or energizing large capacitor bank.
Figure: Swell Signal
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Short-Duration Voltage Variations
Short-Duration Voltage Variations
Voltage swells can also be caused by the deenergization of a very
large load.
It may cause breakdown of components on the power supplies of the
equipment, though the effect may be a gradual, accumulative effect.
It can cause control problems and hardware failure in the equipment,
due to overheating that could eventually result to shutdown. Also,
electronics and other sensitive equipment are prone to damage due to
voltage swell.
Voltage Swell Magnitude Duration
Instantaneous 1.1 to 1.8 pu 0.5 to 30 cycles
Momentary 1.1 to 1.4 pu 30 cycles to 3 sec
Temporary 1.1 to 1.2 pu 3 sec to 1 min
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Short-Duration Voltage Variations
Events
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Voltage Unbalance
Voltage Unbalance
ü The utility can be the source of unbalanced voltages due to malfunctioning
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Voltage Unbalance
Voltage Unbalance:
Voltage Unbalance:
In a balanced sinusoidal supply system the three line-neutral voltages
are equal in magnitude and are phase displaced from each other by
120 degrees (Figure 1).
Any differences that exist in the three voltage magnitudes and/or a
shift in the phase separation from 120 degrees is said to give rise to
an unbalanced supply (Figure 2)
The source of voltage unbalances is single-phase loads on a
three-phase circuit.
Voltage unbalance can also be the result of blown fuses in one phase
of a three-phase capacitor bank.
Severe voltage unbalance (greater than 5 percent) can result from
single-phasing conditions.
The ratio of either the negative- or zero-sequence component to the
positive-sequence component can be used to specify the percent
unbalance.
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Conclusion
Transients
Impulsive
oscillatory
Short duration variations
sag
swell
Interruption
Long duration Variation
sustained
undervoltage
overvoltage
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