TEST-3 SOLUTIONS
Subject: Advanced Computer Architecture
1) Consider the following pipeline reservation table.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
S1
X X X
S2 X X
X X X
S3
(a) What are the forbidden latencies?
(b) Draw the state transition diagram.
(c) List all the simple cycles and greedy cycles.
(d) Determine the optimal constant latency cycle and the minimal average latency.
(e) Let the pipeline clock period be τ = 20 ns. Determine the throughput of the pipeline.
(10
Marks)
Sol:
Forbidden latencies: 2, 4, 5 and 7
Permissible latencies: 1, 3, 6 and 8
Collision vector: C7C6C5C4C3C2C1 = 1011010
CASE 1: latency 3
Present state 1011010
Collision vector 1011010
PS with 3 shifts + 0001101
Next state 1011011
Present state 1011011 Present state 1011011
Collision vector 1011010 Collision vector 1011010
PS with 3 shifts + 0001011 PS with 8 shifts + 0000000
Next state 1011011 Next state 1011010
CASE 2: latency 6
Present state 1011010
Collision vector 1011010
PS with 6 shifts + 0000001
Next state 1011011
Present state 1011011 Present state 1011011
Collision vector 1011010 Collision vector 1011010
PS with 6 shifts + 0000001 PS with 8 shifts + 0000000
Next state 1011011 Next state 1011010
CASE 3: latency 1
Present state 1011010
Collision vector 1011010
PS with 1 shifts + 0101101
Next state 1111111
CASE 4: latency 8
Present state 1111111 Present state 1011010
Collision vector 1011010 Collision vector 1011010
PS with 8 shifts + 0000000 PS with 8 shifts + 0000000
Next state 1011010 Next state 1011010
8+
1011010
3 6 8+
1* 8+
1011011 1111111
3* 6
Latency cycles: (1, 8) (1, 8, 8) (1, 8, 3, 8) (1, 8, 8, 3, 8) (1, 8, 6, 8) (1, 8, 8, 6, 8) (8) (3)
(6) (1, 8, 8, 6, 6, 8)
Simple cycles: (3) (6) (8) (1, 8) (3, 8) (6, 8)
Greedy cycles: (3) (1, 8)
Optimal latency cycle: (3)
MAL: Lower bound = 3
Upper bound = 4+1 = 5
Average greedy cycle latency = (1+8) / 2 = 4.5
MAL ≤ 4.5
MAL = (3)
Given:
τ = 20 ns
Throughput of the pipeline = N/n x τ = 3/8 x 20 x 10-9 = 18.75 MIPS.
2) Describe the mechanisms for instruction pipelining interms of prefetch buffers,
multiple functional units.
(10 Marks)
Sol: Prefetch buffers:
Seq buffer 1
Seq buffer 2
Memor Fetch Seq buffer 2
y cach
e
Target buffer 1 Instruction pipeline
Target buffer 2
Seq buffer 2
Instructions from branched locations
There are 3-types of pre-fetch buffers, namely
1. Sequential buffers
2. Target buffers
3. Loop buffers
to match instruction fetch rate to pipeline consumption rate.
Sequential buffers:
Sequential instructions are loaded into a pair of sequential buffers for in-sequence
pipelining.
Target buffers:
Instructions from a branch target are loaded into a pair of target buffers for out of
sequential pipelining. Both buffers operate in FIFO fashion. These buffers
become part of the pipeline as additional stages.
A conditional branch instruction cause both sequential buffers and target buffers
to fill with instructions.
After the branch condition is checked, appropriate instructions are taken from one
of the two buffers. The instructions in the other buffers are discarded.
Two buffers alternate to prevent a collision between instruction following into
and out of pipeline.
Multiple functional units: Loop buffers:
These buffers hold sequential instruction contained in small loop. The loop
buffers are maintained by fetch stage of pipeline. Pre-fetched instructions in the
loop body will be executed repeatedly until all iterations complete execution.
The loop buffer operates in two steps.
a. It contains instructions sequentially ahead of current instruction. This saves the
instruction fetch time from memory.
b. It recognizes when the target of a branch falls within the target boundary.
The above architecture is pipelined scalar architecture. In this architecture, in
order to resolve data dependences and resource dependences among successive
instructions entering the pipeline.
The reservation stations [RS] are used with each functional unit. Operands can
wait in the reservation stations until its data dependences have been resolved.
Each reservation station is uniquely identified by a tag, which is monitored by a
tag unit.
The tag unit keeps checking the tags from all currently used registers or
reservation stations.
This register tagging technique allows the hardware to resolve conflicts between
source and destination registers assigned for multiple instructions.
Besides resolving conflicts, the reservation stations also serve as buffers to
interface the pipelined function units with decode and issue units.
The multiple functional units are supported to operate in parallel, once the
dependences are resolved.
Instructions from memory
Instruction fetch Register file
unit
Tag Decode and issue
unit unit B T
A S
Reservation
Load
Stations R R R R register
S S S S s
Functional units
F F F F Memor
U U U U y
PART-2
Answer any Two full questions.
3) Consider the five-stage pipelined processor specified by the following reservation
table
1 2 3 4 5 6
S1
X X
S2 X X
X
S3
X
S4
X X
S5
(a) What are the forbidden latencies?
(b) Draw the state transition diagram.
(c) List all the simple cycles and greedy cycles.
(d) Determine the optimal constant latency cycle and the minimal average latency
(MAL).
(10
Marks)
Sol: Forbidden latencies: 3, 4 and 5
Permissible latencies: 1, 2 and 6
Collision vector: C5C4C3C2C1 = 11100
CASE 1: latency 1
Present state 11100
Collision vector 11100
PS with 1 shifts + 01110
Next state 11110
Present state 11110 Present state 11110
Collision vector 11100 Collision vector 11100
PS with 1 shifts + 01111 PS with 6 shifts + 00000
Next state 11111 Next state 11100
Present state 11111
Collision vector 11100
PS with 6 shifts + 00000
Next state 11100
CASE 2: latency 2
Present state 11100
Collision vector 11100
PS with 2 shifts + 00111
Next state 11111
Present state 11111 Present state 11111
Collision vector 11100 Collision vector 11100
PS with 2 shifts + 00111 PS with 6 shifts + 00000
Next state 11111 Next state 11100
CASE 3: latency 6
Present state 11100
Collision vector 11100
PS with 6 shifts + 00000
Next state 11100
6+
11100
1* 6+ 2* 6+
11110
1
1111
Latency cycles: (2),(6),(2,6),(1,6),(1,1,6)
Simple cycles: (2),(6),(2,6),(1,6),(1,1,6)
Greedy cycles: (2) (1, 6)
Optimal latency cycle: (2)
MAL: Lower bound = 2
Upper bound = 3+1 = 4
Average greedy cycle latency = (1+6) / 2 = 3.5
MAL = 2
4) Consider the following pipelined processor with four stages. This pipeline has a total
evaluation time of six clock cycles. All successor stages must be used after each clock
cycle.
Output
Input
S1 S2 S3 S4
(a) Specify the reservation table for this pipeline with six columns and four rows.
(b) List the set of forbidden latencies between task initiations.
(c) Draw the state diagram which shows all possible latency cycles
(d) List all greedy cycles from the state diagram
(e) What is the value of minimal average latency (MAL)?
(10
Marks)
Sol:
Reservation table:
1 2 3 4 5 6
S1
X X
S2 X X X
X X
S3
X
S4
Forbidden latencies: 2 and 4
Permissible latencies: 1, 3 and 5
Collision vector: C4C3C2C1 = 1010
CASE 1: latency 1
Present state 1010
Collision vector 1010
PS with 1 shifts + 0101
Next state 1111
Present state 1111 Present state 1111
Collision vector 1010 Collision vector 1010
PS with 1 shifts + 0111 PS with 5 shifts + 0000
Next state 1111 Next state 1010
CASE 2: latency 3
Present state 1010
Collision vector 1010
PS with 3 shifts + 0001
Next state 1011
Present state 1011 Present state 1011
Collision vector 1010 Collision vector 1010
PS with 3 shifts + 0001 PS with 5 shifts + 0000
Next state 1011 Next state 1010
CASE 3: latency 5
Present state 1010
Collision vector 1010
PS with 5 shifts + 0000
Next state 1010
5+
1010
1* 5+ 3 5+
1111 1011
3*
Simple cycles: (3),(5),(3,5),(1,5)
Greedy cycles: (3) (1,5)
Average greedy cycle latency = (1+5) / 2 = 3
MAL: Lower bound = 3
Upper bound = 2+1 = 3
MAL = 3
5) Design an arithmetic pipeline unit for fixed-point multiplication of 8-bit integer using
CSA and CPA. (10
Marks)
Sol:
An arithmetic pipeline unit for fixed-point multiplication of 8-bit integer using CSA and
CPA:
PART3
Answer any Two full questions.
6) How is the dot product operation
n
S = ∑ ai x bi
i=1
implemented without data forwarding? What are the advantages that accure, with internal
data forwarding? (5+5 = 10 Marks)
Sol: The product operation
n
S = ∑ ai x bi
i=1
For example: A = (1, 2, 3, 4)
B = (4, 5, 6, 7)
A ● B = (1x4+2x5+3x6+4x7) = 60
Implementing the dot-product operation with internal data forwarding between a multiply
unit and an add unit.
Advantages:
The three instructions must be executed sequentially in a looping structure in
without internal data forwarding.
With data forwarding, the output of the multiplier is fed directly into the input
register R4 of the adder and the output of the multiplier is also routed to register
R3 as shown in Fig.
Therefore internal data forwarding between the two functional units reduces the
total execution time through the pipelined processor.
7) Design a binary multiply pipeline unit for two 4-bit operands. Use minimum number
of CSA’s and CPA’s. Show all interconnections and bus width in the schematic
diagram. Calculate the output of each CSA and CPA.
(5+5 = 10 Marks)
Sol:
A binary multiply unit for two 4-bit operands:
For example : Two 4-bit operands
1111
x 1111
1111
11110
111100
1111000
1110001
CSA1:
001111
011110
111100
S = 101101
C = 111100
CSA2:
0101101
0111100
1111000
S = 1101001
C = 1111000
CPA:
1101001
+ 1111000
S= 11100001
8) Describe dynamic instruction scheduling achieved in Tomasulos register-tagging
scheme built in IBM 360/91 processor. (10 Marks)
Sol:
Dynamic instruction scheduling achieved in Tomasulos register-tagging scheme
built in IBM 360/91 processor:
This hardware dependence resolution scheme was implemented with multiple
floating point units of IBM 91 processors for the model 91 processor, 3 RSs are
used in a floating point adder and two pairs in a floating point multiplier.
The scheme resolves resource conflicts as well as data dependences using register
tagging to allocate or deallocate the source and destination registers.
An issue instruction whose operands are not available is forwarded to an RS
associated with the functional unit it will use.
It waits until its data dependences have been resolved and its operands become
available.
The dependence is resolved by monitoring the result bus.
When all operands for an instruction is available, it is dispatched to the functional
unit for execution.
All working registers are tagged.
If a source register is busy when an instruction reaches the issue stage, the tag for
the source register is forwarded to an RS.
When the register becomes available, the tag can signal the availability.
Total execution time is 13 cycles, from cycle 4 to cycle 16
