LAB 4

FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

MEKANIKAL DAN PEMBUATAN
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

BMMH 2303 THERMODYNAMICS (TERMODINAMIK)

LAB SHEET 4

HEAT PUMP

Learning Outcome LO2 Follow instructions in laboratory sheets when conducting

(LO):
thermodynamics experiments.
Program Outcome: PO5 Ability to select and apply appropriate techniques, resources and
modern engineering tools, with an understanding of their limitations.
Synopsis: This lab activity will enrich students’ knowledge of Mechanical Heat Pump. Students
are exposed to the concept of heat pump and identifying the relationship between
heat output and electrical input (coefficient of performance).

Related Lecture’s 1. Heat Pump (Topic 4)

Topic:

Prepared by: Mohamed Saiful Firdaus Hussin Date: 05 October 2020

Approved by Dr Muhammad Ilman Hakimi Chua bin Date

LM/SLM/HOD Abdollah

QMS : REVISION RECORDS

Revisio Date Approved by

Description Prepared by :
n No (DD/MM/Y LM/SLM/HO
Y) D:
 STUDENT’S NAME MATRIX NO:
S1. MOHD SYAFIQ BIN ALI AHMAD B092010154
S2. AHMAD IZHAM BIN NOR AFANDI B092010130
S3. SARVEEN A/L NARINDRA MOHAN KUMAR B092010354
S4. MOHD HAMIZAN BIN MOHD RIDZWAN B092010050
S5.

BMMM 1 / 2
PROGRAMME
JUNE 2021
YEAR
 1.0 INTRODUCTION

A heat pump is the type of heat engine that operates reversely. When the heat pump is
left alone heat moves from hot region to cool location. What needs to be understood is that
heat pump does not pump heat from an area of the cold reservoir to hot reservoir, similarly to
a refrigerator that pumps out the present heat out of its colder interior parts to the outside
warmer room or pumps the heat from inside the house during the winter periods to the
refrigerator. In the situation of thermal efficiency instruments, heat is taken from the cold
reservoir and then transferred to a warmer location ( Fatouh and Elgend, 2011).

The theory of heat pump is based on the heat transfer principle that states that heat
moves from a region of high temperatures to a region of low temperatures. For instance, if a
heat transfer is kept at lower temperatures than its surrounding then it can pick temperatures
from its [Link] the refrigerating system, if the evaporator is maintained at lower
temperatures than its surrounding, then it will be able to obtain heat from the surrounding. In
the case where the evaporator is mounted outdoors and the is working in a temperature of
18°C equivalent to 0° F ,It will pick heat from the air even when the temperature
measurements of the outside is between 10° F to 15°F(-12° C to -9°C).In the case when the
compressor compacts the refrigerant after evaporation to a temperature of 120° F to 140°F
(49°C to 60°).The hot refrigerant discharges heat to the surroundings. That is it obtains that
heat that is inside the building. Refrigerating systems are special types of heat pumps. They
are transfer heat from one place to another. Refrigerating systems obtain heat at minimal
temperatures and releasing it at a higher temperature. Condensers and evaporators are the
heat pumps in the refrigerating systems. They are heat transfers devices, and they are used for
heating and cooling respectively.

Heat Pump Cycle is widely used in industries and homes. The heat pump is heat transferring
mechanism (Fischer and Madani, 2017). The evaporator is used to absorb heat in one
location and releasing the heat through the evaporator to another location. Some
refrigerating systems can reverse their services thus making the evaporator function as a
condenser and the evaporator as the condenser. By doing so, the heat flow is reversed. By
use of the special reversing valve, the system either cools or heats the space. The heat flow
via the compressor follows the same direction always. Hampden Model H-6830 Mechanical
Heat Pump Trainer is a kind of system which is not reversible. Heat pumps apply
compression refrigerating system type which is similar to a regular refrigerating system.
They are made of two main heat transfer surfaces. The liquid refrigerant flows in the
evaporator where it carries away the available heat and transfers when it is vaporized. After
vaporization, the vapor is taken to the compressor where it is compressed at high
temperatures and later pumped into the refrigerator condenser. At this point, the condenser
has higher temperatures than its surrounding thus heat is released to another location in the
form of hot water. The compressed vapor condenses thus giving out the heat of vaporization
changes back to liquid state.
 2.0 THEORY

A heat pump is a system that takes always heat from the wastewater or the
surrounding to make important heat which has higher temperatures than the surrounding
temperatures. That is to mean that heat pumps take absorbs heat from its surroundings to
maximise its interior heat content. The heat pump has more heat than the heat from the
source. The main point in all types of heat pumps is that heat energy is obtained through a
medium which transfers the obtained heat at a higher temperature than after undergoing some
chemical and physical transformation. The technology of heat pump has attracted many
industries in their technology of saving energy. The sectors in which heat pump has widely
been used include; heating in houses, recovering waste heat in industries for steam production
and water heating process for use in cleaning and sanitation. There exist three types of heat
pump systems today;

i. Electric and engine drove heat pump which is Closed cycle vapor compression heat
pumps
ii. Heat transformers heat pumps which are an absorption heat pump.
iii. Mechanical vapor recompression heat pumps which operate about at 200oc.

There is no difference in principle between a heat pump (Figure 1) and a refrigeration system (Figure 2). In a
heat pump the heat which is rejected by the condenser or heat exchanger is used for heating purposes. The
condenser is therefore located within the space to be heated, such as a room within a building. On the other
hand, the evaporator is located externally and draws its supply of heat from a source at a lower temperature
than that in the condenser. In practical, the heat source of heat pump is often the atmosphere, but sometimes a
river or soil is used instead.

The only difference with air conditioning/refrigeration system is that the heat pump system intended to cool a
separate source of heat and disposes the heat into the occupied area. Rating of heat pump is done by the ratio
of heat output to electrical input, which is called the Coefficient of Performance (COP).

Both of those systems can be summarized in figures below.

Figure 1 Heat Pump System Figure 2 Air Conditioning/Refrigeration

APPLICATION OF THERMODYNAMICS

Heat Pumps in Industry

Industrial heat pumps are used to recover or make best use of heat in manufacturing processes or in public
utilities such as energy generation & distribution. They vary enormously in both size and concept, but most
are specially designed for the application. In the UK the best seller is the dehumidifier/dryer for batch
drying ovens, e.g. for textiles or wood, where duties of a few kW are typical. In Japan, Sweden and the
Netherlands, multi-MW heat transformers operating on the absorption cycle are used for waste heat recovery
in petrochemical and steel works.

Domestic Heat Pumps

Heat pumps are a feature of many homes in, for example, Switzerland, Norway and the Netherlands, but not
many systems have been installed in the UK.

Domestic heating only heat pumps can compete environmentally and economically with gas heating. Reversible
heat pumps, which can also provide summer cooling, are not as efficient as those designed for heating
only and are likely to result in higher heating bills and overall greater environmental impact compared
to other fuels. The output of currently available domestic heat pumps is limited to approximately 5 kW so
they are best suited to small or very well insulated properties.
3.0 OBJECTIVE

1) To measure the coefficient of performance of refrigeration and heat pump

2) To investigate the relationship process temperature, pressure and refrigerant phase
condition of the refrigeration cycle and heat cycle.
3) To measure refrigeration cycle enthalpy data.
4.0 EXPERIMENT APPARATUS

Figure 1: Heat pump cycle

 Figure 2 Mechanical Heat Pump

5.0 PROCEDURE

Experiment 1 : Introduction Of Refrigeration Cycle Preparation

1. Ensure the water filled up to 2/3 in the chill tank.

2. Power supply to the equipment is ready, i.e. 415V 3phase.
3. Boot up the computer DAQ software (cooling system)

Procedure Of Start Up

1. Switch ON the equipment main power switch. (SW1)

2. Switch ON the chiller power switch. (SW4)
3. Select mode, by selecting the heat pump or refrigeration switch to “REF” refrigeration mode. (SW3)
4. Switch ON the compressor. (SW2)
5. Allow the refrigeration cycle to run for 5 to 10 [Link] only start take the value in Table 1.
Experiment 2 : Introduction Of Heat Pump Cycle Preparation

1. Boot up the computer DAQ software. (Heater system)

Procedure of start up

1. Switch OFF the compressor for 10 seconds. (SW2)

2. Select mode, by selecting the heat pump or refrigeration switch to “HP” refrigeration mode. (SW3)
3. Switch ON the compressor. (SW2)
4. Allow the system to run for 5 to 10 minutes, until the temperature and pressure reading are in steady
condition.
Record the temperature and pressure reading fill into Table 2 below. Refer to DAQ software screen or
at the touch screen display unit for all the data.
6.0 RESULT

EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR E GROUP

Table 1 Refrigeration cycle process data

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 P1 P2 FM / POWER
WATER

°C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C Bar Bar LPM Watt

65 23 25 −¿ 20 74 18 21 12.00 3.50 8 2900

6

a) Elaborate the process temperature, pressure and refrigerant phase condition of the
refrigeration cycle.
The refrigeration cycle basically divide into high pressure and low pressure side.
From compressor outlet to of expansion valve is consider as high pressure side. After
expansion valve to compression suction is consider low pressure side.

1. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as high pressure vapor. i.e. P1 = 12.00 Bar,
T1 = 65 °C, phase is vapor partial liquid super heated.

2. This high pressure vapour then enters the condenser where water circulate around
the coils of the condenser, cooling the refrigerant inside and condensing it in to a
high pressure liquid. Therefore the temperature drop after the condenser. i.e. T1 =
65 °C and T5 = 20 °C.

3. The high pressure liquid then flows through the metering device ( expansion valve
) where it expands in the low pressure environment and enters the evaporator.
Therefore, temperature start dropping. i.e. T4 = −¿6 °C. P2 = 3.50 Bar.

4. Inside the evaporator coil, a fan blows ambient air flow to reject the heat into the
refrigerant. Therefore the temperature is dropping. As its heat is absorbed by the
low pressure refrigerant changing state from a liquid to a vapour ( boiling off )

.
5. As the low pressure refrigerant vapour emerges from the evaporator it then enters
the compressor and the cycle begins again.

Table 2 Heat cycle process data

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 P1 P2 FM / POWER
WATER

°C °C °C °C °C °C °C °C Bar Bar LPM Watt

72 22 80 24 0 15 17 20 12.50 2.50 8 2900

b) Elaborate the process temperature, pressure and refrigerant phase condition of the
 heat cycle.

The heat cycle basically divide into high pressure and low pressure side. From
compressor outlet to of expansion valve is consider as high pressure side. After
expansion valve to compression suction is consider low pressure side.

1. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as high pressure vapour. i.e. P1 = 12.50
Bar, T1 = 72 °C, phase is vapor partial liquid super heated.

2. This high pressure vapour then enters the condenser where a fan blows ambient
air over the coils of the condenser, cooling the refrigerant inside and condensing it
in to a high pressure liquid. Therefore the temperature drop the condenser i.e. T1
= 72 °C and T4 = 24 °C.

3. The high pressure liquid then flows through the metering device ( expansion valve
) where expands in the low pressure environment and enters the evaporator,
therefore temperature start dropping. i.e. T5 = 0 °C. P2 = 2.50 Bar.

4. Inside the evaporator coil, the water circulate in it to reject the heat into the
refrigerant. Therefore the water temperature is dropping. As its heat is absorbed
by the low pressure refrigerant changing state from a liquid to a vapour ( boiling
off ).

5. As the low pressure refrigerant vapour emerges from the evaporator it then enters
the compressor and the cycle begin again.

c) Refer to process data collected in experiment 1 (Table 1). Draw the cycle data into the given P-
h diagram below.
d) Find out h1, h2, h3 & h4, fill in Table 3 below.

h1 h2 h3 h4

kJ / kg kJ / kg kJ / kg kJ / kg

410 445 220 220

e) Calculate the refrigeration cycle COP

(h1  h 4)

COP refrigeration (h 2  h1)

(410  220)
= (445  410)

= 5.4 %

f) Calculate the heat pump cycle COP

(h 2  h3)
COP heat pump = ( h2  h1)

(445  220)
= (445  410)

= 6.4 %

g) Compare your calculated Refrigeration cycle and heat pump COP with book
published data, does it meet the requirement of COPHP = COPREF + 1, if does
or not please elaborates the reason.

From the data table 3, the COPREF = 5.4 and COPHP = 6.4. The COPHP is
almost equal to COPREF = 1
h) Base on the equation below; calculate the overall

COP. Refrigeration output QL

QL = m x cp x △T.

where m is water mass flow rate (

kg/second ). cp is specific heat
capacity of water 4.2 kJ/kg• ºC ΔT is
temperature change in water (ºC )
Density of water is 1000kg/m³.

QL = m x cp x △T
= 10/60 kg/s x 4.2 kJ / kg ºC x 3 ºC
= 2.1 kW

i) Calculate the overall COP of the refrigeration machine.

Overall COP = QL / Power in

= 2.1 kWz / 3kWz
= 0.7
 7.0 DISCUSSIONS

The primary goal of this lab experiment was to measure the coefficient of

performance of a heat pump. To achieve this objective, the study was guided by three

specific objectives; first, to calculate the rate of heat output desired. Second, compute,

calculate the actual coefficient of performance COP. Thirdly, to calculate the maximum
(Carnot) coefficient of performance COP. This study did achieve all these [Link]

calculating the coefficient of performance of heat pump, it was essential to compute the Rate

of heat output desired (QH) and required [Link] reason to start by calculating the rate of

heat desired and required input is that actual coefficient of performance is calculated by

taking the ratio of the rate of Rate of heat output desired (QH) and required heat. From the

refrigeration cycle process data ( Table 1 ) and Heat cycle process data ( Table 2 ), there are

positive relationship between the mass rate of flow of the water and rate of heat output

desired. A low rate of flow of the water in condenser means that heat will be lost than in a

condenser where the rate of flow is faster. The higher the temperature difference, the smaller

the rate of heat output required. Refrigeration cycle process data ( Table 1 ) and Heat cycle

process data ( Table 2 ) above illustrates the relationship between the rate of heat output

required and mass rate of flow of water and the relationship between temperature difference

and rate of heat Refrigeration output desired(QL). Also, the finding indicates that there is a

positive relationship between the mass rate of flow of the water and rate of heat output

desired. A low rate of flow of the water in condenser means that heat will be lost than in a

condenser where the rate of flow is faster. The higher the temperature difference, the smaller

the rate of heat output required. The actual coefficients of performance of heat pump were

found to be 6.4 %.

In the results section, we found that there is a positive relationship between the rate of

mass flow of water and rate of heat desired. .In thermodynamics rate of heat desired

principles states that transfer of heat is equivalent to the rate of mass flow of water multiplied

by the specific heat of water which is a constant time delta T (The difference between water

out temperature and water in temperature). The rate of heat desired is directly proportional to

the rate of mass flow of [Link] higher the rate of mass flow of water the higher the rate of

the heat of heat desired. The low rate of mass flow of water means that water will take more
time in the condenser and thus absorb more heat from the surrounding. The higher the

temperature difference, the smaller the rate of heat required.

A cooling mechanism is used in many sectors. Some of the examples of the

application of heat pump systems are; Heat Pump Cycle is widely used in industries and

homes (Fischer and Madani, 2013). The heat pump is heat transferring mechanism. The

evaporator is used to absorb heat in one location and releasing the heat through the

evaporator to another location. Some refrigerating systems can reverse their services thus

making the evaporator function as a condenser and the evaporator as the condenser. By doing

so, the heat flow is reversed. By use of the special reversing valve, the system either cools or

heats the space. The heat flow via the compressor follows the same direction always.

Hampden Model H-6830 Mechanical Heat Pump Trainer is a kind of system which is not

reversible. Heat pumps apply compression refrigerating system type which is similar to a

regular refrigerating system. They are made of two main heat transfer surfaces. The liquid

refrigerant flows in the evaporator where it carries away the available heat and transfers when

it is vaporized. After vaporization, the vapor is taken to the compressor where it is

compressed at high temperatures and later pumped into the refrigerator condenser. At this

point, the condenser has higher temperatures than its surrounding thus heat is released to

another location in the form of hot water. Heat pump system is also applied in heat pump

provide an efficient alternative for most of the homes which have electric water heaters.

The theoretical and experimental calculation results are different from each [Link]

to mean that the findings of the study cannot be equivalent to theoretical values due to several

reasons (Lee et al., 2012).One of the main reason as to why the results may be due to reading

mistakes which are made on the log p-h diagram of the refrigerant. The other reason is that

the theoretical results depend on idealized cycle. There also other factors that cause the

difference like friction, heat loss etc. The amount of power which is supplied to the heat
pump compressor is higher than the actual theoretical measurements. Experimental errors

may also happen due to variation in the rate of mass flow of water in the system which leads

to wrong results. The other reason may be due to a wrong reading of the experimental results

by the researcher. Individual errors made when reading the values of the experimental

apparatus. Sensitivity in the measuring instruments can lead to experimental errors. The

sensitivity of the instrument used in the measurement may be very important. An instrument

that is not sensitive may lead to wrong results due to their ineffectiveness of the instrument to

detect changes (Woo et al., 2013).

The study recommends further experiments to ensure that all instruments used in the

study are in good condition to avoid the problem of lack of sensitivity to some instruments.

This can facilitate by first doing a pre-test on the apparatus before the actual experiment. Pre-

test ensures that the instruments with some defaults are repaired or replaced by other

apparatus. The researcher should also avoid reading errors and record [Link] challenge is

a serious problem that cannot be fully eliminated from any experiment. The limitation can be

minimized by ensuring that two or more members are doing the same experiment so that

there is confirmation before recording the findings.

8.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the lab experiment achieved the primary goal of the study which was to

measure the coefficient of performance of refrigeration and the coefficient of performance of

heat pump. The actual coefficients of performance of refrigeration were found to be 5.4,

while the coefficient of performance of heat pump is 6.4 .The lab experiment also has been

successfully investigate the relationship process temperature, pressure and refrigerant phase condition of

the refrigeration cycle and heat cycle. Lastly, measure the enthalpy for refrigeration cycle data has been

successfully measured in this lab experiment.