BACTERIOLOGY
G Virulence Factors Clinical Diseases Treatment
1 STAPHYLOCOCCUS
S. aureus + Spherical shape Fibrin/Fibrinogen Boils,styes, furuncles Beta-lactam antibiotic
Yellow Coagulase Pneumonia Cephalosporin
Facultative anaerobe Staphylokinase Mastitis
Hemolytic in blood agar Protein A Phlebitis
Leukocidin Meningitis
Enterotoxin UTI
TSST-1 Osteomylitis
Exfoliatin Toxin Endocarditis
2 STREPTOCOCCUS
S. pyogenes + Spherical/ovoid shape Streptokinase Pharyngitis Penicillin G
Facultative anaerobe Hyaluronidase Erysipelas Erythromycin
Lancefield group A Pyogenic exotoxin A-C Puerperal fever
Streptolysin O Scarlet fever
Acute glomerulonephritis
Rheumatic fever
S. agalactiae + Spherical shape Capsular material Neonatal infection DoC = Ampicillin
Facultative anaerobe
Beta-hemolytic in blood agar
Nasopharynx, oral cavity,
Intestinal tract, vagina
Lancefield group B
S. pneumoniae + Ovoid/lancet shape Polysaccharide capsule Bacterial pneumonia DoC = Penicillin
Facultative anaerobe IgA protease 3rd gen. Cephalosporin
Upper respiratory tract DoC = Vancomycin
Alpha haemolytic (highly resistant)
Optochin sensitive
Viridans = Optochin negative
E. faecalis + Facultative anaerobe Adhesion UTI Penicillin G
Intestinal tract, oral cavity Cytolysin Ampicillin
Lancefield Group D Penicillin
Gentamicin
Streptomycin
Allergic to penicillin:
Vancomycin
Erythromycin
3 MYCOBACTERIUM
M. tuberculosis + Acid fast Cording factor Disseminated tuberculosis Rifampicin
Obligate aerobe Sulfatide Isoniazid
Lungs Laboratory diagnosis: Pyrazinamide
Hydrophobic Mantoux test Ethambutol
Non-motile pleomorphic rod X-ray of chest Streptomycin
Vaccine: Bacillus
Calmette-Guerin
M. leprae + Acid fast Interferon Tubercoloid leprosy Dapsone + Rifampisin
Leprosy; Hansen's disease Lepromatus leprosy = Clofazimine
Cannot be cultured in Classic leonine facies
Bacteriologic media
Laboratory diagnosis:
Diagnosis
Scrapings/biopsies
Lepromin test
4 BACILLACEAE
B. anthracis + Rod shape Capsule (glutamic acid) Cutaneous anthrax DoC = Penicillin
Aerobe/facultative anaerobic Exotoxin (eschar w/ edema)
Polychrome methyline blue 3 PROTEINS: Intestinal anthrax
Protective antigen Pulmonary anthrax
Lethal factor (Woolsorter's disease)
Edema factor
B. cereus + Facultative aerobe Enterotoxin Diarrheal type of illness DoC = Clindamycin
Preheated food Vomiting
G Virulence Factors Clinical Diseases Treatment
5 CLOSTRIDIUM
C. perfringens + Obligate anaerobe Lecithinase Food poisoning Doc = Penicillin
Sporeforming rod Enteritis necroticans/ -Toxin = Gas
Pig bel disease Gangrene
β-Toxin = Food Poison
& Entiritis necrotican
C. difficile + Obligate anaerobe Cytotoxin A and B Antibiotic associated Metronidazole(oral)
Gut Diarrhea Vancomycin(oral)
Pseudomembranous colitis
(Clindamycin/yogurt)
C. botulinum + Obligate anaerobe Toxin A to F Foodbourne botulism Proper pulmonary
Spore forming rod Infant botulism Ventilation
Heat resistant Flaccid paralysis
Type A,B,E,F=HUMAN botulism Wound botulism
Type C,D=ANIMAL botulism
Laboratory Diagnosis:
Mouse neutralization test
C. tetani + Obligate anaerobe Tetanospasmin Tetanus Metronidazole
Penicillin
Benzodiazepine=Spasm
6 NEISSERIA
N. gonorrheae - Non motile Pili Urethritis Penicillin
Kidney shaped Outermembraneprotein Cervicitis
Flat/concave Capsule Pelvic inflam. Disease Laboratory diagnosis:
0.8 um IgA protease Anorectal gonorrheae Urethral gram stain/
Neonatal ophthalmia Cervical exudate
Pharyngeal gonorrheae Hybridizationtech/direct
Immunofluorescence
N. meningitidis - Nasopharyngeal tract Pili Meningitis Penicillin G
Kidney bean shaped Capsular polysaccharide Meningococcemia Ceftriaxone
0.6 to 1 um IgA protease 3rd gen. Cephalosporin
Capsulated & piliated Lipopolysaccharide Chloramphenicol
(resistant to penicillin)
7 ENTEROBACTERIACEAE
Escherichia coli - Coliform Supportive therapy
Drinking water Oral dehydration
Fecal contamination Antimicrobial therapy
Extraintestinal----------------------- Endotoxin UTI
Capsule
Pili
Enterotoxigenic--------------------- Pili Traveler's diarrhea
Heat labile enterotoxin Childhood diarrhea
Heat stable enterotoxin
Enteroinvasive---------------------- N/a Dysentery
Invade enterocyte lining
Enteropathogenic----------------- Bundle forming pilus Diarrhea in infants
Chronic diarrhea
Toxin similar - Shiga
Enterohemorrhagic--------------- Inflam./bleeding LI mucosa
toxin
Serotypes: Hemolytic Uremic
Transfussion
E.coli 0157:H7 Syndrome
*H antigen-Flagellin Hemodialysis
O antigen-LPS
K antigen-Capsule
Enteroaggregative----------------- Pili Watery diarrhea
Hemolysin-like toxin
Shigella - Facultative anaerobic Invasion plasmid antigen Dysentery "shigellosis" Supportive therapy
dysenteriae Non motile Intracellular spread fluid replacement
Non spore forming rod proteins Doc = Ampicillin
Shiga toxin Amoxicillin
G Virulence Factors Clinical Diseases Treatment
Salmonella - Produce gas in fermenting Somatic/O antigen Gastroenteritis/diarrhea Ciprofloxacin
typhi Glucose H antigen Bacteremia Chloramphenicol
Produce H2S from thiosulfate Vi antigen Extra intestinal infection Trimethoprim
Endotoxin Enteric fever(thypoid) Sulfamenthoxazole
Invasin Ceftriaxone
8 VIBRIONACEAE
Vibrio cholerae - Highly motile Adherence&colonization Cholera Fluid replacement
Curved rods Secretion of cholera toxin Dehydration IV glucose solution w/
W/ single polar flagellum Hypotension Electrolyte
Death Antibiotic therapy
Non epidemic diarrhea Doc = Tetracycline,
Extra intestinal infection of Chloramphenicol
Wounds, Respiratory Cephalosporin
tract Urinary tract, CNS
V. parahaemolyticus-------------- Gastroenteritis
V. vulnificus-------------------------- Septicemia, Wound Infection,
Fish and Shellfish : Skin Ulcer
V. alginolyticus---------------------- Wound infection: External otitis
9 CAMPYLOBACTERIACEAE
Campylobacter - 42-45C x below39C/above47C flagella foodboune illness: erythromycin
jejuni 5-10% oxygen enterotoxin fever:headache&malaise
6.5-7.5 pH cytotoxin enteritis
survive as high as 8 low as 4.8
Helicobacter - Spiral shaped rod Cytotoxin Duodenal peptic ulcer Acid lowering drugs:
pylori Capnophilic Gastric ulcer Ranitidine
Microaerophilic Gastric cancer Cimetidine
Urease producing Laboratory diagnosis: Famotidine
Stomach & duodenum Carbon14urea breath Test Omeprazole
0.5-3 um Carbon13urea breath Test Pantoprazole
4-6 Flagella to one pole Blood Test Lansoprazole
Endoscopy Triple therapy routine:
Bismuth subcitrate
Metronidazole
Tetracycline HCL or
Amoxicillin
10 SPIROCHETES
Treponema - Obligate parasite Virulence Primary syphilis DoC = Penicillin
pallidum Helically coiled Binding to endothelial Secondary syphilis
Corkscrew shape cell (Condylomata lata)
6-15 um long Laboratory Diagnosis: Latent stage
0.1-0.2um wide Darkfield Examination Tertiary syphilis
*Outer membrane Serologic Test Congenital syphilis
Axial membrane Non Specific Test
Cytoplasmic tubules (Cardiolipin):
Inner cytoplasmic membrane *Wasserman Test
Venereal Disease
Research Lab test(VDRL)
Rapid Plasma
Reagin(RPR)
Treponemal antibody:
*FTA-Abs
TPI test
MHA-TP test
Borrelia - High flexible, Move by rotation Antigenic variation Relapsing fever Erythromycin
recurrentis And by Twisting Agglutins, Complement Doxycycline
Blood stain: Giesma/Wright Fixing antibody, lytic Chloramphenicol
Antibodies Panicillin G
Doxycycline (except in
Children & pregnant)
G Virulence Factors Clinical Diseases Treatment
Leptospira - Highly Coiled and Motile Hemolysin Leptospirosis Doxycycline
interrogans 0.1 Um Diameter Endotoxin (Weil's Disease) Amoxycillin +
6-20 Um Length Endotoxin Canicola Fever Erythromycin
W/ Hooked End Endotoxin Hemorrhagic jaundice
Mud Fever
Swineherd's Disease
11 FUNGI LIKE (FILAMENTOUS Bacteria)
Actinomyces - Anaerobic Granules Actinomycosis Penicillin G
israelii Mouth (Dental Plaque)
Laboratory Diagnosis:
Macroscopic Exam
(Yellow/Sulfur Granules)
Cultures
12 OPPURTUNISTIC Bacteria
Klebsiella - Enterobacteriaceae Capsule pneumonia sensitivity testing
pneumonia Lactose fermenter Resistance Plasmids UTI empiric therapy;
GIT aminoglycoside
Ability to Fix Nitrogen cephalosporin
Proteus - Facultative Anaerobe Flagellum UTI carbenicillin
mirabilis GIT Fimbrae Kidney stones amikacin
Bladder, Surgical Wounds, Urease Wound infection aminoglycosides
Lungs, Urinary Tract Hemolysin septicemia
Swarming Motility
Pseudomonas - Immune system weakened Alginate Capsule Ear infection in children Resistant to variety of
aeruginosa One/Ten Hospital infection Pilin/Nonpilus Adhesion Bacteremia, 50%mortality antibiotics
Found In Med. equipments Hemolysin
(Phospholipase C)
Proteases
Exotoxin A
Exotoxin S
Antibiotic resistance
13 ZOONOTIC Bacteria
Brucella - Non motile rod Resist phagocytosis Contagious abortion (cattle) DoC = Tetracycline
abortus Produce catalase Survive intracellularly Undulant fever (human)
Oxidase positive
Grows slowly Laboratory Diagnosis:
Require complex media Agglutination Test
Containing serum or blood Enzyme Immunoassay
Yersinia pestis - Rodent pathogen Ysc proteins Inflammation of lymph Doc = Streptomycin
Rat flea Yops Plague or Black death
Coccobacillary pPct or pPCP1 Bubonic & Pneumonic forms
Laboratory Diagnosis:
Safety pin
Francisella - Non motile Coccobacillus Endotoxin Tularemia(Rabbit fever) DoC = Gentamicin
tularensis Requires Cystine
Grows well Legionella media
and BCYE
Slowly on enriched Columbia
base blood agar
2 Biovars:
Jellison type A (high virulent)
Jellison type B (mild disease)
