ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCE

a. Definition Active and Passive sentences

 Active sentence is the verb form used when the subject of a sentence does the

action.

Example: She drove a car

 Passive sentence is the verb form used when the subject of a sentence is affected

by the action.

Example: A car was driven by her

b. The Way to Form Active and Passive sentences

 Active sentences

If we want to form an active sentence, we do not need any special regulations,

because there is no special key. Just pay attention with the tenses. As we know

that English has movement verb that we have to know well.

Example: She goes to school

She went to school yesterday

 Passive Sentences

The passive sentence has special ways to form it. Beside we have to pay attention

with movement of verbs, we have to give special attention with such thing.

There are four ways to form passive sentences.

1. Put an object of active sentence in the beginning of passive sentence (object of

active sentence becomes subject in passive sentence).

Example: He ate banana (active)

Banana was eaten by him (passive)
 2. If in the active sentences do not have auxiliary (to be), so just add to be that is

suitable with the subject of passive sentence and the tenses.

Example: Jojo invited them (active)

They were invited by Jojo (passive)
3. Put the main verb from active sentences after auxiliary verb (to be) in past

participle form.

Example: My father is reading newspaper (active)

Newspaper is being read by my father (passive)
4. Put the preposition By after the main verb before object in passive sentences.

(in some cases, the preposition By can be omitted when it is not known or not

important to know exactly who performs the action).

Example: This house was built in 1987 (By is omitted)

The most important thing that you have to know well and remember in forming

passive sentence is the general formula of passive sentences. Here is the formula:

To Be + Past Participle

c. The Use of Active and Passive sentences

As we know together that English has 16 tenses which have differences in using

and forming. Beside that English also has modals auxiliary which have some differences

each others. So here we just want to make classification active and passive sentences to

show the differences, based on the tenses and modal auxiliary.

Tenses
1. Simple Present
Passive
Active
(+) Lapa- lapa is eaten by my brother
(+) My brother eats lapa-lapa
(-) Lapa- lapa is not eaten by my brother
(-) My bother does not eat lapa- lapa
(?) Is lapa- lapa eaten by my brother?
(?) Does my brother eat lapa- lapa?

2. Present Continuous
Active Passive
(+) Tono is writing a letter (+) A letter is being written by Tono
(-) Tono is not writing a letter (-) A letter is not being written by Tono
(?) Is Tono writing a letter? (?) Is a letter being written by Tono?

3. Present Perfect
Active Passive
(+) She has closed the door (+) The door has been closed by her
(-) She has not closed the door (-) The door has not been closed by her
(?) Has she closed the door? (?) Has the door been closed by her?

4. Present Perfect Continuous

Active Passive

(+) He has been waiting for you (+) You have been being waited for by him.

(-) He has not been waiting for you (-) You have not been being waited for by

(?) Has he been waiting for you? him

(?) Have you been being waited for by him?

5. Simple Past
Active Passive
(+) He stole a present (+) A present was stolen by him
(-) He did not steal a present (-) A preset was not stolen by him
(?) Did he steal a present? (?) Was a present stolen by him?
 6. Past Continuous
Active Passive
( + ) She was explaining lessons ( + ) Lessons were being explained by her
( - ) She was not explaining lessons ( - ) Lessons were not being explained by
( ? ) Was she r explaining lessons/ her
( ? ) Were lessons being explained by her?

7. Past Perfect
Active Passive
( + ) Jono had helped me ( + ) I had been helped by Jono
( - ) Jono had not helped me ( - ) I had not been helped by Jono
( ? ) Had Jono helped me? ( ? ) Had I been helped by Jono?

8. Past Perfect Continuous

Active Passive
( + ) She had been driving a car ( + ) A car had been being driven by her
( - ) She had not been driving a car ( - ) A car had not been being driven by her
( ? ) Had she been driving a car? ( ? ) Had a car been being driven by her

9. Simple Future
Active Passive
( + ) He will open the door ( + ) The door will be opened by me
( - ) He will not open the door ( - ) The door will not be opened by me
( ? ) Will he open the door? ( ? ) Will I be opened the door?

10. Future Continuous

Active ( + ) Some books will be being read by me
( + ) I will be reading some books ( - ) Some books will not be being read by
( - ) I will not be reading some books me
( ? ) Will I be reading some book? ( ? ) Will some books be being read by
Passive me?
 11. Future Perfect
Active ( + ) Your heart will have been won by me
( + ) I will have won your heart ( - ) Your heart will not have been won by
( - ) I will not have won your heart me
( ? ) Will I have won your heart? ( ? ) Will your heart have been won by
Passive me?

12. Future Perfect Continuous

Active Passive
( + ) I will have been leaving you ( + ) You will have been being left by me
( - ) I will not have been leaving you ( - ) You will not have been being left by
( ? ) Will I have been leaving you? me
( ? ) Will you have been being left by me?

13. Past Future

Active Passive
( + ) I would buy a house ( + ) A house would be bought by me
( - ) I would not buy a house ( - ) A house would not be bought by me
( ? ) Would I buy a house? ( ? ) Would a house be bought by me?

14. Past Future Continuous

Active Passive
( + ) She would be reading novel ( + ) Novel would be being read by her
( - ) She would not be reading novel ( - ) Novel would not be being read by her
( ? ) Would she be reading novel? ( ? ) Would novel be being read by her?

15. Past Future Perfect

Active Passive
( + ) They would have eaten cake ( + ) Cake would have been eaten by them
( - ) They would not have eaten cake (-) Cake would not have been eaten by
( ? ) Would they have eaten cake? them
( ? ) Would cake have been eaten by them?
EXERCISE 1: Each of the following has a passive meaning. Underline twice the verbs that
should be passive. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I)

EXERCISE 2: PASSIVE VOICE

EXERCISE 3: Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the
sentences
 CAUSATIVE VERBS: HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE

Have something done and Get something done are both used to refer to actions which are
done for the subject rather than by the subject. Causative verbs are used instead of passive
verbs to show that the subject causes the action to be done.

1. Have something done

I don´t know how to repair cars, so I´m having mine repaired at the garage round the
corner.

2. Get something done

I really must get my eyes tested. I´m sure I need glasses.

Get your hair cut!

NOTE: The differences between have and get something done are that have is slightly
more formal than get, and that get is more frequent than have in the imperative form.

EXERCISE 1

Rewrite these sentences using have or get.

1. The mechanic changed the oil in my car.

2. The hairdresser cut my hair in a completely different style.

3. A decorator has repainted our house.

4. A friend of mine, who´s an electrician, is going to repair my DVD player next week.

5. My jacket is being cleaned at a specialist cleaner´s.

6. The town hall has just been rebuilt for the council.
 Infinitive and Gerund
Infinitive

After an adjective Example: The new computer is really easy to use.

After certain verbs (with to) Example: He refused to pay the bill.

 afford  expect  manage  refuse

 agree  fail  mean  want
 appear  help (also  offer  wish
 arrange without to)  plan  would like
 beg  hesitate  prepare  would love
 choose  hope  pretend  would prefer
 decide  learn  promise

Gerund

As the subject of a clause Example: Cycling is good for your health.

After a preposition Example: I did my homework before going out.

Verbs followed by Gerund Example: I enjoy cooking.

 admit  can't stand  finish  practise

 advise  deny  keep  suggest
 allow  dislike  mind  waste time
 avoid  enjoy  miss / money
 can't help  fancy  permit

Verbs with Prepositions followed by Gerund

Example: I'm looking forward to seeing you again soon.
 accuse of  blame for  dream about/of  look forward to
 agree with  care for  feel like  object to
 apologize for  carry on  forgive for  think of
 ask about  complain about  give up  succeed in
 believe in  concentrate on  insist on  use for
 be used to  depend on  keep on

Words followed either by Infinitive or Ing-Form

Words with the same meaning Example: I started to read. / I started reading.

 attempt  cannot bear  hate  prefer

 begin  cease  intend  start
 bother  continue  love
 Words with the same meaning but different use

Word Infinitive - with an object Gerund – without an object

advise I advise you to go by bus. I advise going by bus.
allow / permit He allowed her to take the car. He allowed taking the car.
forbid She forbids us to smoke. She forbids smoking.

Gerund or Infinitive - Exercise 1

1) A lot of people are worried about their 6) Are you thinking of _ London? (visit)
jobs. (lose) 7) He apologized for so late. (arrive)
2) He agreed a new car. (buy) 8) Stop noise, please; I’m studying.
3) The question is easy _ (answer) (make)
4) Not everybody can afford to 9) She doesn't mind the night shift.
university. (go) (work)
5) I look forward to you at the weekend. 10) I learned the bike at the age of 5.(ride)
(see)

Gerund or Infinitive - Exercise 2

1) We decided a new car. (buy)
2) I regret you we won’t lend you the 7) Avoid silly mistakes.(make)
money. (tell) 8) My parents wanted me home at 11
3) Peter gave up _.(smoke) o'clock. (be)
4) He'd like an aeroplane.(fly) 9) I dream about _ a big house. (build)
5) I enjoy picture postcards. (write) 10) He advised me so much money.
6) He offered with the cleaning. (not spend)
(help)
Gerund or Infinitive Exercise 1

1 Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets in the appropriate form.

1 I can't stand _ _ in queues. ( to wait )

2 I wouldn't like in his shoes. ( to be )

3 Jim loves in Thailand. ( to work )

4 I hate _ the shopping on Saturday. ( to do )

5 Blast! I forgot _ milk. ( to buy )

6 In the end we decided _____________ in. ( to stay )

7 I need _______________ some information about Portugal. ( to find )

8 My parents like _______ for long walks at the weekend. ( to go )

9 Tony gave up ________ years ago. ( to smoke )

10 I wanted and see Troy but no one else was interested. ( to go )

11 Mrs Leith offered _____________ us to the airport. ( to take )

12 Clare refused clean up after the party. ( to help )

13 I tried him to come but it was no use. ( to persuade )

14 Do you mind not _____________ ? ( to smoke )

15 Everybody really enjoyed _ the cha-cha-cha. ( to dance )

16 Lionel admitted ______ my chocolate mousse. ( to eat )

2 Check your answers and put the verbs in bold into the right columns. Translate the verbs.

VERB + GERUND VERB + TO + INFINITIVE

Translation Translation
admit .......................... decide ..........................
_ .......................... forget ..........................
enjoy .......................... _ ..........................
give up .......................... offer ..........................
_ .......................... refuse ..........................
_ .......................... try ..........................
love .......................... want ..........................
_ .......................... would like ..........................
 A. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Conditional sentence is a sentence that contains a requirement. It’s always formed

as compound sentences that consist of main clause and subordinate clause. Conditional

sentence usually linked with if.

Main clause is a part of compound sentence which can stand independently and

also has a complete meaning even though it’s separated from another part of compound

sentence. Meanwhile, Subordinate clause is a part of compound sentence which can’t

stand independently if it’s separated from another part of compound sentence.

In English, there are three types of conditional sentences as follows:

 Future Possible or Future Conditional Sentence

 Present Unreal or Present Conditional Sentence
 Past Unreal or Past Conditional Sentence

1. Future Possible or Future Conditional Sentence

Future conditional is a sentence that contains requirement that will happen in the

future if one of the conditions is fulfilled.

The tenses that used in this sentence are:

 Simple Future Tense in Main Clause

 Simple Present Tense in Subordinate Clause
Example:

If it rains tonight, I will not attend the meeting

If he passes all his exams, he will graduate in June
The word if that followed by negative subordinate clause not can be changed with
unless.
Example:

I will come if I’m not busy

I will come unless I’m busy (= except if I’m hurry)
 But if the main clause is used for expressing something that permanent, the main

clause or subordinate clause is simple present tense.

Example:

He can pass the exam if he study hard

2. Present Unreal or Present Conditional Sentence

This form is used if we want to imagine something that contrary with the condition

in the present time. In this case, the speaker is quite pessimist because the possibilities of

this event is a little.

The tenses that used in this sentence are:

 Simple Past in If Clause

 Past Future Tense (would, could, might, + infinitive) in main clause
Example:

I would buy a new house if I got much money

He would marry you if you loved him
In this case, auxiliary BE in If Clause become WERE for all kinds of subject.

Example:

If I were you, I would leave college

They would understand things better, if they were given laboratory experience

3. Past Unreal or Past Conditional Sentence

This form is used if we want to imagine other possibilities from an event that have

been happened in the past. In other words, this form can be used for expressing some

conditions or events that contrary with the reality in the past.

The tenses that used in this sentence are:

 Past Perfect in If Clause

 Past Future Perfect (would, could, might, + infinitive) in main clause.
 Example:

She would have passed the exam if she had studied hard before
If I had known it was going to rain, I would have taken my umbrella with me.

Conditional without If

Conditional sentence can also be used without using conjunction if. We can use these

following words:

Unless

We often use unless in warning

We’ll be late unless we hurry (= except if we hurry)

Unless you work harder, you’re not going to pass the examination (= except if
you work harder)
As long as provided (that), providing (that)

These expression mean but only if:

You can use my car as long as you drive carefully (= but only if you drive
carefully)
Traveling by car is convenient provided (that) you have somewhere to park (=
but only if you have somewhere to park)
Providing (that) she studies hard, she should pass the examination (= but only
if she studies hard).
When you’re talking about the future, don’t uses will with unless, as long as,

provided, providing. Use a present tense:

We will be late unless we hurry

(not unless we will hurry)

Wish

It is used to express improbable or impossible desire. (Expressing regret)

Example:

I wish I knew her address (= I don’t know her address)

 I wish I had arrived at the station on time this morning (=I was late at the
station this morning)
If only

It is used to express improbable or impossible desire, or strong regret.

Example:

If only I had more money, I could buy some clothes (= I don’t have money so
I don’t buy clothes.)

if only somebody had told us, we could have warned you. (= somebody didn’t
tell us, we couldn’t warn you)

The differences of the form and use between conditional sentences Type I, II, and

Type III can be seen in the following table:

Type I Type II Type III

Simple present Simple past Past perfect
Basic - will + infinitive - would + infinitive - would have + PP
Pattern If he goes, we will give If he went, we would If he had gone, we
give would have given

The Future Present Past

reference If he goes there, we If he went there, w If he had gone there,
will give a permit would give a permit we would have given

Tomorrow Now Yesterday

The use Open condition, or a Unreal present Unreal past
real condition.
To express possibility To express a wish To express a regret
the event is possible to The event is not The event is not
take place possible to take place possible to take place

Special Use of were for all Inversion of subject

characteristic subject and verb
EXERCISE:

I. Choose the correct answer

1. My neighbors..................... if we’d invited them

a. would come c. will have come
b. would have come d. would have came

2. ……., I would study hard.

a. were I student c. was I student
b. Am I student d. had I student

3. If he ........ he would have gone abroad.

a. has a rich man c. has been a rich man

b. was a rich man d. had been a rich man

4. I’d have bought a car if I ................. much money

a. had c. had been
b. had had d. have had

5.You’d have passed the exam.

a. You had studied hard c. You have studied hard.
b. Had you studied hard d. If had you studied hard.

6. If it rains tonight, ……… the meeting

a. I would not attended c. I would not attend.
b. I will not attend d. I will not attended

7. I would buy a big car if I got much money. It means that :

a. I didn’t buy a big car c. I bought a big car
b. I will buy a big car later d. I will not buy a big car

8. If only I had much money, I could buy some clothes. It means that :
a. I had much money c. I don’t buy clothes
b. I will not have much money d. I will buy clothes
9. I was late at the station this morning. I wish …….at the station on time.
a. I arrived c. I had arrived
b. I arrive d. I have arrived

10. Providing (that) she studies hard, she should pass the examination. It means that she
will not pass the examination if …….
a. she studies hard c. she did not study hard
b. she studied hard d. she does not study hard

II. Change the following conditional sentence to other types

He would marry you if you loved him
Type I ………………………………………………………………..
Type III ………………………………………………………………..

III. What is the meaning or the real fact of the following sentences?

1. I wish I were a student

………………………………………………………………………..

2. I could have attended the seminar if I had been invited

……………………………………………………………………….