FORMULATION OF
PHILOSOPHY AND OBJECTIVES
Prepared by: Ms. Sameeksha
Nursing Tutor
ACN
Definitions of philosophy
“Philosophies of Nursing are statements of beliefs and
expressions of values in nursing that are used as bases for
thinking and acting – guide practice.”
“Philosophy is a search for a comprehensive view of
nature, an attempt at a universal explanation of nature of
thing.” – Henderson.
“Philosophy is defined as the study of the principles
underlying conduct, thought, and the nature of the universe.”
The general beliefs and attitudes of an individual or group
Phases of curriculum process
Phase 1- formulating the
statement of philosophy
of the school or college
or university.
Phase 2-
Phase 5- Establishment of
Evaluation of the the purposes and
Phases of objective of the
total program curriculum school or college or
process, university.
Phase 4- Effecting
organization of the Phase 3- Selection of
selected learning learning experience to
experience achieve the purpose and
objective
reflects the
ideas and
aspirations General
based on the
philosophy of
objective
the nation
cultural
Provides a Provide
develop values,
framework for life clarifica
ment of intellectu
and our action tion for
personal A good al virtues,
what is mental
and social
or has
national activity norms
been
all round character and moral
done
development
doctrine.
Child Activity
centeredness centeredness
(naturalistic (project and
Need
philosophy) centeredness basic
curriculum)
(pragmatic
philosophy)
THE PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
EDUCATION INCLUDE
⚫Philosophy serves as a framework within which the
organization, school or college or educational
program can function with a purpose and objective.
Policies and standards of the school or college or
university, outgrow of the statement of philosophy of
the institution.
⚫The philosophy is expressed in different ways as the
quality of education, selection of teachers and
student, projection of the individual rights of the
people, attitudes towards the value of human life and
the integrity of individual administrator and teachers.
⚫The philosophy and administration of school, college,
institution or
⚫education program originates from the board of
trustees and its member constituted by the
government or any private trust.
⚫For example:
⚫Community may decide to organize hospital for
the care of sick, organization of university or
college or school of nursing may follow. These
people bring their beliefs and standards to the
committee and together they organize and write a
statement of philosophy for the instructions that
represent the collective beliefs of the group.
states the values which are
GUIDELINES
believed to be right , true & good by
the persons responsible for the
school or college.
unique to the particular
society & individuals.
All teaching staff
should participate
used as a screen
should not conflict in with the
philosophy of the institution of
which it is a part.
re-examined periodically
Don’t try to cover too much.
Use overly simple and
FORMULATING STATEMENT
The statement may be written in narrative form or may
be listed, it is suggested ,as sort of resolution, with
appropriate introductory words such as………….
The teaching staff of the …………..school of nursing
Que.. what responsibility does the nurse
have to society?
what is our concept of the basic
course in general nursing?
what are our belief regarding
education?
what do we do our responsibility
to the students?
what are our beliefs in regard of
nursing?
what are our beliefs
regarding professional status
PHILOSOPHY OF BASIC B.SC. NURSING:
INC believed that:
Health is a state of wellbeing that enables a person to
lead a psychologically socially and economically,
productive life. Health is a right of all the people
individuals, families and communities have a
responsibility towards maintaining their health.
Nursing contributes to the health services in a vital
and significant way in the health care delivery
system. It reorganizational health goals and is
committed to participate in the implementation of
national health policies and providing quality care in
collaboration with other health professionals and
community groups.
Cont...
⚫ Scope of nursing practice encompasses provision
of promotive, preventive, curative and
rehabilitative aspects of care to people across
their life span in wide variety of health care.
Setting, practice of nursing is based upon
application of basic concepts and principles
derived from the physical, biological and
behavioural sciences, medicine and nursing.
⚫ Nursing is based on values of caring, and aims to
help individuals to attain independence in
self-care. It necessitates development of
compassion and understanding of human
behaviour among its practitioners to provide care
with respect and dignity and protect the rights of
individuals and group.
Cont...
Undergraduate nursing program is broad based
education within an academic framework specifically
directed to the development of critical thinking skills
competencies and standards required for practice of
professional nursing and midwifery as envisaged in
national health policy 2002.
The teacher have the responsibility to be role models
and create learning environment that enables
students to acquire inquiry driven, self directed
learning and foster and attitude of lifelong learning.
⚫ Undergraduate nursing education
program prepared its graduates to
become exemplary citizen by adhering
to code of ethics and professional
conduct at all times in fulfilling
personal, socialand professional
obligations as to respond to national
aspiration.
FORMULATION OF
OBJECTIVES
Introduction:
The intentions of any course are determined to a
large extent by the form in which the Aims and
Objectives are stated. Whereas the aims are general
statements broadly indicating the intention of the
course, the objectives are specific statements of what
the learner is supposed to do as a result of a course
of study.
⚫ Aims and objectives form the fundamental
part of the teaching. Once the intended
learning has been specified by the learning
objectives they provide the basis for
determining the scope and nature of
content to be learned, the choice of
teaching methods and strategies and the
form of assessments for determining
whether or not learning has taken place.
⚫ When formulating objectives be they for
the acquisition of knowledge and
intellectual skills (cognitive), physical skills
(psycho motor) and feelings (affective),
they must be specific, measurable and
relevant for the intended learning.
⚫ Aim:
Purpose toward which an endeavor is
directed. It is desired result that a person
wishes to achieve.
⚫ Objectives:
Specific knowledge, skills, or attitudes that
students are expected to achieve through
their college experience
⚫ Purpose:
The object toward which one strives for
which something exists.
Types of objectives:
Classified in two major categories:
1) Educational objectives
2) Teaching/learning objectives.
1) Educational objectives:
Educational objectives tell us what the learner should
be able to do after undertaking an educational program.
⚫ Educational objectives are statements of those
changes in behavior which are desired as a result of
specific learner and teacher activity, which is a two way
process.
⚫ BS Bloom believes that education is a tripolar process.
⚫ Types of educational objectives:
According to Guilbert:
1. General objectives : correspond
to functioning of types of health
personnel trained in an establishment. E.g.
Providing preventive and curative care to
individuals , families, and community in
health and sickness.
2. Intermediate objectives : arrived at
by breaking down professional functions
into components which together indicate
the nature of functions. Eg. Planning and
carrying out a demonstration session on
breast feeding for group of mothers in
community.
3. Specific / instructional objectives:
corresponding to precise professional tasks
whose results are observable and
measurable against given criteria.E.g.
Demonstrates correct use of blood
pressure apparatus in taking blood pressure
of patient.
⚫ 2) Teaching objectives:
Teaching objectives are relating to
learning outcome or change of behavior
of learners. These are specific, direct and
practical in nature.
⚫ BS Bloom has classified teaching
objectives in three categories-cognitive
objectives, affective objectives, and
psychomotor objectives.
Purposes of objectives
For teachers:
It serves as a guide in selection of
important and desirable subject matter.
⚫ It describes behavior in terms of
student performance.
⚫ It serves as basis for evaluation.
⚫ It indicates direction towards which
behavior is to be geared.
For student:
⚫ They indicate to the learner what needs to be
learned.
⚫ Gives direction to students towards in depth
study.
⚫ They provide guidance for all remaining
aspects involved in planning, implementing and
evaluating instructional programme
⚫ Learner should be able to demonstrate
possession of large quality of facts ,concepts,
greater ability to manipulate in more complex
ways.
For nurses:
⚫ To prepare nurses for rendering community
services through primary health care.
⚫ To prepare nurses for providing care at
institutional level
⚫ To prepare nurse educators to handle
teaching- learning situations in all learning areas
⚫ For all:
Overall evaluation of course gives feedback to
planners , administrators ,and others concerned
about efficacy of education program
Characteristics :
It should be written in behavioral terms (what the
students must do)
⚫ It should reflect the condition (under what
circumstances ) the activities checked be performed to
achieve the objectives
⚫ It should reflect standard and condition
⚫ It must be reasonable in number
⚫ It should be consistent with one another.
⚫ It should be distinctive but not completely
independent.
⚫ It should be approximately of same level of generality
or specificity.
⚫ It should be descriptive.
⚫ 8.Terminology to be used
While defining objectives in behavioral
terms ,one should be careful in choosing
appropriate verbs .These are observable and
measurable
⚫ Examples of verbs:
⚫ Descriptive verbs: describe, state,
define , explain , write ,etc.
⚫ Discriminative verbs : explain , infer ,
defend ,compare , differentiate
⚫ Motor performance verbs: draw,
measure , drive ,type
Qualities :
SMART :
⚫ Specific
⚫ Measurable,
⚫ Attainable
⚫ Reasonable
⚫ Timely
Other qualities should be:
⚫ Relevant : stated objective should be
free from any superfluous material but should
cover every point relating to the aims in
view.
⚫ Unequivocal : loaded words which are open to
a wide range of interpretations should not be
used.
⚫ Feasible and achievable : It must be
ensured that what the student is required to do
can actually , within time allowed and facilities
available at hand.
⚫ Logical : There should be internal
consistency in objective stated.
⚫ Observable : There should be some means
of observing process towards an objective
⚫ Measurable : objective must include an
indication
Elements of objectives:
⚫
1)Condition: It is the condition under which
learner should display the desired behavior.
2)Activity: it denotes the behavior the
learner is expectd to perform after attending
a class
3)Standard: It states the norms expected
from the student .
4)Content : It describes the subject ,object
in relation to which activity is performed.
Conclusion:
⚫ Formulation of educational objectives is
the main step of any curriculum
development which must be consistent
with the philosophy of the education
programme and institution . The faculty
should maintain the qualities in setting
objectives in behavioral terms in Nursing
Practice.
THANK YOU
