University of the Philippines – Diliman
Department of Chemical Engineering
Material Balance in Unit Operations
ChemE 101
Chemical Engineering Process Analysis I
AY 2018 – 2019
MSPDEANG
September 12, 2018
MSPDEANG 2018
Unit Operation
Unit Operation –
a basic step in a process, involving a physical change in
the materials being processed
Arthur Dehon Little (1863-1935)
In 1916, he noticed that all industrial
chemical plants, at the time, carry out
similarly looking processes/units. He
called each of them a unit operation.
MSPDEANG 2018
Unit Operation
Unit Operation –
a basic step in a process, involving a physical change in
the materials being processed
But strictly speaking:
Reactors are not unit operations.
They are unit processes.
MSPDEANG 2018
Unit Operations
Unit operations are generally used:
A. For flow of fluids
B. For handling solids/particulate solids
C. For transfer of heat
D. For transfer of mass
E. Simultaneous transfer of heat and mass
F. Separation of Solids and Fluids
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Unit Operations: Fluid Flow
Pumps
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Unit Operations: Fluid Flow
Compressors
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Unit Operations: Solids Handling
Crushers
Gyratory Crusher
Jaw Crusher
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Unit Operations: Solids Handling
Ball Mills
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Unit Operations Heat Transfer
Heat
Exchangers
A double-pipe heat exchanger:
Tube-side Annulus
Fluid
Annular- Inner Pipe
side Fluid
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Unit Operations Heat Transfer
Heat
Exchangers
A shell-and-tube heat exchanger: Most common type of industrial heat
exchanger
MSPDEANG 2018
Unit Operations
Unit operations are generally used:
A. For flow of fluids
B. For handling solids/particulate solids
C. For transfer of heat
D. For transfer of mass
Separation
E. Simultaneous transfer of heat and mass
Processes
F. Separation of Solids and Fluids
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Evaporation
Used to concentrate a dilute feed solution to a “thicker”
solution
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Evaporation
Steam in (V0)
Vapor Product (V)
Feed (F) Liquid Product (L)
xsolute,in xsolute,out
xwater,in HX xwater,out
Condensate (C)
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Evaporation (Simplified)
V1
Feed (F) L1
xsolute,in xsolute,1
xwater,in HX xwater,1
MSPDEANG 2018
Evaporation
An evaporator has the capacity to evaporate 30000 kg of
water per hour. It is desired to concentrate an NaCl-water
solution from 10% to 40% concentration. If the evaporator is
to be operated at its rated capacity, What should the feed
rate be?
Evaporated
Water(V)
30000 kg/hr
Feed (F) Product(L)
10% NaCl 40% NaCl
MSPDEANG 2018
Evaporation
Evaporated
Water(V)
30000 kg/hr
Feed (F) Product(L)
10% NaCl 40% NaCl
Overall Mass Balance (OMB) 𝐹 =𝐿+𝑉
Component balance: NaCl 0.10𝐹 = 0.40𝐿
Component balance: Water 0.90𝐹 = 0.60𝐿 + 𝑉
MSPDEANG 2018
Evaporation (Multi-Effect)
Steam in (V0)
V2
V1
Feed (F) L1 L2
xsolute,in xsolute,1 xsolute,2
xwater,in HX xwater,1 HX xwater,2
Condensate (C1) Condensate (C2)
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Evaporation (Multi-Effect)
V1 V2
Feed (F) L1 L2
xsolute,in xsolute,1 xsolute,2
xwater,in HX xwater,1 HX xwater,2
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Drying
Used to remove moisture from a solid feed
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Drying
Removed
Moisture
Wet Solids Dried Solids
DRYER
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Drying
A dryer can handle 5,000 kg feed per hour of a material
containing 30% moisture by mass. How much moisture
evaporates per hour if the dried material contains 5%
moisture?
Removed
Moisture (M)
Feed (F) Product Dried
5000kg/hr Solids (P)
30% moisture DRYER 5% moisture
MSPDEANG 2018
Drying
Removed
Moisture (M)
Feed (F) Product Dried
5000kg/hr Solids (P)
30% moisture DRYER 5% moisture
Overall Mass Balance (OMB) 𝐹 =𝑀+𝑃
Component balance: Solids 0.70𝐹 = 0.95𝑃
Component balance: Water 0.3𝐹 = 𝑀 + 0.05𝑃
P = 3684.21 kg/hr dried product
M = 1315.79 kg/hr water removed
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Drying (Actual)
“Wet” Air “Dry” Air
DRYER
Dried Solids
Wet Solids
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Drying (Simplified)
“Wet” air “Dry” air
ydry air ,in ydry air ,in
ymoisture,out ymoisture,in
Removed Moisture
Feed Product
xsolid,in xsolid,out
x moisture,in x moisture,out
MSPDEANG 2018
Drying
A dryer can handle 5,000 kg feed per hour of a material
containing 30% moisture by mass using air as the drying
medium. If air enters and exits at atmospheric pressure with
partial pressures of water at 10 and 20 mm Hg in the inlet
and outlet respectively, determine the required molar flow
rate of the feed air (in kmol/hr)
From previous solution:
P = 3684.21 kg/hr dried product
M = 1315.79 kg/hr water removed
Water picked up by the air stream = 1315.79kg/hr!!!
MSPDEANG 2018
Drying
From previous solution:
P = 3684.21 kg/hr dried product
M = 1315.79 kg/hr water removed
Water picked up by the air stream = 1315.79kg/hr!!!
Exiting Air (E) Feed Air (F)
ydry air ,out ydry air ,in
ymoisture,out ymoisture,in
Pwater = 20 mmHg Pwater = 10 mmHg
Removed Moisture(M)
1315.79 kg/hr
MSPDEANG 2018
Drying
Exiting Air (E) Feed Air (F)
ydry air ,out ydry air ,in
ymoisture,out ymoisture,in
Pwater = 20 mmHg Pwater = 10 mmHg
Removed Moisture(M)
1315.79 kg/hr
Moles water added to air = 1315.79/18 = 73.10kmol water/hr
Feed Air: 10 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 (760 − 10) 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
𝑦𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝑖𝑛 = 𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑖𝑛 =
760 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 760 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
Exiting Air 20 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 (760 − 20) 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
𝑦𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
760 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 760 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
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Drying
Exiting Air (E) Feed Air (F)
ydry air ,out ydry air ,in
ymoisture,out ymoisture,in
Pwater = 20 mmHg Pwater = 10 mmHg
Removed Moisture(M)
73.10 kmol/hr
OMB 𝐹+𝑀 =𝐸
Dry Air 750 740
𝐹 =𝐸
760 760
10 20
Water 𝐹 +𝑀 =𝐸
760 760
E = 5482.5 kmol/hr exiting wet air
F = 5409.4 kmol/hr feed wet air
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Drying(Alternate Solution)
Exiting Air (E) Feed Air (F)
ydry air ,out ydry air ,in
ymoisture,out ymoisture,in
Pwater = 20 mmHg Pwater = 10 mmHg
Removed Moisture(M)
73.10 kmol/hr
Let A = total moles dry air in
Dry air is a tie component
10 20
Water balance A +𝑀 =𝐴
760−10 760−20
A = 5338.22 kmol/hr dry air
760
Feed air: F=A
760−10
5409.4 kmol/hr feed wet air
MSPDEANG 2018
Distillation
Used to separate components of varying volatilities
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Distillation
Distillate (D)
yA,D
yB,D
Feed (F) yC,D
yA,in
yB,in
yC,in
Side Product (S)
yA,S
yB,S
yC,S
Bottoms (B)
yA,B
yB,B
yC,B
MSPDEANG 2018
Distillation
The feed to a distillation column is a mixture of 60 mol% A,
30 mol% B, and the rest C. The distillate contains 85 mol%
A, 10 mol% B, and the rest C. If the distillate molar flow rate
is half of the feed molar flow rate, what is the composition of
the bottoms mixture?
Distillate (D)
Feed (F) 85% A
60% A 10% B
30% B 5% C
10% C
Bottoms (B)
yA,B
yB,B
yC,B
MSPDEANG 2018
Distillation
Distillate (D)
Feed (F) 85% A
60% A 10% B
30% B 5% C
10% C
Bottoms (B)
yA
yB
yC
Basis: 100 mol Feed
Distillate = 0.5(Feed) = 50 mol
OMB: F = D + B, B = 50mol
Comp A: 0.60 𝐹 = 0.85 𝐷 + 𝑦𝐴 𝐵 𝑦𝐴 = 0.35
Comp B: 0.30 𝐹 = 0.10 𝐷 + 𝑦𝐵 𝐵 𝑦𝐵 = 0.50
Comp C: 0.10 𝐹 = 0.05 𝐷 + 𝑦𝐶 𝐵 𝑦𝐶 = 0.15
MSPDEANG 2018
Distillation
We desire to produce two ethyl alcohol-water mixtures each containing
90% and 50% alcohol by mole from a dilute mixture containing 20%
mole alcohol by distillation. 98% of the ethyl alcohol in the feed is to be
recovered in these two products, that is, only 2% of the ethyl alcohol in
the feed may go into the bottoms. If the bottoms contains 0.6% alcohol,
calculate the amount of the different streams per 1000 kmol of feed
stream. Distillate (D)
Feed (F) 90% EtOH
20% EtOH
Side Product (S)
50% EtOH
Bottoms (B)
0.6% EtOH
MSPDEANG 2018
Distillation
Distillate (D)
Feed (F) 90% EtOH
20% EtOH
Side Product (S)
50% EtOH
Bottoms (B)
0.6% EtOH
OMB: 𝐹 =𝐷+𝑆+𝐵
EtOH: 0.2𝐹 = 0.9𝐷 + 0.5𝑆 + 0.006𝐵
2% of EtOH in Feed goes to the bottoms (0.02)0.2𝐹 = 0.006𝐵
Solving:
D = 73.33 , S = 260, B = 666.67 kmol
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Crystallization
Unit operation in which a solution is brought to a concentration where it cannot
hold all the soluble component (solute) in solution.
Formation of solid particles (crystals) within a homogeneous phase (i.e. liquid
solutions) by either cooling and/or removing some of the solvent.
MSPDEANG 2018
Crystallization
Water evaporated?
Crystallizer
Feed Mother Liquor
xsolute,in xsolute,out
xwater,in xwater,out
Product Crystals
(+ adhering ML?)
MSPDEANG 2018
Crystallization
1000 kilograms of a 64% NaNO3 solution in water is at a
temperature of 100°C is sent to a crystallizer where it is
cooled to 30°C. The solubility of NaNO3 at this temperature
is 96 parts per 100 parts water (96 kg solute / 100 kg water).
Determine the amount of crystals that can be produced if:
a. No water evaporates
b. 5% of the original water evaporates
MSPDEANG 2018
Crystallization
1000 kilograms of a 64% NaNO3 solution in water is at a
temperature of 100°C is sent to a crystallizer where it is
cooled to 30°C. The solubility of NaNO3 at this temperature
is 96 kg solute per 100 kg water. Determine the amount of
crystals that can be produced if:
a. No water evaporates
Crystallizer
Feed (F) Mother Liquor(M)
1000 kg 96kg NaNO3/100kg water
64% NaNO3 Product
Crystals (C)
MSPDEANG 2018
Crystallization
Crystallizer
Feed (F) Mother Liquor(M)
1000 kg 96kg NaNO3/100kg water
64% NaNO3 Product
Crystals (C)
OMB: 𝐹 =𝐶+𝑀
96 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3
NaNO3 0.64𝐹 = 𝐶 + 𝑀
96𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3 + 100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Water 0.36𝐹 = 𝑀
96𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3 + 100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
C = 294.4 product crystals, M = 705.6 kg Mother Liquor
MSPDEANG 2018
Crystallization
1000 kilograms of a 64% NaNO3 solution in water is at a
temperature of 100°C is sent to a crystallizer where it is
cooled to 30°C. The solubility of NaNO3 at this temperature
is 96 kg solute per 100 kg water. Determine the amount of
crystals that can be produced if:
a. 5% of the original water evaporates
Water evaporated(W)
Crystallizer
Feed (F) Mother Liquor(M)
1000 kg 96kg NaNO3/100kg water
64% NaNO3 Product
Crystals (C)
MSPDEANG 2018
Crystallization
Water evaporated(W)
Crystallizer
Feed (F) Mother Liquor(M)
1000 kg 96kg NaNO3/100kg water
64% NaNO3 Product
Crystals (C)
OMB: 𝐹 = 𝐶 + 𝑀 + 𝑊
NaNO3 0.64𝐹 = 𝐶 + 𝑀 96 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3
96𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3 + 100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Water 0.36𝐹 = 𝑀
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
+W
96𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3 +100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Evaporated Water 0.05 0.36 𝐹 = 𝑊
C = 311.68 kg product crystals, M= 670.32 kg mother liquor
W = 18 kg water evaporated
MSPDEANG 2018
Crystallization
A 1500 kg solution of 20% MgSO4 is to be crystallized in a
cooling crystallizer. At a certain temperature, multiple
hydrate forms of MgSO4 crystallizes, such that MgSO4•H2O
and MgSO4ᐧ•7H2O co-crystallize. The crystals retain 0.5 kg
solution per kg of crystal hydrate and that 70% of the total
MgSO4 is crystallized. If the mother liquor is 7.54624%
MgSO4, and assuming no water evaporates, what is the
mass of MgSO4ᐧ•7H2O and MgSO4ᐧ•H2O formed? (MM of
MgSO4 = 120.366 g/mol)
MSPDEANG 2018
Crystallization
Anhydrous crystal = no hydrates(H2O)
Special Note: Hydrated crystals
MgSO4•H2O
Per 1 mole of crystal:
1 mol anhydrous MgSO4 + 1 mol H2O
or
120.366g anhydrous MgSO4 + 18g H2O = 138.366 g MgSO4• H2O
MgSO4• 7H2O
Per 1 mole of crystal:
1 mol anhydrous MgSO4 + 7 mol H2O
or
120.366g anhydrous MgSO4 + 7(18)g H2O = 246.366 g MgSO4• 7H2O
MSPDEANG 2018
Crystallization
A 1500 kg solution of 20% MgSO4 is to be crystallized in a cooling
crystallizer. At a certain temperature, multiple hydrate forms of MgSO4
crystallizes, such that MgSO4•H2O and MgSO4ᐧ•7H2O co-crystallize. The
crystals retain 0.5 kg solution per kg of crystal hydrate and that 70% of
the total MgSO4 is crystallized. If the mother liquor is 7.54624% MgSO4,
and assuming no water evaporates, what is the mass of MgSO4ᐧ•7H2O
and MgSO4ᐧ•H2O formed? (MM of MgSO4 = 120.366 g/mol)
Crystallizer
Feed (F) Mother Liquor(M)
1500 kg 7.54624% MgSO4
20% MgSO4 Product Crystals(C)
X kg MgSO4•H2O
Y kg MgSO4ᐧ•7H2O
+ 0.5 kg ML/kg crystal
hydrate
MSPDEANG 2018
Crystallization
Feed (F) Crystallizer
1500 kg
20% MgSO4 Mother Liquor(M)
7.54624% MgSO4
Product Crystals
X kg MgSO4•H2O
Y kg MgSO4ᐧ•7H2O
+ 0.5 kg ML/kg crystal hydrate
OMB: 𝐹 = 𝑘𝑔 MgSO4•H2O + kgMgSO4•7H2O + kg Mother Liquor + kg adhering solution
0.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑑ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐹 = 𝑋+ 𝑌 + M + (X + Y)
1 𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
These two terms represent the un-crystallized solution
Let S = mass of mother liquor + mass of adhered solution
𝐹 = 𝑋+ 𝑌 + 𝑆
MSPDEANG 2018
Crystallization
Feed (F) Crystallizer
1500 kg
20% MgSO4 Mother Liquor(M)
7.54624% MgSO4
Product Crystals
X kg MgSO4•H2O
Y kg MgSO4ᐧ•7H2O
+ 0.5 kg ML/kg crystal hydrate
OMB: 𝐹 = 𝑋+ 𝑌 + 𝑆
MgSO4: 120.366 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
0.20𝐹 = 𝑋
120.366 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 + 18 𝑘𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
120.366 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
+𝑌
120.366 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 + (7)18 𝑘𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
+0.0754624𝑆
MSPDEANG 2018
Crystallization
Feed (F) Crystallizer
1500 kg
20% MgSO4 Mother Liquor(M)
7.54624% MgSO4
Product Crystals
X kg MgSO4•H2O
Y kg MgSO4ᐧ•7H2O
+ 0.5 kg ML/kg crystal hydrate
70% of the total MgSO4 is crystallized MgSO4:
0.7(0.2)𝐹
120.366 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 120.366 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
=𝑋 +Y
120.366 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 + 18 𝑘𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 120.366 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 + (7)18 𝑘𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
MSPDEANG 2018
Crystallization
Feed (F) Crystallizer
1500 kg
20% MgSO4 Mother Liquor(M)
7.54624% MgSO4
Product Crystals
X kg MgSO4•H2O
Y kg MgSO4ᐧ•7H2O
+ 0.5 kg ML/kg crystal hydrate
𝐹 = 𝑋+ 𝑌 + 𝑆
120.366 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 120.366 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
0.20𝐹 = 𝑋 +𝑌 + 0.0754624𝑆
120.366 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 + 18 𝑘𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 120.366 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 + (7)18 𝑘𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
0.7(0.2)𝐹
120.366 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 120.366 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
=𝑋 +Y
120.366 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 + 18 𝑘𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 120.366 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 + (7)18 𝑘𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑋 = 156.91 𝑘𝑔, 𝑌 = 150.44 𝑘𝑔 , 𝑆 = 1192.64 𝑘𝑔
MSPDEANG 2018
Gas Absorption/Desorption
Raschig
Rings
(Packing
Material)
MSPDEANG 2018
Gas Absorption/Desorption
Absorption
Tower
Gas with less Liquid:
soluble Lean Stream
component
*some of the absorbing
liquid may vaporize and
exit in this stream as The soluble
well
component is
absorbed from gas to
liquid.
Gas rich in
Liquid:
the soluble
Rich Stream
component
MSPDEANG 2018
Gas Absorption/Desorption
Desorption
Tower/Stripper
Stripping Gas Liquid:
with the Rich Stream
soluble
component
*some of the
The soluble
absorbing liquid may
vaporize and exit in component is
this stream as well absorbed from liquid
to gas.
Stripping Gas
Liquid:
Lean Stream
MSPDEANG 2018
Absorption/Desorption
Absorbing
Medium (L0 ) Treated Feed Exit
Gases Liquid (L0 ) Gases
(V1 ) (V1 )
Absp. Desp.
Liquid
Product Feed
(L1 ) Gases Stripping
Stripped
(V2 ) Medium
Liquid (L0 )
(V2 )
MSPDEANG 2018
Gas Absorption
A gas mixture contains 6% acetone, 1.7% water and the
balance air flows at a rate of 180kmol/hr. The acetone is to
be recovered using an absorption tower that operates at
30°C and 101.325 kPa. 10000 kg of water per hour will be
used to scrub the gas mixture. If 96% of the acetone is to be
recovered, calculate the mole fraction of acetone in the
outlet gas and liquid streams. The outgoing gas leaves at
760mm Hg, and has a partial pressure of water equal to
4.241 kPa.
MSPDEANG 2018
Gas Absorption
Basis: 1 hr operation
Absorbing Treated Gases (G)
Medium (M) n1 acetone M = 10000/18 = 555.56 kmol
10000kg/hr n2 water Assume: Only acetone is absorbed by the
100% water n3 air
feed liquid.
Absp 96% of acetone is absorbed
Feed Gases (F) Acetone in L = 0.96(0.06)(180)
Liquid Product
180kmol/hr Acetone in L = 10.368 kmol
(L)
6% acetone
n4 acetone Acetone in G = 0.432 kmol
1.7% water
n5 water
92.3% air Air in G = 0.923(180) = 166.14 kmol
Treated gases = Air + unabsorbed acetone + water
Dry gases in G = Air + acetone = 166.572 kmol
4.242 𝑘𝑃𝑎
166.572 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑔𝑎𝑠 × = 7.2783𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑖𝑛 𝐺
101.325 − 4.242
OMB: 𝐹 + 𝑀 = 𝐺 + 𝐿 180+555.56 = (0.432 + 166.14 + 7.2783) + 𝐿 L= 561.7097 kmol
MSPDEANG 2018
Extraction
MSPDEANG 2018
Liquid Liquid Extraction
Liquid Extractor
Extract Solvent
Carrier Raffinate
(with solute)
MSPDEANG 2018
Solid Liquid Extraction
Overflow (V) Solvent (S)
xA,V May be pure C or with some A
xC,V
Leaching Stage
Feed (F) Underflow (L)
xA,in xA,L
xB,in
xB,L
xC,L
Let A: solute, B: carrier, C: solvent
For an ideal leaching stage: the concentration of the solute in the overflow is
the same as the concentration of the adhering solution
(solute/(solute+solvent)) in the underflow.
MSPDEANG 2018
Solid Liquid Extraction
A copra batch contains 44% oil and is to be extracted with n-
hexane. The extracted meal contains 0.07kg oil/kg oil-free
matter(solids), and the mass fraction of n-hexane is 0.05.
The extract contains 49% n-hexane. If 10000 kg/hr of copra
are to be processed, how many kilograms of n-hexane is
required?
Extract (E) Solvent (S)
49% n-hexane
Pure n-hexane
51% oil
Leaching Stage
Copra Feed (F) Extracted Meal (M)
10000 kg/hr 0.07kg oil/kg (solids)
44% oil
56% solids
xnhexane = 0.05
MSPDEANG 2018
Solid Liquid Extraction
Extract (E) Solvent (S)
49% n-hexane
Pure n-hexane
51% oil
Leaching Stage
Copra Feed (F) Extracted Meal (M)
10000 kg/hr 0.07kg oil/kg (solids)
44% oil
56% solids
xnhexane = 0.05
OMB: 𝐹+𝑆 =𝐸+𝑀
N-hexane: 𝑆 = 0.49𝐸 + 0.05𝑀
Composition of M: 0.05 n hexane, 0.95 oil + solids
Ratio of oil to solids = 0.07:1
1 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
Mass fraction solids in M: 0.95
1𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 + 0.07 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑖𝑙
MSPDEANG 2018
Solid Liquid Extraction
Extract (E) Solvent (S)
49% n-hexane
Pure n-hexane
51% oil
Leaching Stage
Copra Feed (F) Extracted Meal (M)
10000 kg/hr 0.07kg oil/kg (solids)
44% oil
56% solids
xnhexane = 0.05
OMB: 𝐹+𝑆 =𝐸+𝑀
N-hexane: 𝑆 = 0.49𝐸 + 0.05𝑀
1 𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
Solids: 0.56𝐹 = 0.95 𝑀
1𝑘𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 + 0.07 𝑘𝑔 𝑜𝑖𝑙
S = 4166.19 kg
MSPDEANG 2018
Solid Liquid Extraction
Consider the dewaxing of paper by a kerosene solvent.
2000 lbs of waxed paper (which is 25% wax and 75% pulp)
is to be dewaxed using a kerosene solvent. The underflow
retains 0.2 lb wax per lb of pulp, and 2 lb kerosene per lb
pulp. The solvent is not pure, as it has been recovered from
another stage. It contains an amount of kerosene and 5 lb
wax/100 lb wax-free kerosene. Assuming that the leaching
stage is ideal, determine the concentration of wax in the
overflow and the masses of the solvent and overflow
streams.
MSPDEANG 2018
Solid Liquid Extraction
Overflow (V) Solvent (S)
x1 wax
5lb wax/100lb kero
(1-x1) kero
Leaching Stage
Feed (F)
2000 lb Underflow
25% wax 0.2lb wax/lb pulp
75% pulp 2lb kero/lb pulp
Underflow concentration: Per 1 lb of pulp, 0.2lb wax, 2lb kero
Ideal Leaching stage: soln conc in U = soln conc in V
Concentration of E = per 2lb kero, 0.2lb wax = 9.09% wax
OMB: 𝐹+𝑆 =𝑉+𝑈
Pulp: 1𝑙𝑏 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑝
0.75𝐹 = 𝑈
1 𝑙𝑏 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑝 + 0.2𝑙𝑏 𝑤𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑜
Wax: 0.2 𝑙𝑏 𝑤𝑎𝑥 0.2 𝑙𝑏 𝑤𝑎𝑥
0.25𝐹 = 𝑈+ 𝑉
1 𝑙𝑏 𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑝 + 0.2𝑙𝑏 𝑤𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑜 0.2𝑙𝑏 𝑤𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑙𝑏 𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑜
V = 7700 lb, S = 10500lb
MSPDEANG 2018
Degree of Freedom Analysis
Degree of Freedom Analysis
To determine whether you have enough information to solve
a given problem
Requires: Properly drawn and labeled flowchart
DOF = Nunknown variables – Nindependent material balance eqns – Nother specs
DOF = 0
System is fully specified and solvable
DF > 0
System is underspecified, need more relationships or
assumptions
DF < 0
System is overspecified, redundant/inconsistent equations,
MSPDEANG 2018
Degree of Freedom Analysis
To determine whether you have enough information to solve
a given problem
Requires: Properly drawn and labeled flowchart
DOF = Nunknown variables – Nindependent material balance eqns – Nother eqns
Nindependent material balance eqns
For non reactive processes, for n number of components,
there are n independent material balance equations
MSPDEANG 2018
Degree of Freedom Analysis
Sources of Other Equations
Energy Balance
If the amount of energy exchanged between the system
and its surroundings is specified or if it is one of the
unknown process variables
relationship between inlet and outlet material flows and
temperature
MSPDEANG 2018
Degree of Freedom Analysis
Sources of Other Equations
Process specifications
Relationship between process variables
Physical properties/laws
Relationship between mass and volume of a stream
material.
Saturation or equilibrium conditions
Physical constraints
Example: mass fraction relations*
Stoichiometry
*May be incorporated into the number of unknowns
MSPDEANG 2018
Degree of Freedom Analysis
Overflow (V) Solvent (S)
x3 wax
x1 wax
x4 kero
x2 kero
5lb wax/100lb kero
Ideal Leaching Stage
Feed (F)
2000 lb Underflow (U)
25% wax x5 wax
75% pulp x6 pulp
x7 kero
0.2lb wax/lb pulp
2lb kero/lb pulp
Unknown Variables: V,S,U, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7,
Nunk = 10
Nmaterial balance eqns = 3 (3 components)
MSPDEANG 2018
Degree of Freedom Analysis
Overflow (V) Solvent (S)
x3 wax
x1 wax
x4 kero
x2 kero
5lb wax/100lb kero
Ideal Leaching Stage
Feed (F)
2000 lb Underflow (U)
25% wax x5 wax
75% pulp x6 pulp
x7 kero
0.2lb wax/lb pulp
2lb kero/lb pulp
Other Equations
Physical Constraints: 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = 1 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 1 𝑥5 + 𝑥6 + 𝑥7 = 1
Process Specs:
In solvent: 5lb wax/100lb kero
In Underflow: 0.2lb wax/lb pulp and 2lb kero/lb pulp
Ideal Leaching stage: soln conc in U = soln conc in V
MSPDEANG 2018
Degree of Freedom Analysis
Overflow (V) Solvent (S)
x3 wax
x1 wax
x4 kero
x2 kero
5lb wax/100lb kero
Ideal Leaching Stage
Feed (F)
2000 lb Underflow (U)
25% wax x5 wax
75% pulp x6 pulp
x7 kero
0.2lb wax/lb pulp
2lb kero/lb pulp
Unknown Variables: V,S,U, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7,
Nunk = 10
Nmaterial balance eqns = 3 (3 components)
Nother eqns = 7
DOF = 10 – 3 – 7 = 0
Problem is solvable! (As shown earlier)
MSPDEANG 2018
Degree of Freedom Analysis
1000 kilograms of a 64% NaNO3 solution in water is at a
temperature of 100°C is sent to a crystallizer where it is
cooled to 30°C. The solubility of NaNO3 at this temperature
is 96 parts per 100 parts water (96 kg solute / 100 kg water).
Determine the amount of crystals that can be produced
Water evaporated (W)
Crystallizer
Feed (F) Mother Liquor(M)
1000 kg x1 NaNO3
64% NaNO3 Product (1-x1) water
36% Water Crystals (C)
MSPDEANG 2018
Degree of Freedom Analysis
Water evaporated (W)
Crystallizer
Feed (F) Mother Liquor(M)
1000 kg x1 NaNO3
64% NaNO3 Product (1-x1) water
36% Water Crystals (C)
Unknown Variables: W,C,M, x1
Nunk = 4
Nmaterial balance eqns = 2 (2 components)
Process specs:
Solubility of NaNO3 = 96kg NaNO3/100 kg water
MSPDEANG 2018
Degree of Freedom Analysis
Water evaporated (W)
Crystallizer
Feed (F) Mother Liquor(M)
1000 kg x1 NaNO3
64% NaNO3 Product (1-x1) water
36% Water Crystals (C)
Unknown Variables: W,C,M, x1
Nunk = 4
Nmaterial balance eqns = 2 (2 components)
Nother eqns = 1
DOF = 4 - 2 -1 = 1
What else could be specified?
MSPDEANG 2018
QUESTIONS?
