Chap 1: Your First Keystrokes:

 date => display the calendar of current month

 cal 2021 => display calendar in 2021
 cal dec 2000
 clear => clear terminal screen
 lscpu => display ur CPU architecture information
 uptime => check how long sys has been running
 reboot => restart
 pwd => print working directory
 ls =>list the content of ur current working directory
 passwd => change password of ubuntu
 free => display the amount of free and used memory
 df => display the amount of disk space available on ur sys
 echo => print a line of text to ur Terminal
 history “, than ! <number>”
 uname, lsb_release
 exit => exit command

Chap2 : Climbing the Tree

 cd / => change directory

 pwd => represent the root directory
 man hier => read more about the Linux filesystem hierarchy
 cd /home/Elliot/Desktop => , only the second and third forward slashes are directory
separators, but the first forward slash represents the root of the filesystem.
 cat [Link] => see the content of the textfile
 cd .. => return to the previous parent directory
 cd ~ => go to ur home directory
 whoami=>prints the name of the currently logged-in user.
 su “name of other user in computer” => switch user
 cd - => go back to your previous working directory
 touch => update both the last modification and access times of existing files
create new empty files
touch -m => update only modification times
ls -l -u => get the last access times instead of the modification times
touch -a=> only change the access times
ls -l -t => list the files sorted by modification times, newest first
ls -l -t -u => sort by access times instead
 mkdir “name of new directory” “name of new directory” => create multiple new directory
 mkdir -p dir1/dir2/dir3 => create a whole path of directories
 mkdir -p dir4/{dir5,dir6,dir7}

Chap 3: Meet the Editors

 gedit /proc/cpuinfo => displays ur CPU information
 gedit file1 => open gedit graphical editor and displays content/info of file1
 gedit /home/Elliot/[Link] =>create new file named [Link]
 nano => open nano editor
 vi [Link] => open [Link] with vi editor
 cat file1 file2 file3 => concatenate all three files
 tac [Link] => view file in reverso content
 more /etc/services => view content of large file
 less /etc/services => like ‘more’ command but advanced
 head [Link] => view first 10 lines of txt
 head -n 3 [Link] => view first 3 lines of txt
 tail [Link] => view last 10 lines of txt

Chap 4: Copying, Moving and Deleting Files:

 cp [Link] [Link] => copy [Link] named [Link]

 cp [Link] /tmp => copy [Link] to another directory
 cp [Link] /tmp/[Link] => copy [Link] to another directory with different name
cp source_file(s) destination
 copy -r cites /tmp => copy directory
 copy -r d1 d2 d3 /tmp => copy directories
 mv [Link] banana .txt /home/Elliot/d1 => moving multiple files
mv Source_file(s) Destination
 mv d1 d2 d3 tmp => moving dir d1,d2,d3 to dir tmp
 mv [Link] [Link] => rename file (new name was b4 not existed)
 mv d1 d1’ => rename directory
 mv [Link] .[Link] => hiden file
 rm [Link] [Link] => remove files
 rm -r d1 d2 d3 => remove directories

Chap 5: Read your Manuals:

 type <name of command> => category of command

 which <name of command> => determine the location of an executable command.
 whatis <name of command> => what does command do
 man <name of command> => how to use command
 help <name of command> => for shell builtins
 info <name of command> => like ‘man’
 apropos <what we need> => helps you in searching for the right command to use to
achieve a specific task.

Chap 6: Hard versus Soft Links

 ls -I cool_facts.txt => view inode number of file

  stat cool_facts.txt => list all attributes of the file
 ls -s <original_file> <soft_link> => create soft link for file
 ls -s <original_directory <soft_link> => create soft link for directory
 ls <original_file> <hard_link> => creat hard link for file
 can not creat hard link for directory

Chap 7: Who is Root?

 passwd => reset password of root

 exit => exit root
 su – root (su -) => switch to root
 su root => switch to root but the shell preserves the current user shell environment
 su => switch to root

Chap 8: Controlling the Population:

At root:

 useradd -m <name of new user> => adding user

 tail -n 1 /etc/passwd => see the user information
 passwd <name of new user> => set up password
 useradd -m -u 777 -c “Long der Drache“ -s /bin/bash Long => set up new user Long with
UID 777, comment “Long der Drache and its shell is /bin/bash
 su – Long => switch to new user
 echo $SHELL => display the user’s default shell
 usermod -u 123 -c “ok” -s /bin/bash <name of user needed to modify> => modifying
user attributes
 userdel -r <name of user> => remove the user totally
 groupadd -g 888 <name of group> => create a group with GID 888
 usermod -aG <name of group> <name of user> => add user to a group
 id <name of user> => display infos of user
 useradd -g <name of primary group> <username> => set different primary group
 usermod –gid <name of primary group> <username> => change GID of user
 groupdel <group name> =>deleting group
 chown user:group file => changing file ownership
 chmod o+w <name of file> => changing file permission for others
 echo “I am Long” >> [Link] => write in txt
 chmod o+rx /<name of directory> => changing directory permission

Chap 9 Piping and I/O Redirection:

 head -n 7 [Link] | tail -n 4 | head -n 2
 date > [Link] => redirect the output of date to a file
 date 1> [Link] => same as above command ( 1> for stdout)
 echo “Ma r” > [Link] => redirect the line to file
 cat blabla > [Link] => redirect error message to file (blabla was not existed b4)
 cat blabla 2> [Link] => same as above command (2> for stderr)
 rm blabla 2>> [Link] => append the file
 cat [Link] blabla > [Link] 2>&1 => redirect output and error to a file
 cat [Link] blabla 2> /dev/null => redirect error message to garbage collector
 read weather => stored the value entered to variable weather
 echo $weather => display the contents of variable
 read message < [Link] => stored the content of [Link] to variable

Chap 10: Analyzing and Manipulating Files

 diff <file1> <file2> => compare the contents of two files
 du -b <name of file or directory> => view size of file/dir in bytes (du-disk usage)
 wc -lwc <name of file> => display the number of lines,words,characters in file
 wc <name of file> => same as wc -lwc <name of file>
 file <name of file> => view type of file
 sort <name of file> => sort text file
 uniq <name of file> => view file without repeated lines
 sort <name of file> | uniq => omitted repeated and duplicate lines
 grep green [Link] => display lines that have ‘green’ in it
 ls | grep .txt => view only <file>.txt
 grep -i earth [Link] => (case sensitive by default of grep)
 sed ‘s/Sky/Cloud’ [Link] => view content of file with replacing of Cloud for Sky
 sed -I ‘s/Sky/Cloud’ [Link] => replace Sky by Cloud in file
 cat [Link] | tr [:lower:] [:upper:] => view content of file in Upper characters
 cat [Link] | tr -d ‘ ‘ | > [Link] =>output content of file without space and
redirect output to another file
 cut -d ‘ ‘ -f1,3 [Link] => view the first and the third word of each line
 awk ‘{print $1,$2}’ [Link] => view the first and the second word of each line (smarter
way)
 awk ‘/red/{print}’ [Link] => display lines that have ‘red’
wildcart
 ls -l *.txt => view all .txt file
 ls -l a* => view all file starting with ‘a’
 ls -l [af]* => view all file starting with ‘a’ or ‘f’
 ls ls [!f]*.txt => view all <file>.txt not beginning with ‘f’
 ls -l [[:digit:]]* => view all file beginning with digit
regular expressions(in text files)
 egrep d*g [Link] => match word with zero/more occurrence start with ‘d’
and and with ‘g’
 egrep d+g [Link] => match word with one or more occurrence start with ‘d’
and and with ‘g’
 egrep “\*” [Link] => match special character ‘*’
 egrep m.n [Link] => match any pattern that contains the letter ‘m’ followed
by any single character, then the letter ‘n’
 egrep ^man [Link] => match the lines that begin with word ‘man’
 egrep man$ [Link] => match the lines that end with word ‘man’
 egrep “[[:digit:]]{1,}” [Link] => search for all lines that contain at least one digit
 egrep “[[:digit:]]{3}-[[:digit:]]{3}-[[:digit:]]{3}” [Link] => search for pattern
3digits-3digits-3digits

Chap 11: Let’s play Find and Seek

in root
 updated
 locate <name of file> => location of the file
more powerful way: find [starting-point (s)] [options] [expression]
 find /home -name “*.txt” => search for all .txt files under ur /home directory
 find /home/elliot/dir1 -type d,f => search for all directories and file in ur /home/elliot/dir1
 find /home -name [Link] => search location of [Link] in /home
 find /root -size 0c => search by size of file (here is file with 0 character)
 find /root -name [Link] -exec rm {} + => file [Link] has been removed
Chap 12: You got a Package:
 apt-get install <package_name> => install a package
 apt-get remove <package_name> => remove a package
 apt-get purge <package_name> => remove a package with its configuration files
 apt-cache -n search <keyword> => based on key word, searching the package
 apt-cache show <package-name> => view package information
 apt-cache depends <package-name> => view dependencies of package
 dpkg -l => list all installed packages
 apt-cache pkgnames => list all packages that are available for ur install
 apt-cache pkgnames | wc -l => total number of available packages
 man [Link] => sources that system use to obtain packages
 apt-cache policy => list all the enabled repositories on
your system
 apt-cache policy <package-name> => repositories for specified package
 apt-get install –only-upgrade <package-name> => upgrade the installed package
 Chap13: Kill the Process
 ps -u <username> => list all the processes that username owns
 ps -ef => list all the processes that are running on ur system
 pgrep <process_name> => get the PID(process identifiers)
 ps -fp <PID> => get the information of process
in elliot:
 firefox => open firefox as foreground
 firefox & => start up Firefox as background process
 kill -L => list all the signals that interact and communicate with processes
 kill -SIGKILL 4218 => shut down Firefox (PID is 4218)
 kill <-SIGNAL_name> <PID>
 pkill <-SIGNAL_name> <process_name> => like ‘kill’ command
in root:
 ps -o nice -p 1234 => view a process’ nice value (1234 is PID of a process)
 nice -n <from -20 to 19> <process_name> => set priority for new process
 renice -n 19 -p 1234 => changing priority of process (1234 is PID of a process)
 cd /proc/<process_name>
. ls -l exe => find a soft link named exe that points to the process'
executable file
. head status => various insightful information of process
. cat limits => displays the current limits set for the process

Chap 14: The Power of Sudo

in root:
 visudo => open file /etc/sudoers
. user hosts=(user:group) commands
ex: smurf ALL=(ALL) /usr/sbin/useradd => grant user smurf the permission to run the
useradd command
ex: smurf ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: /usr/sbin/useradd, /usr/bin/apt-get install terminator
=> user ‘smurf’ doesn’t get prompted to enter his password, also added the command
install the terminator package
. User_Alias Managers = smurf, bob => create user alias Manager including user smurf and
bob
. Cmnd_Alias USER_CMDs = /usr/sbin/useradd, /usr/sbin/userdel, /usr/sbin/usermod =>
create command alias USER_CMDs including the commands useradd, userdel, usermod
 Managers ALL=(ALL) USER_CMDs => grant smurf and bob the permission to run these
commands

. %group hosts=(user:group) commands

ex: %developers ALL(=ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL => grant the ‘developers’ group permission to
run any command on the system
 sudo -lU <username> => a list of the sudo commands a user can run
Chap 15: What’s wrong with the Network
 ping [options] host => testing network connectivity
ie. ping [Link]
ping -c 2 [Link]
 ls /sys/class/net => list the available network interfaces on system
 ip link show => view the available network interfaces
 nmcli device status => see the connection status of each network interfaces
 ifconfig <name_of _networkinterface> => checking IP address
 ip address show => list the status of all ur network interfaces
 netstat -rn =>check the IP address of ur default gateway
 ip route
 traceroute <destionation> => trace the route to any destination
ie. traceroute [Link]
traceroute [Link]
 cat /etc/[Link] => view the IP addres of ur DNS (domaine name system) server
 nslookup <domain_name> => to obtain the IP address of that domain name
ie. nslookup [Link]
in root:
 echo > /etc/[Link] =>break DNS of ur ISP (internet service provider)
echo “nameserver [Link]” > /etc/[Link] => fixing DNS, using Google’s public DNS server
[Link]
 ping <ur_hostname> => displaying ur computer’s IP address
 hostnamectl => view ur computer’s hostname
 hostnamectl set-hostname <new_hostname> => set new hostname
 ifconfig <interface_name> down => turn off internet
 ifconfig <interface_name> up => turn on internet
 systemctl restart NetworkManager =>restart all ur network interfaces

Chap16: Bash Scripting is Fun

 every bash script must do the following:
#/bin/bash
<be executable>
 chmod a+x <name_of_bashscript>.sh => all + executable
in bash script:
 read <name_variables> => get the user input
 echo “Hello $<name_variable>” => $ sign for using varibles
 var=$(command) => the syntax of command substitution
 <bash_script>.sh arg1 arg2 arg3 … => passing arguments to bash script
 if [ condition is true ]; then
do this …
 fi

 if [ condition is true ]; then

do this …
elif [ condition is true ]; then
do this instead …
fi
 man test => containing all the test conditions
 for ((initialize ; condition ; increment)); do
do something
done
 for i in {1..20}; do
echo “Hello Long”
done
 for i in /home/elliot/*.doc; do
mv $i $(echo $i | cut -d. -f1).docx => moving [Link] to [Link]
done
 while [ condition is true ]; do
do something
done
 shuf -i 1-10 -n 2 => choosing 2 random integer numbers from 1-10
 until [ condition is true]; do
[commands]
done
 function_name () {
<commands>
}

Chap 17: You Need a Cron Job


 crontab -e => edit and create cron jobs
 crontab -l => list their cron jobs

Chap 18: Archiving and Compressing Files

 tar -cf <archive_name> <files> => create an archive
ex: tar -cf /root/backup/[Link] *.sh => create an archive in /root/backup for all bash scripts
in /home/elliot (note that first needs to change to /home/elliot)
  tar -tf <archive_name> => view the content of archive
ex : tar -tf /root/backup/[Link]
 tar -xf <archive_name/compressed_archive> -C <destination> => extracting archive
files
ex: tar -xf /root/backup/[Link] -C /root/myscrips => extracting all files in [Link] to
directory myscripts
 tar -czf <compressed_archive>.[Link] <archive_name> => compressing with gzip
 tar -cjf <compressed_archive>.tar.bz2 <archive_name> => compressing with bzip2
 tar -cJf <compressed_archive>.[Link] <archive_name> => compressing with xz
 time <command_or_program> => measuring performance
gzip is the fastest, xz is the lowest. Disk usage is opposite

Chap 19: Create your own Commands

 alias <alias_name>=”<command(s)_to _run”
ex. alias sort_files =”du -bs * | sort -rn”
alias date=”date;cal”
 vi /home/elliot/.bashrc => create permanent elliot in here
 unalias <alias_name> => just removed temporary alias

Chap 20: Everyone needs Disk Space

All your devices (mouses, hard disk, USB devices, CD-ROM,…) are located inside the /dev
directory

The terminal u are working on right now is, in fact, a device.

 w => view the name of the terminal you are connected

 lsblk => list block (which file represent your hard disk)

 fdisk [options] <device>

ex: fdisk /dev/sdb => create a new partition on the /dev/sdb

A filesystem basically dictates how data is organized and stored on a disk (or partition)
 mkfs –type [fstype] <disk_or_partition>
mkfs --type ext4 /dev/sdb1
 file -s /dev/sdb1 => verify our work
 wipefs -a /dev/sdb1 => remove a filesystem

Mounting refers to the process of attaching any filesystem or any storage device (USH flash
drives, CDs,…) to directory
The mount command only mounts a filesystem temporarily
 mount <filesystem> <mount_directory>
ex: mkdir /games
mount /dev/sdb1 /games => use the filesystem /dev/sdb1 to store our games (mount our
filesystem on the /games directory)
 mount | grep sdb1 => verify that /dev/sdb1 is mounted on /games
 df -h /games => display the filesystem disk space usage
 umount <filesystem>
ex: cd /games
umount /dev/sdb1

If you want to mount a filesystem permanently, then you need to include it in the filesystem
table file /etc/fstab
Each entry (or line) in /etc/fstab represents a different filesystem, and each line consists of the
following six fields:

So, for example, to mount our /dev/sdb1 filesystem on /games permanently, you need to include
the following line in /etc/fstab: /dev/sdb1 /games ext4 defaults 0 0
Now unmount /dev/sdb1: umount /dev/sdb1
mount /dev/sdb1 => Notice we did not specify a mount
destination this time, because the mount destination is already specified
in the /etc/fstab
 cd /games
dd if=/dev/zero of=bigGame bs=1G count=1 = > create a 1GB file named bigGame
 In some unfortune situations, you may run into an issue where your system will not boot because
of a corrupted filesystem
 fsck -y /dev/sdb1 => check and repair filesystems

LVM to the rescue:

Logical Volume Manager (LVM) offers a better alternative for managing filesystems
Three layers of abstraction:

 Physical volume can be whole disks (/dev/sdb) or partitions (/dev/sdb1).

 Volume Group can be composed of one or more physical volumes.
 Multiple logical volume can belong to the same volume group. You can create filesystem on
logical volumes
 pvcreate <disk_or_partition> => create a physical volume
ex: pvcreate /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb3
 pvs => list all physical volumes
 vgcreate <vg_name> <PV1 PV2 PV3 …>
ex: vgcreate myvg /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb3
 vgs => list all volume groups
 lvcreate –size 2G –name <lv_name> <vg_name>
ex: lvcreate –size 2G –name mybooks myvg
lvcreate –size 500M –name myprojects myvg
 lvs => list all logical volumes
Your logical volumes are represented in the device mapper directory /dev/mapper
 mkfs –type ext4 /dev/mapper/myvg-mybooks => create an ext4 filesystem on our mybooks
logical volume
 mkfs –type ext4 /dev/mapper/myvg-myprojects
 mkdir /books /projects
mount both filesystems:
 mount /dev/mapper/myvg-mybooks /books
 mount /dev/mapper/myvg-myprojects /projects


 Change to the /books and create a 1GB file named book1:

cd /books
dd if=/dev/zero of=book1 bs=1G count=1
 dd if=/dev/zero of=book2 bs=900M count=1

Extending logical volumes:

 We can use the lvextend command to increase size of lvs:
ex: lvextend -r –size +1G /dev/mapper/myvg-mybooks
lvextend -r -l +100%FREE /dev/mapper/myvg-myprojects
 myvg ran out of space

Extending volume groups

 vgextend myvg /dev/sdb4