Learner’s Activity Sheet
Assessment Checklist
GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Quarter 1 – Week 2
COMMON SUBSTANCES AND
SEPARATION OF MIXTURES
Learner
Section
REGINE B. LUTERO
Teacher
Parent or Guardian
ARMM REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
School
LEARNER’S ACTIVITY SHEET
Dear Learner,
Greetings of Peace!
Below are the learning activities you will perform for one week. Please carefully
understand and follow the instructions provided. Don’t hesitate to ask for support from
anyone whom you think can help you do the activities. Most importantly, be free and
creative in doing the activities BUT ensure safety at all times. Have fun and enjoy
learning.
Sincerely,
Ma’am Regine
COMMON SUBSTANCES AND SEPARATION OF MIXTURES
OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the common chemical substances found at home.
2. Compare consumer products according to their components for use, safety, quality and
cost.
3. Describe various simple separation techniques.
ACTIVITY 1: AM I ESSENTIAL OR WHAT?
PROCEDURE:
List at least 5 essential consumer products found in your home. Copy the table below in a
sheet of paper and fill your table with each product’s use, safety, quality and cost. Then, answer
the guide questions that follow.
Product Use Safety Quality/Description cost
Ex. Detergent For laundry For external Powdered Affordable
soap use
Guide Questions:
1.Which product is the most essential? Least essential?
2. What products are safe? Which are harmful?
3.What can be done to products which are toxic to consumers?
4.When do you say that the product is of good quality?
5.What products in your list are affordable?
6. How will these products affect our environment? Our health?
7. What characteristics should be considered first when buying a product?
ACTIVITY 2: FILL ME IN!
Identify the chemical name and chemical formula of the common chemical substances
found in your home. Copy the table below in a sheet of paper and fill in with your answer.
Common Name Chemical Name Chemical Formula
Aspirin
Baking Soda
Naphthalene
Bleach
Toothpaste
Mouthwash
Vinegar
Alcohol
Vitsin/MSG
ABSTRACTION:
Separation of Mixtures
Since they are formed by physically combining the substances, mixtures can be physically
separated. For example, if a copper sulfate solution is boiled, the water evaporates away and the
copper sulfate powder remains.
Separation Techniques
There are many different techniques for separating mixtures into their components. The most
appropriate technique depends on the type of mixture and the physical properties of the
components. It also depends on whether you want to retrieve all of the components or not.
Physical Properties of Mixture Components
Separation techniques take advantage of differing physical properties of the components
of a mixture. For example, by evaporating the water from a copper sulfate solution, we are taking
advantage of the fact that water has a lower boiling point than copper sulfate. In fact, water boils
long before copper sulfate even melts. However, if we heated a solution of ethanol and water, the
ethanol would boil and evaporate before the water, as ethanol has a lower boiling point than
water. We would therefore need to use a different separation technique to remove water from an
ethanol-water solution.
Separating Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures
Separation techniques can generally be divided into the separation of heterogeneous
mixtures and the separation of homogeneous mixtures. Some of the main separation techniques
are shown in the table below.
Techniques for Separating Heterogeneous Techniques for Separating Homogeneous
Mixtures Mixtures
Decanting Evaporation
Sieving Distillation
Filtration Chromatography
Separating Funnel
Centrifugation
Magnetic Separation
Decanting
Decanting involves separating a dense, insoluble substance from a heterogeneous
mixture. For example, if we mixed sand with water in a beaker, the sand would not dissolve, but
would settle to the bottom, forming a sediment layer. By gently pouring off the water (the
supernatant), we could separate the sand from it. In the laboratory, using a glass rod can assist
the decanting process, as it minimizes the amount of splashing and reduces the risk of pouring
off some of the sediment. Decanting is only a useful method if the solid particles readily settle to
the bottom. It would not be useful, for example, in separating fine silt particles from water, as
they often remain suspended in the water.
Sieving
Sieving involves separating a mixture based on different sizes of components. For
example, small rocks can be separated from sand by sieving the mixture. The smaller sand grains
will pass through the holes in the sieve, whereas the rocks will not pass through. Sieving can also
be used to separate solids from liquids, assuming the solid pieces are larger than the holes in the
sieve. For example, straining cooked rice is a form of sieving.
Filtration
Filtration is a special form of sieving that separates very fine solid particles from liquid or
gas mixtures. Filter paper (or a similar substance with very fine pores) is used as a sieve. For
example, air and water filters are used in a variety of applications to keep air and water free from
minute dust and other particles. In a laboratory, filtration is often carried out by placing filter
paper in a funnel, pouring the mixture into the funnel and collecting the filtered liquid in a
beaker. The liquid that passes through the filter is called the filtrate and the solid that gets
trapped in the filter is called the residue.
Separating Funnel
A separating funnel can be used to separate a mixture of two non-miscible liquids – that
is, liquids that do not mix together to form a homogeneous solution. When such a mixture is
allowed to settle, the less dense liquid will form a layer on top of the denser liquid. A tap
attached to the separating funnel allows the bottom liquid layer to be drained, while the top
liquid layer remains in the flask and can be drained separately. This technique is mostly used to
separate liquids that are miscible in water from liquids that are non-miscible in water. An oil-
water mixture would be an example of this.
Centrifugation
Centrifugation involves spinning tubes of heterogeneous mixtures at very high speeds,
which forces part of the mixture to settle at the bottom of the tube. It can be used for separating
solid particles from liquids, or for separating non-miscible liquids. After centrifugation, the top
liquid layer can be carefully removed using a pipette. Examples include the separation of fat
from milk and the separation of different components in blood (red blood cells, white blood cells
and plasma).
Magnetic Separation
Magnetic separation is a specialized method specifically used for separating magnetic
materials, such as iron, from non-magnetic materials, such as soil and plastic. It is commonly
used in the mining and recycling industries.
Evaporation
Evaporation is used for recovering dissolved solids from solutions. The solution is either
boiled or simply left uncovered, resulting in the evaporation of water and the crystallization of
solutes. For example, sea salt is recovered by the evaporation of sea water.
Distillation
Distillation is similar to evaporation, except that the evaporated substance, known as the
distillate, is collected. The evaporated substance is passed through a tube known as a condenser,
which is surrounded by cold water. The evaporated substance is cooled, causing it to condense
back to a liquid so that it can be collected. Distillation can be used to separate liquids based on
their differing boiling point. It is commonly used in producing petrol, alcohol and perfumes.
Distillation can also be used to remove dissolved impurities from substances, such as in the
purification of water.
Chromatography
Chromatography is used to separate liquid or gas mixtures. It uses very small quantities
as its purpose is primarily for identifying and analyzing substances within a mixture, rather than
separating mixtures to recover large amounts of their components. Some examples include drug
testing of urine and blood samples, testing water samples for pollutants, and comparing a
suspect’s sample with evidence found at a crime scene. Chromatography uses the principle of
different affinities (attraction) of substances within a mixture to two separating substances,
known as the stationary phase and the mobile phase.
APPLICATION:
Research the fractional distillation of crude oil. What different products can be separated
and what are some examples of their different uses?
SELF – ASSESSMENT:
1. What part of the activity(ies) you find most interesting?
2. What is the most significant lesson you learned from this topic?
3. How significant is this topic to our daily living? Please mark your choice with a check on
the space provided.
______ very significant
______ slightly significant
______ not significant
ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST
Name: Grade & Section:
Teacher: Learning Area: GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
Date of Submission: Quarter: 1st Qtr., week 1
Check the appropriate rating that corresponds to the performance of your child while doing the
activities.
Bases for Evaluation NO YES
Partially
(1)
Satisfactory
Excellent
(2)
(3)
Parent’s/Guardian’s
Accomplished
Remark
The learner was able to identify the
common chemical substances found at
home.
The learner was able to compare
consumer products according to their
components for use, safety, quality and
cost.
The learner was able to describe various
simple separation techniques.
The learner was able to answer the Self
– Assessment.
Name of Parent/Guardian
