ACUTE ENGINEERING PLC.
AASTU LANDSCAPE PROJECT
IMPLEMENTING GUIDELINES.
AASTU landscape project implementing guideline
AASTU LANDSCAPE PLANTS AND PLANTING
GUIDELINES FOR THE CONTRACTOR
General
This guideline shall be used by the contractor in conjunction of all other design documents and shall
constitute part of a contract document.
INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE
The methods by which plants are chosen and the functions that they are intended to serve in designed
landscapes have been expanding. While serving as sources of aesthetic pleasure, plants also reinforce the
existing native ecosystem and work as bioengineering agents for soil retention and restoration.
This section provides information on planting design and plant-related technology. It is assumed that the
contractor has an experience of landscape works this document shall serve as a basic guideline while
implementing the landscape project. However, the contractor is expected and encouraged to improve this
guideline and prepare and submit its own method statements for the approval of the consultant.
DESIGN CRITERIA
Certain procedures are common to many planting design processes. A balance must be struck between
considerations of plant function, cost, hardiness, safety, and maintenance.
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF PLANT MATERIALS
AESTHETICS:
Visual principles of color, texture, scale, and rhythm can be used to create an aesthetically pleasing
human environment. Special plantings of high visual interest or quality, like specimen trees or perennial
borders, can be used to dramatize certain views or Alter a user's perception of scale.
Fragrant plants also contribute to the quality of human experience in the landscape. Conversely, the
unpleasant odor of some plants may make some people nauseous Outdoor Accessibility, for a listing of
some plants that bear unpleasant odors). Efforts should also be made to support the existing visual
character and ecological function of the site within its regional context wherever possible. The use of
native plants mixed with a small proportion of compatible exotics is generally encouraged in order to add
interest and variety while reflecting a regional context.
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AASTU landscape project implementing guideline
Environmental Modification:
Outdoor spaces that do not fall within the physical range of human comfort will not be used. The
microclimate of an outdoor space can be changed through the careful placement of trees and shrubs to
block excessive sun or wind. Plants can also protect soil erosion to the road side ditches and into roads.
Screening:
Living barriers can range from semitransparent visual screens to formidable thorned hedges. Plant screens
can provide privacy, mark boundaries, discourage intruders, or block unpleasant views.
Circulation Control:
Plantings can control and direct the movements of people, animals, or vehicles. Where established
pedestrian shortcuts are to be discouraged, thorned, dense-growing plants may be necessary to change
user habits.
Production:
Plants have long been harvested for food, flowers and raw building materials. They also provide food and
shelter for wildlife. Planting can encourage the presence of birds, butterflies or other forms of wildlife for
human enjoyment. In some cases, a site can be designed to support regional ecosystems.
Cost
Initial nursery and planting costs must always be balanced against the cost of long-term maintenance.
Some slow-growing trees are expensive as nursery stock but require little care once established and can
grace the landscape for hundreds of years. The initial labor expense of careful planting may also be
balanced in the long term by the sturdiness of a vigorous, healthy plant that has been handled gently,
planted properly, and placed suitably for its requirements. Plant materials are available at nurseries in
different forms, depending on the cultural practices of each nursery and on market demands.
Specimen Plantings:
A "specimen" plant is chosen for the high visual quality of texture, color, or form it can provide at a
crucial focal point in the landscape. A specimen plant is generally installed as a mature plant, when its
true form and unique, individual character has begun to emerge; thus, it will be more expensive than plant
materials used for massing.
Plantings vs. Hardscape Costs:
Plants can be used in many of the same ways that "hard" building materials are used - to form outdoor
walls, ceilings, fences, etc. Although they require more space on a site, plants are typically less expensive
to buy and install than hardscape materials, and can require less maintenance if properly chosen.
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Safety Considerations
Designing safe environments depends on matching the proper plant to the proper place. Some plant
characteristics that should be considered include whether parts of the plant are poisonous, how much litter
the plant produces, the weakness of limbs, whether drooping branches will obstruct pathways, whether
roots will break pavement, the existence of thorns, and whether the plant attracts stinging insects or other
pests. See Table 240-2 in Section 240 Outdoor Accessibility, for listings of specific plants in these
categories.
Poisonous Plants:
Plants with brightly colored poisonous berries or leaves should not be used where children may be
tempted to eat them. Some plants can cause an allergic reaction when touched. These should be located
out of reach. Table 550-3 lists some common poisonous and allergy-inducing plants.
Litter-producing Plants:
Plants that produce messy fruit or nuts, cones, seed pods or excessive leaf litter are hazardous to
pedestrians and hinder passage of many wheeled vehicles like strollers and wheelchairs. In addition, some
may stain clothing or pavement surfaces.
Weak-branched Plants:
Large branches may be susceptible to breaking from wind and can cause damage and/or pose obstacles if
they fall. Weak forks in trees may also present serious safety implications.
Plants with DroopingBranches:
Branches that hang into walkways or streets can injure pedestrians and cyclists and may cause damage to
larger vehicles.
Plants with Shallow Roots:
Roots near the surface can cause sidewalk heaving, creating uneven paths that are impassable for small-
wheeled vehicles and are dangerous for pedestrians.
Thorned Plants:
Thorned plants can be dangerous to brush into or fall against. Thornedleaves, twigs and branches that
litter the ground can also be dangerous for people wearing light shoes or going barefoot.
Plants that Attract Insects:
Some people have severe reactions to insect bites and stings. Plants that attract stinging pollinators or
other insect pests should be placed away from sitting areas and walks.
Maintenance Considerations
Important considerations for minimizing long-term maintenance problems include physical separation of
incompatible elements and designing with integrated pest management in mind.
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Proximity to Mechanical Activity:
The vigor of a tree or shrub can be greatly reduced through repeated wounding by lawn mowers and
string trimmers that girdle the trunk, or passing vehicles that may break branches. Soil compaction caused
by pedestrian or vehicular traffic can also damage plantings.
KEY POINTS: PLANTING AND DESIGN CRITERIA
Planting design must strike a balance between considerations of plant function, cost, hardiness,
safety, and maintenance.
1. Efforts should be made to support the existing visual character and ecological function of the site
within its regional context, through the use of native plant materials wherever possible.
2. Plant material can be used to create comfortable microclimates, provide screening, circulation
control, wildlife habitat, and mitigate erosive slopes or contaminated sites.
3. Initial nursery and planting costs must always be balanced against the cost of long term
maintenance. Plants are typically less expensive to buy and install than hardscape materials, and
can require less maintenance if properly chosen.
4. Many plant materials are poisonous, thorny, produce excessive litter, are susceptible to broken or
drooping branches, have shallow roots, or attract undesirable insects. Care must be taken in
selecting plants which are safe for users and suitable for a. given purpose.
5. Variety is encouraged to promote a diverse plant community that has a healthy resiliency to
attack by insects or disease, especially in urban street tree applications. No single genus should be
represented in an area by more than ten percent of the overall planting scheme.
6. Trees and shrubs should be protected from lawnmowers and string trimmers that girdle the trunk.
Passing vehicles may break branches and compact the soil which can also damage plantings.
Placement of Plantings:
Plant saplings that will become large trees under electric utility right-of-ways necessitates major trimming
of limbs that often results in misshapen trees with weakened defenses. Close study of cultural
requirements and mature size will eliminate many similar problems. Fitting the right plant to the right
place includes using plant materials whose requirements for water, light and soil match the site
conditions; placing plants that will be large when mature away from electric lines and other structures;
Diversity of Plant Communities:
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As chemical measures for fighting attacks of insects and disease become less effective, designing to resist
these attacks becomes crucial. Monocultures can provide a fertile breeding ground for these problems.
Designs that group large numbers of trees of the same cultivar or even from the same genera are highly
vulnerable to attack. As Dutch elm disease has demonstrated, reliance on a single plant is also risky when
that plant provides the backbone of a design. If the plant is wiped out by disease, the landscape will take
many years to repair. For these reasons, no single genus should be represented in an area by more than ten
percent of the overall planting scheme. Variety within these genera is further encouraged to promote a
diverse plant community that has a healthy resiliency to attack by insects or disease, especially in urban
street tree applications.
Disease and Insect Resistance:
In conjunction with the recommendations above, it is important to study the conditions of the site and to
select a cultivar resistant to potential disease or insect problems. For trees, use of reference materials such
as those found at the end of this section or consultation with a reliable arborist will aid in selection.
Proximity of Plants:
The root systems of large trees can extend out horizontally several times the height of the tree. Many trees
suffer disease due to proximity to heavily irrigated lawns. Plants should be grouped according to their
requirements for sun, water, and soil chemistry. Some insects and diseases have developed a life cycle
that relies on several plants. The Cedar-apple Rust that attacks crabapples from junipers is one example.
These plants should be kept separate to avoid outbreaks.
Long- Term Maintenance Costs:
Determining how much a client is willing to spend on long-term maintenance is very important for
ensuring a good fit between site and design. No design is maintenance free, but the plants used can be
tailored to fit the budget that will provide for their weeding, pruning, and other necessary maintenance.
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Sketch showing protection of existing tree during construction.
ASSESSING EXISTING VEGETATION
One of the first steps in assessing a landscape is examining the existing vegetation on the site. The age
and health of existing plants generally determine their value as a continuing element of the landscape.
Appropriateness of existing materials to the site, aesthetically and functionally, should also be taken into
account.
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Protecting Existing Plant Materials
Existing plants and new plantings need to be protected from physical injury and root zone compaction
during periods of construction. When the root system is damaged or impaired, the loss of moisture
through leaves can quickly outpace the amount taken up by roots. Young fibrous growing root tips must
be protected as they are the primary absorptive parts of the system.
During Construction:
A common method for protecting existing plants during construction is to erect a barrier around the plant,
enclosing an area as large as the root zone of the plant or plants to be protected. This prevents compaction
of soil and other forms of damage to the existing roots and also prevents mechanical damage to the plant.
Long-Term Protection:
Roots require a continual supply of air, which is normally present in tiny air spaces (pores) between the
soil particles surrounding the roots. Because of this need for air, as well as the need for water, the
majority of a plant's root system lies within the top 450 mm (18 in) of soil, regardless of the type or size
of plant Measures must be taken to ensure that the root zone of a plant (the area within the drip line of the
plant) is neither compacted nor covered with a material that would restrict the amount of air or moisture
reaching the root zone.
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The widespread availability and use of certain non-native plant species in commercial planting has
provided a base for these introduced plants to invade native wild areas.
Plants introduced to a region where they do not naturally occur can have serious impacts upon the
ecosystems of that region, choking out native growth and eliminating the food and forage the native plant
provided. Other consequences of invasive plants include altering water table levels, changing the levels of
nutrients and the chemistry of soils, harboring insect pests, and interrupting the proper succession of
native plant communities. Frequently the qualities that make a plant valuable in the cultivated landscape
(vigorous growth, tolerance of poor growing conditions, resistance to local diseases and insect pests, etc.)
are those qualities that allow it to out-compete natives in the wild. Thus many of the plants that appear on
"problem-solving" lists are also invasive plants. It is difficult to predict the behavior of a new species
when first introduced to a region. Responsible planting plans avoid untested exotics as well as those
known to be aggressive invaders.
PLANTING PLANS, DETAILS, AND SPECIFICATIONS
Most proposals for site development require preparation of planting plans, details, and specifications that
direct the work of installing plant materials. Planting plans, together with construction details for their
installation, typically comprise part of a complete set of working drawings for project construction.
Planting plans should include common and botanical names of all plant materials, their proposed
locations (as well as locations of existing plant material), their sizes, and quantities. Most of this
information typically is shown in a plant list somewhere on the drawing(s). Plant size designations,
including height, caliper, ball or pot size, etc., are referred to in the United States by national voluntary
standards set up by the American Association of Nurserymen in their publication American Standard for
Nursery Stock.
Proper Techniques for Planting
Poor installation kills many plants before they reach maturity. Research has demonstrated that many
traditional planting practices are detrimental to the long-term health of plants. The following techniques
are necessary to insure the survival and long-term health of installed plant material
Condition of Plants upon Installation:
The health of plants upon installation is the most important factor for their long-term health. Inspect
plants carefully upon their arrival at the site. Damage to leaves and stems can occur during transport and
handling. There should be no unhealed wounds in the bark or stem of the plant and no major broken
branches. Container plants that are extremely root-bound should be rejected. Root-bound plants can be
spotted by clumps of root tendrils pushing through drainage holes or by tops that are excessively large for
the container in which they are growing. If there are many roots circling the outside of the ball, the plant
has been left in the container too long. Girdling roots eventually strangle themselves if not redirected.
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Planting Holes:
Plants require soil with more air for initial rooting than they will for long-term growth, although even
mature trees will have the major part of their root systems within the top few feet of soil where the most
air is present. Planting holes should be wide and shallow, not narrow and deep. The hole should be at
least two times wider than the root ball, but no deeper. If properly dug, the hole will support the root ball
on firm subsoil, with the root flare set at the same level it has grown. A hole that is slightly shallow is
better than a hole that is too deep.
Non-biodegradable nursery wrappings
(i.e., plastic or wire) around the roots must be carefully removed or they will constrict the roots. Burlap
can be left in place if the top third of the root ball is unwrapped. Container plants should be planted as
quickly as possible upon removal from the container. The white, growing root tips are crucial to the quick
establishment of a healthy root system and are damaged by even brief exposure to air.
Plants installed in the fall benefit from warm soils, stored energy, and a long dormant period for good root
establishment before the stresses of summer heat and drought. Favoring one season over the others is not
always feasible for commercial applications, but a broad range of species benefit from fall planting. A
few species are not recommended for fall planting and are referred to as "fall hazards." Consult a nursery
or arborist for a complete list of these plants.
Sketch showing Typical tree planting and guying (4 meter height and larger).
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Mulchesand Fertilization:
Mulches moderate soil temperatures, retain moisture and air around roots, and suppress weed growth that
competes with plant roots for water and nutrients. around trees and a meter around other plantings is most
effective. Bare soil should be left at the base of the plant to avoid trunk suffocation or rot. Permeable
weed barrier fabrics may be used under mulches, but impermeable weed materials such as black plastic
restrict oxygen reaching the root zone and should not be used. Fertilize on the surface at spring or fall, or
use slow-release tablets in tree planting holes. Plants need extra nitrogen right after planting and
especially in the fall when their roots are most active.
Backfills:
Planting holes should be backfilled with the same soil that was removed, with no amendments.
Amendments such as compost, peat and sand may actually inhibit the root penetration of surrounding soil
and slow overall growth due to poor capillarity. Fill material should be thoroughly watered as it is
backfilled into the hole to remove any air pockets. Soil should be firm enough to support the root ball, but
not packed to the point that the tiny pores that hold water and air between soil particles disappear.
Aerated soil is crucial to root establishment.
Watering berms help collect water and deliver it to the root ball. In heavy soils with poor drainage, or
during excessively wet seasons, berms may need to be broken until dry weather makes them necessary
again.
Trunk Wrapping and Sunburn:
Trunk wraps on nursery trees make a thorough inspection of bark and trunk health impossible, shelter
insect infestations, and hold moisture around the bark where fungus or disease may cause problems. To
prevent 'sunburn' after planting, note which side of the trunk was exposed to direct sunlight at the nursery
and set the plant similarly when it is installed.
Staking and Guying:
Trees should be staked only when necessary. Trees will be healthier if allowed to adapt to the winds of
the site naturally, and will develop sturdy, flexible trunks and branches. Where sites are unusually windy
or specimens are too large to be stable initially, staking may be required until the plant can support itself.
Two to three stakes should be placed around the plant and attached to the trunk with various types of
fabric strapping systems. Stakes should be removed after the second growing season.
Pruning at Planting Time:
Remove only dead or damaged branches, or those that threaten the appearance and branching structure of
the tree. Traditional pruning back of a third of the upper branches does not aid plant establishment in most
ball and burlap stock, however forest- collected stock may benefit from such pruning prior to planting.
General Notes on Planting Plans
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Shown below is a list of notes that are typically shown on planting plans and/or contained in related
details and documents. Other notes needed for special circumstances are often added.
1. The contractor shall locate and verify the existence of all utilities prior to starting work.
2. The contractor shall supply all plant materials in quantities sufficient to complete the planting
shown on all drawings.
3. All material shall conform to the guidelines established by the current American Standard for
Nursery Stock, published by the American Association of Nurserymen.
4. No plant shall be put into the ground before rough grading has been finished and approved by the
Consultant/Employees.
5. All plants shall bear the same relationship to finished grade as the plant's original grade before
digging.
6. All plants shall be balled and wrapped or container grown as specified. No container grown stock
will be accepted if it is root bound. All root wrapping material made of synthetics or plastics shall
be removed at time of planting.
7. With container grown stock. The container shall be removed and the container ball shall be cut
through the surface in two vertical locations.
8. The day prior to planting, the location of all trees and shrubs shall be staked for approval by the
project Consultant/Employees.
9. All plant material selected by the contractor shall be approved by the Consultant/Employees.
10. All plants shall be sprayed with an antidesiccant within 24 hours after planting. In temperate
zones, all plants shall be sprayed with an antidessicant at the beginning of their first winter.
11. All plants shall be installed as per details and the contract specifications.
12. All plants and stakes shall be set plumb unless otherwise specified.
13. The landscape contractor shall provide fill as per the contract specifications.
14. All plants shall be watered thoroughly twice during the first 24hour period after planting. All
plants shall then be watered weekly, if necessary, during the first growing season.
15. The landscape contractor shall refer to the contract specifications and drawings for additional
requirements.
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16. The landscape contractor shall take into consideration seasonal requirements related to the time of
planting.
17. All plants shall be inspected at the end of the guarantee period. Plants which, at that time , are not
in health vigorous growing condition, to the consultants approval , shall be replaced at no extra
charge.
18. Utilities: contractor is responsible for locating all existing utilities on the site.
19. Contractor must check & verify all dimensions and conditions on the job, reporting all
discrepancies to the landscape architect before proceeding with the work
20. Contractor is responsible for any damage caused to existing services when services when
excavating.
21. Contractor to verify all dimensions and report all discrepancies to landscape architect.
22. Property lines to be verified prior to invtiating any construction
23. Refer to Engineering drawings for grading, site servicing.
24. Refer to Engineering and Architectural drawings for detail of asphalt, curbs lighting, Etc…all
construction to be carried out in accordance with the most current design standards, Criteria and
specifications of the municipality.
25. Contractor to locate and protect all existing utilities and services.
26. Contractor to make good all damaged areas too landscape architects approval
27. Prior to start of construction, contractor to install and maintain silt fencing.
28. Layout of trees to be staked by Contractor, and approved by the landscape Architect prior to
installation of the trees. In general, trees to be 3.0m Min from light standards, hydrants,
transformers and other features, unless directed otherwise.
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Sketch showing PLANT SPACING CHART
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KEY POINTS: PLANTING TECHNIQUES
The following techniques are necessary to insure the survival and long-term health of installed plant
material.
1. Inspect plants carefully upon their arrival at the site. There should be no unhealed wounds in the bark
or stem of the plant and no major broken branches. Container plants that are extremely root-bound should
be rejected.
2. The planting hole should be at least two times wider than the root ball, but no deeper, and the plant
should be set on firm subsoil. The root flare should be set at the same level it has grown.
3. Non-biodegradable nursery wrappings (i.e. plastic or wire) around the roots must be carefully removed.
Burlap can be left in place if the top third of the root ball is unwrapped.
4. About 75 to 100 mm (3 to 4 in) of mulch should be spread 1.5 to 2.1 m (5 to 7 ft) around trees and a
meter around other plantings. Bare soil should be left at the base of the plant to avoid trunk suffocation or
rot.
5. Plants need extra nitrogen right after planting, especially in the fall when their roots are most active.
Fertilize on the surface at spring or fall, or use slow-release tablets in tree planting holes.
6. Planting holes should be backfilled with the same soil that was removed. Amendments such as
compost, peat and sand should not be used, as they may actually inhibit the root penetration of
surrounding soil and slow overall growth.
7. Trunk wrapping should not be used, as they may shelter insect infestations, and hold moisture around
the bark causing fungus or disease.
8. Staking should be avoided. Where sites are unusually windy or specimens are too large to be stable
initially, staking may be required until the plant can support itself, but should be removed after the second
growing season.
9. Pruning after planting should be limited to dead or damaged branches, or those that threaten the
appearance and branching structure of the tree. Traditional pruning back of a third of the upper branches
does not aid plant establishment in most ball and burlap stock.
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SKETCH SHOWING Typical multi-stem tree planting and guying.
SKETCH SHOWING A Typical coniferous tree planting (6-ft height and smaller).
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Practical Turf Areas:
Where lawn is necessary, follow these guidelines:
Where turf has to be irrigated to survive:
1. Shape turf areas to allow maximum irrigation efficiency. The ratio of area to perimeter should be high.
Limit usage of lawn in areas too small or narrow to be irrigated efficiently.
2. Avoid using turf on slopes where irrigation cannot be efficient-use alternate groundcovers or low-water
use grass.
Where turf can survive without heavy irrigation:
1. Consider using a variety of turf that can survive in that climate without any supplemental irrigation.
Improving the efficiency of irrigation for turf, in both cases:
1. Some grasses develop root systems that penetrate the soil to a depth of 1.5 m (5 ft) or more in the wild.
Wait as long as possible into the spring to begin irrigation (when the soil is dry to a depth of several
centimeters) this promotes deep, drought-resistant root systems.
2. During periods where irrigation is necessary, irrigate deeply and infrequently. Both of these practices
will also discourage weed growth.
Characteristics of Appropriate Drought Tolerant Plants:
Appropriate plants are not necessarily constant low-water users. An appropriate plant is one whose
growth cycle is well adapted to the specific seasonal pattern of the climate in which it is planted, which
may include short periods of intense drought or rain. Indeed, when these plants are established,
supplemental moisture during their "dry" cycle can lead to root rot and disease. Plants native to a region
will be the best adapted and will be able to survive seasonal extremes of drought and temperature, but
many exotics from similar climates are also appropriate. When using non-natives, avoid destructive
invasive species. The Contractor shall advice the Employer for appropriate plants.
Develop a working knowledge of the adaptations that plants and plant communities native to a particular
region have evolved. Plants adapted to dry climates can be either deep or shallow rooted depending\ on
the above-ground adaptations they have evolved. Most natural plant communities are self-reinforcing;
associated species support each other when grown together.
Many plants can survive drought, but some do so by entering dormancy until moisture is present again.
Others have adaptive strategies that allow them to look healthy and attractive during drought periods.
Consider the behavior of potential plants when they are subjected to drought stress when placing them in
the landscape. Irrigation is crucial during the first several years to establish new plantings, but will
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become unnecessary and even detrimental to the continuing health of plants when mature if they have
been well-chosen for their new locations.
Efficient Irrigation:
Harvest rainwater from impervious surfaces such as roofs and pavements; run downspouts into planting
beds; grade pavement to run off into lawns or beds; terrace steep slopes to collect rainwater; use
collection swales at the foot of slopes to collect runoff. The Contractor shall review the landscape design
to utilize maximum harvesting from paved surfaces.
All plants require irrigation for the first few years after planting. If the design aims for eventual
independence from irrigation, hand-watering or use of a minimal, inexpensive system may be enough.
The following recommendations apply to all forms of irrigation, whether in arid or wet climates (Refer to
Section 750, Irrigation, for more detailed information):
1. Irrigate deeply and infrequently to promote resilient, deep root systems.
2. Calibrate rate and duration of water delivery to minimize runoff.
3. Monitor irrigation consumption and adjust monthly to meet changing conditions.
4. Allow for regular maintenance of irrigation systems. Leaks and plugs in irrigation lines not only waste
water; they can kill plants and damage structures.
Mulching:
Mulch is a crucial component of a water efficient landscape. Mulch conserves soil moisture, moderates
soil temperatures, limits reflected heat that damages plants, holds and builds the soil, prevents weeds, and
helps control erosion from wind and rain.
There are several cautions that apply to mulches. Some mulches, such as shredded bark or pine needles,
are flammable when dry. Use caution when mulching near sources of heat or sparks. Fresh mulches, such
as new wood chips or sawdust, draw nitrogen from the soil when they begin to decompose. Use a slow-
release nitrogen fertilizer with these mulches. Any organic mulch can provide cover for such pests as
slugs, sow bugs, earwigs, and rodents. If these pests become a problem, pull mulch back at least 150 mm
(6 in) from the base of plantings that are under attack or consider using a different type of mulch.
Appropriate Maintenance:
Monitor conditions on a regular basis to head off problems of insect attack, irrigation, disease, or soil
problems. Fertilizer may be necessary to counteract nitrogen drain of fresh, decomposing mulch. Monitor
plant conditions and apply slow release nitrogen fertilizer if necessary. Mow turf at a high setting. This
improves drought resistance by shading the soil and allowing deeper roots to form.
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SKETCH SHOWING Typical shrub planting (bare root).
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SKETCH SHOWING Typical espalier [Link] are fastened to wall 24 in on center, and cable
is strung taut between hooks.
SKETCH SHOWING Typical bulb [Link] will vary depending on desired effect of
plantings.
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SKETCH SHOWING Cutting or lowering a grade near an existing tree.
SKETCH SHOWING Filling or raising a grade near an existing tree.
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SKETCH SHOWING Coniferous tree planting.
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SKETCH SHOWING Shrub Planting.
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SKETCH SHOWING Planting Detail.
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SKETCH SHOWING Palm tree planting in paving.
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SKETCH SHOWING: CAUSES OF TREE MORTALITY AND REMEDIES
L. References
FROM CONCEPT TO FORM IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN, second edition; By Grant
[Link], FASLA
GARDEN DESIGN, planning, building, and planting your perfect outdoor space; Editor-in-
chief Chris Young.
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, a manual of environmental planning and design, fourth
edition; By JhonDrmsbee Simonds and Barry W. Starke
TIME-SAVER STANDARDS FOR LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, second edition; By
Charles W. Harris and Nicholas T. Dines
USEFUL TREES AND SHRUBS IN ETHIOPIA, technical handbook no 5, identification,
propagation and management for agricultural and pastoral communities; By AzeneBekele-
Tesemmawith Ann Birnie and Bo Tengnäs. Regional soil conservation unit/SIDA
ANNUAL CLIMATE BULLETIN, meteorological data and climatology directorate, for
the year 2003; ByEthiopian National Meteorological Agency
SEASONAL CLIMATE BULLETIN, meteorological data and climatology directorate, for
the year 2015/16; ByEthiopian National Meteorological Agency
SMALL SCALE WIND TURBINES AT WILLIAMS COLLEGE, JJ Augenbraun,
Geosciences 206, Professor Dethier and Ms. Boyd, May 13, 2009.
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF SMALL SCALE STANDALONE WIND TURBINE FOR
URBAN AREA, Case study of KTH Main Campus; By
KalekirstosGebremariamGebrelibanos.
SPRINKLE IRRIGATION SYSTEM, By international development enterprises.
CONTROLLING URBAN RUNOFF, A Practical Manual for Planning and Designing
Urban BMPs,1987
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