Refrigeration Trainer

NorthWest Samar State University

Andaya, Cyra Mae S.

Antivo, Jeric Jade E.

Balomaga, Eugine T.

Caňanes, John Mark P.

Taniňas, James Niňo L.

Valenzuela, Gerald B.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Refrigeration has a large impact on industry, lifestyle, agriculture and

settlement patterns of humankind. It plays major roles in food

preservation,Medical studies, industrial progresses and in it’s “ability to allow

people to live more comportably in harsh climates” (1)

From ice harvesting practice of ancient cultures like chinese, hebrues,

greeks, romans and persian up to the development of first gas absorption

refrigeration system using gaseous amnonia dissolved in water (reffered to as

aqua amnonia) by Ferdinand Carre ’ of france up to invention of synthetic

refrigerants based mostly in cholorofluorocarbon (CFC) chemical, Safer

refrigerators were made possible for home & consumer use.

Basic understanding and the development of refrigeration system has

contributed a major turn-around in the manufacturing of a more efficient, more

cost- effective and safer refrigeration units for both small & large scale use. Thus,

the purpose of developing a refrigeration trainer kit.

1.2 Objective:

The main objectives of this study focuses on the outline in developing

Refrigeration Trainer design:

 To design and develop a low-cost Refrigeration Trainer.

 To fabricate a low-cost refrigeration trainer.

 To test and evaluate the low-cost refrigeration trainer.

 To determine the total cost of the trainer; and

 To develop an operation manual of a trainer.

1.3 Significance of the Study:

The outcome of this study will be a great benefit to the following:

Educational Institutions - it will give institutions a portable & cheaper

instructional material on understanding refrigeration system

Storage & Food Industry - the development of refrigeration trainer will allow

them to understand relationship between electric circutry and the mechnaical

component and may lead to developing ways in electricity cost reduction & more

effective food/storage control &methods thur refrigeration.

Future researcher: The findings or results of this research will serve as a

reference intended to the future researcher. For them, to have a guide and as a

proof to make their research firm.

1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This trainer introduces the system of the basics in terms of refrigerator, air

conditioner and freezer. However, it has a restriction that is seen in the actual

system /. Identify the significant coverage and limitation of your study, such as

voltage or electrical requirement

1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Trainer- something (such as a machine or vehicle) used in training.

Evaporator- The evaporator is located inside a refrigerator and is the part that

makes the items in the refrigerator cold. As the refrigerant turns from a liquid into

a gas through evaporation, it cools the area around it, producing the proper

environment for storing food.

Condenser- In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a heat exchanger

used to condense a gaseous substance into a liquid state through cooling.

Compressor- The compressor pushes out the hot, compressed gas through the

outside metal coils (tubes) on the back or bottom of the refrigerator. These coils

allow the heat to dissipate into the surrounding air.

Pressure Gauge- Pressure measurement is the analysis of an applied force by a

fluid on a surface. Pressure is typically measured in units of force per unit of

surface area. Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of

pressure and vacuum.

Cooling- denoting or relating to something, typically food or medicine, that is

cooling, refreshing, or calming to the body.

Fabricate- construct or manufacture (something, especially an industrial

product), especially from prepared components.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE (RRL)

The refrigeration industry has accepted the challenge of

chloroflurocarbons phase out and new eco-friendly refrigerant like

hydroflurocarbons and hydrocarbons are replacing chloroflurocarbons in all

commercial and industrial application. Vapour compression refrigeration trainer is

an important equipment of thermal engineering lab of mechanical engineering

department which operated using chlorofluorocarbon 12. CFC12 is the most

important member of CFC refrigerants which are being targeted for phase out in

India by 2010. In this paper, performance valuation of many eco-friendly

hydrocarbon refrigerants for replacing CFC12 in the trainer has been done and a
suitable drop in alternative refrigerant for retrofitting has been identified. (Alka

Bani Agrawal and Vipin Shrivastava, 2010)

This research fills a gap in the literature by developing real-time thermal

and performances characteristics of the VACR systems employed in the food

transportation industry. Field data is acquired from pilot refrigerated service

vehicle during different seasons of the year and the duty cycles are established.

The acquisition of field data begins in stationary A/C-R systems and continues in

mobile VACR systems. (Farshid Bagheri, 2016)

The Technology Department has been facing problems of inadequate

instructional materials and facilities, especially those that could help in the

development of the student’s manipulative skills. The design and development

domestic refrigerator trainer used locally available materials. The

conceptualization of the trainer is in the intellectual capability of refrigeration and

air conditioning faculty researchers. The domestic refrigerator trainer in it’s

advancement in the teaching and learning process is and the principle

operations, easy to understand the different connection of electric circuitry in the

mechanical components. The trainer can also approach to aid the beginner

student in an easy and comprehensive way of learning the trade in a very limited

time that servicing and repair is in his hands. (Manuel A. Bajet Jr. & Nelson A.

Bajet, 2014)

The Montreal Protocol has sealed the use of Halogenated Hydrocarbons;

keeping in view they affect the environment in the form of Ozone layer depletion

and Global warming. Thus one of the major thrust areas is to identify substitute of
Halogenated Hydrocarbons, especially CFCs. The substitute refrigerant should

be eco-friendly, chemically stable and compatible with existing refrigeration

systems with transport and thermal properties similar to or better than CFCs.

Since the refrigeration system use CFC- 12 as refrigerant universally, the search

for a suitable alternative for CFC-12 is inevitable.HFC-134a is currently the

leading alternative to CFC-12. Other promising substitutes are R-423as a binary

mixture of R-227ea &R-413a ternary mixture of R-134a, R-218 andR-600a. In

this paper, performance evaluation of eco-friendly alternate refrigerant R-134a,

R-413a & R-423a for replacing CFC12 has been done and a suitable alternative

refrigerant for retrofitting has been identified. (Lalit Narayan, 2015)

According to recent rapid progress development of electrical and

electronics industry, the studies of steady state operating refrigeration system

that is using inverter with variable capacity of fan and compressor or electronic

expansion valve are increasing. Though these equipments, system can achieve

high efficiency and comfortability as well as distribute saving energy operating by

system automation. In this study, analysis the COP (Coefficient of Performance)

through controlling expansion valve manually also we can verify a refrigeration

theory according to change of evaporator pressure. (Yunjae Ju, 2016)

The primary objective is to study the various component separately and for this

study we use the second law approach because the analysis based on first law

of thermodynamics is very common and it deals with conservation of energy

hence it not tells, where in the system irreversibility occur. For our study purpose

we use the different refrigerant and we can also compare the different refrigerant
so we know that, which refrigerant will perform better on the basis of exergy

analysis. (Pradhumn Tiwari,2017)

This paper focuses on the issues related to women in the mechanical skilled

trades, from recruitment to retention. A literature review will be presented related

to factors that assist and also deter women from success in the skilled

mechanical trades. The study done with incumbent Steamfitter/Refrigeration

women workers from Madison and Southeastern Wisconsin will provide data on

the issues and concerns of these women. Finally, recommendations on the

literature review and study will be presented. The implications of this study go far

beyond the skilled mechanical trades of Madison and iii Southeastern Wisconsin.

Building supportive, gender-neutral worksites should be the goal of all employers.

(Richards, Debra L., 2017)

 CHAPTER III

(METHODS AND MATERIALS)

This chapter is meant for giving the details of all the methods and materials used

and if necessary, the details of the specific techniques.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

To determine whether the design of trainer is more effective on how it

works in refrigerator system, in terms of time; the research use comparative or

experimental method. This is to satisfy our objective; the research researchers

use the refrigeration trainer to propose using the designed machine and using

the modern and easy method in order the researchers to evaluate skills and

analysis. Researchers aims to help other researchers investigate the process of

heat transfer on refrigeration trainer. Aims to design and develop a low-cost

Refrigeration Trainer.

3.2 Methods

To design and develop a low-cost Refrigeration Trainer.

 The figure describes the conceptual framework of the study wherein the

input materials are the following: liquid receiver, filter drier, solenoid valve, sight

glass, expansion valve, low-pressure and high-pressure switch, suction

accumulator, compressor, oil separator, digital pressure gauge. As the process,

the compression, condensation, throttling and expansion and evaporator. The

result depends on how much pressure, temperature and heat been calculated

(based on time).

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Liquid Receiver
Filter Drier
Sight Glass Compression Read Pressure
Expansion Valve Gauge,
Temperature and
Low Pressure Heat & Cooling
Switch Process
Condensation
High Pressure
Switch
Suction
Accumulation  Throttling and
Compressor Expansion

Oil Separator
Digital Pressure
Gauge Evaporation

FIGURE 3.1 Conceptual Framework

3.3 The researchers come up with this formulas’:

Relation of Pressure, Temperature and Heat (from the Book Design of

Machine Elements 4th Edition by V.M. Faires)

Refrigerator

Where;

T2 = hotter temperature

T1 = cooler temperature

Q2 = heat gained or lost at T2

Q1 = heat gained or lost at T1

Heat Engine

To fabricate a low-cost refrigeration trainer

To work the refrigeration trainer, the researchers conducted a series of

experiments until the machine worked. The machine will be designed by

selecting the right material for construction and others are based on available

material.

After the materials were prepared, we’ve looked for the process on how

machine will start. As the compression started, the timer also starts; acts as the

pump that moves the refrigerant through the system. Second, condensation

where the heat is transferred from the refrigerant to a flow of water. The next step

is throttling and expansion when the refrigerant enters the throttling valve, it

expands and releases pressure. Consequently, the temperature drops at this

stage. Lastly, the evaporation the refrigerant is at a lower temperature than its

surroundings. Therefore, it evaporates and absorbs latent heat of vaporization.

To test and evaluate the low-cost refrigeration trainer.

The researchers conducted a series of experiments and comparison of

refrigeration trainer machine to determine the time consume in process by using

the table:

Gauge

Attempt Time Pressure Temperature

1
2
3

To develop an operation manual of a trainer.

DIAGRAM:
3.4 MATERIALS:

Liquid Receiver

A liquid receiver is a storage tank for holding liquid refrigerant and is located after

the condenser in a refrigeration system. It is an important part of any system

because it ensures liquid refrigerant is entering the expansion device.

Filter Drier

A filter-drier in a refrigeration or air conditioning system has two essential

functions: one, to adsorb system contaminants, such as water, which can create
acids, and two, to provide physical filtration. Evaluation of each factor is

necessary to ensure proper and economical drier design.

Thermostat

Thermostats are typically found inside the refrigerator and have a knob that allows

users to adjust the temperature setting. Once a user sets the desired temperature, the

thermostat maintains that temperature by controlling the flow of electricity to the

compressor.

Expansion Valve
The Thermal Expansion Valve (TXV) is an important piece of equipment in the

HVAC industry. The valve is used to control the amount of refrigerant released to

the evaporator section.

Low Pressure and High-Pressure Switch

A high-pressure switch (HPS) and a low-pressure switch (LPS) are protective

devices for the compressor and refrigeration circuit. The high-pressure switch

monitors the system for an inoperative outdoor motor, and/or a dirty/restricted

condenser (outdoor) coil. The low-pressure switch monitors the refrigeration

system for a loss of refrigerant charge, and may also be helpful in stopping the

evaporator (indoor) coil from freezing up due to a dirty filter or low airflow over

the coil. I say "may" because the low-pressure switch cut-out setting could be set

too low (15-20 lbs.) to be of any help. An evaporator coil could start to form ice at

30 lbs. low pressure charge.

 Suction Accumulator

A suction accumulator is used to prevent liquid refrigerant flood back to the

compressor. A compressor is designed to move vapor refrigerant, NOT liquid,

and the accumulator can really help us win that battle.

Compressor
The compressor is the pump that enables the flow of the refrigerant. The

compressor works by increasing the pressure and temperature of the vaporized

refrigerant. There are different types of compressors for refrigeration

applications. Reciprocating, rotary, and centrifugal compressors are the most

common among refrigeration units.

Oil Separator

Oil separators are used on refrigeration systems where it’s difficult for the oil to

return from the evaporator. These typically are field built-up systems, such as in

supermarkets, and ultra-low temperature systems.

 Digital Pressure Gauge

Digital pressure gauges measure the pressure within a system in a special

manner. They convert the pressure to an electronic signal. The gauge shows the

pressure using a digital display, furthermore the signal can be used to control

equipment. Digital gauges in comparison with analog ones have a higher

accuracy.

Refrigerator Fan

Fans used for comfort create a wind chill by increasing the heat transfer coefficient

but do not lower temperatures directly. Fans used to cool electrical equipment or in

engines or other machines do cool the

equipment directly by forcing hot air into the

cooler environment outside of the machine.

 Capillary Tube

Capillary tube is one of the most commonly used throttling devices in the

refrigeration and the air conditioning systems. The capillary tube is a copper tube

of very small internal diameter. It is of very long length and it is coiled to several

turns so that it would occupy less space.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alka Bani Agrawal and Vipin Shrivastava. “Retrofitting of vapour compression

refrigeration trainer by an eco-friendly refrigerant-Indian Journal of Science and

Technology” Vol. 3 No. 4 (Apr. 2010) ISSN: 0974- 6846 (2010).

file:///C:/Users/LENOVO/Downloads/29735-29432-1-PB.pdf ASHRAE: 2014

ASHRAEHandbook –Refrigeration, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating

and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 2014

https://core.ac.uk/reader/222823912

Lalit Narayan, 2015 “A COMPARATIVE STUDY FOR RETROFITTING OF R-12

VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM BY ECO- FRIENDLY

REFRIGERANTS R134a, R-413a, R-423a”

Manuel A. Bajet Jr.  & Nelson A. Bajet, (2014). “Development of Domestic

Refrigerator Trainer: An Instructional Material for Beginner Technician” JPAIR

Multidisciplinary Research Journal vol. 16 no. 1 (2014)

Yunjae Ju.” A Study of Refrigerator Performance by a Change of Superheat”. Vth

International Symposium on “Fusion of Science & Technology”, New Delhi, India,

January 18-22, 2016

Pradhumn Tiwari.” Exergy Analysis of domestic refrigerator by using alternate

refrigerant” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology

(IRJET), Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May -2017

Richards, Debra L. “Recruitment and Retention of Women in the

Steamfitter/Refrigeration Apprenticeships ofMadison and Southeastern

Wisconsin” American Psychological Association, 5th edition

Refferences: https://sites.google.com/site/rsap2009asiamutter/Home/rsap-class-

assignments/the-importance-of-air-conditioning-and-refridgeration-essay