MODULE II

BALANCED THREE PHASE SYSTEMS

Lesson 1: Voltage and Current Relationships in Balanced

Three-Phase Circuit

Lesson 2: Delta-delta

Lesson 3: Delta-wye

Lesson 4: Wye-delta

Lesson 5: Wye-wye

MODULE II

BALANCED THREE PHASE SYSTEMS

 INTRODUCTION

Three-phase systems are important for at least three reasons. First, nearly
all electric power is generated and distributed in three-phase, at the operating
frequency of 60 Hz (or ω = 377 rad/s) in the United States or 50 Hz (or ω = 314
rad/s) in some other parts of the world. When one phase or two-phase inputs are
required, they are taken from the three phase system rather than generated
independently. Even when more than three phases are needed—such as in the
aluminum industry, where 48 phases are required for melting purposes—they can
be provided by manipulating the three phases supplied. Second, the instantaneous
power in a three-phase system can be constant (not pulsating). This results in
uniform power transmission and less vibration of three-phase machines. Third, for
the same amount of power, the three-phase system is more economical than the
single-phase. The amount of wire required for a three-phase system is less than
that required for an equivalent single-phase system

OBJECTIVES

After studying the module, you should be able to:

a) State the phase relationships among the voltages and currents in

balanced three-phase delta and wye configurations.
b) Convert between balanced three-phase delta and wye configurations.
c) Determine line and phase voltages and currents in balanced three-phase
circuits.
d) Determine the complex power in both balanced three-phase delta and
wye configurations.
e) Analyze delta source–delta load, wye source–wye load, delta source–wye
load, and wye source–delta load balanced three-phase circuits.

 DIRECTIONS/ MODULE ORGANIZER

There are five lessons in the module. Read each lesson carefully then
answer the exercises/activities to find out how much you have benefited from it.
Work on these exercises carefully and submit your output to your instructor.

In case you encounter difficulty, discuss this with your instructor during the
face-to-face meeting.

Good luck and happy reading!!!

Lesson 1

.
 Voltage and Current Relationships in

Three phase circuit is the polyphase system where three phases are send
together from the generator to the load. Each phase are having a phase difference
of 120°, i.e 120° angle electrically. So from the total of 360°, three phases are
equally divided into 120° each. The power in three phase system is continuous as
all the three phases are involved in generating the total power. The sinusoidal
waves for 3 phase system is shown below. Note that the generated voltages are
120◦ apart from each other.

Fig. 2.1. Sinusoidal waves for 3 phase system.

Three-phase systems are commonly used in generation, transmission and

distribution of electric power. Power in a three-phase system is constant rather
than pulsating and three-phase motors start and run much better than single-phase
motors. A three-phase system is a generator-load pair in which the generator
produces three sinusoidal voltages of equal amplitude and frequency but differing
in phase by 120 from each other.

The phase voltages va(t), vb(t) and vc(t) are as follows

v a  Vm cos t

v b V m cos t  120 
v c  Vm cost  240  ,
(1)

whereas the corresponding phasors are

Va  Vm
Vb  Vm e  j120
Vc  Vm e  j240 .
(2)
 Fig.2.2 A three- phase system
diagram
Va Ia Za
A three-phase system is shown
in Fig 2.2. In a special case all
impedances are Vb Ib Zb identical

Za = Zb = Zc = Z .
Vc Ic Zc (3)

Such a load is called a balanced load

and is described by In equations

Va Vb Vc
Ia  Ib  Ic 
Z Z Z .

Using KCL, we have

1
I n  Ia  I b  Ic 
Z
 Va  Vb  Vc  ,
(4)
where

 
Va  Vb  Vc  Vm 1  e  j120  e  j240 
 1 3
 
 Vm 1  cos120  j sin 120  cos 240  j sin 240  Vm 1   j
3 1
 j   0.
2 
 2 2 2

Setting the above result into (4), we obtain

In  0 .
(5)

Since the current flowing though the fourth wire is zero, the wire can be
removed (see Fig.2)

Va Ia Z Fig. 2

The system of
connecting the voltage sources
and the load Vb Ib Z branches, as
depicted in Fig. n n’ 2, is called the Y
system or the star system. Point
n is called the Vc Ic Z neutral point of
the generator and point n’ is
called the neutral point of
the load.
 Each branch of the generator or load is called a phase. The wires connecting
the supply to the load are called the lines. In the Y-system shown in Fig. 2 each
line current is equal to the corresponding phase current, whereas the line-to-line
voltages ( or simply line voltages ) are not equal to the phase voltages.

Y-connected System

Now we consider the Y-connected generator sources ( see Fig. 3).

Fig.3
Va
The a phasors of the
phase voltages can be
generally written Vab as follows
Vb b
n Vca
Va  V  Vme j (6)
o
Vc Vbc
Vb  Ve  j120 c
o
Vc  Ve  j240 .

We determine the line voltages Vab, Vbc, Vca ( see Fig.3). Using KVL, we obtain

 1 3 3 3
Vab  Va  Vb  Va 1   j   Va   j
 

 2 2  2 2 
2
 3   3  j tan 1
2 3
 Va     e 3
 Va 3e j30 .
 2   2 
Thus,

o
Vab  Va 3 e j30 .
(7)

holds and similarly we obtain

o
Vbc  Vb 3 e j30
(8)

o
Vca  Vc 3 e j30 .
(9)
 The phasor diagram showing the phase and line voltages is shown in Fig.4.
Fig.4

Thus,
the line Vab voltages
Vab, Vbc, Vca form
a Vc
30 Va
30

Vca

30

Vb
Vbc

symmetrical set of phasors leading by 30 the set representing the phase voltages
and they are 3 times greater.

Vab  Vbc  Vca  3 Va .

(10)

The same conclusion is valid in the Y connected load ( see Fig.5).

Fig.5 a

Summary of Balanced 3
Circuits Va Za=Z /System:
 
1. Wye Vab (Star)
L

Connected
System Vca Zc=Z
IL = IΦ Zb=Z
 
VΦ ZΦ Vc
VL Vb

VL b

Vbc

VL c
IL = IΦ
ZΦ
Relationships: ZΦ
IL = IΦ

IL = IΦ
Delta (Mesh) Connected System

VΦ

IL IΦ

VL ZΦ
VL
IL

VL IΦ
IL

Where: Vφ = phase voltage Relationships:

I φ = phase current
VLL = line voltage VΦ = VLL ;
IL = line current
ILine = I Φ
Power in Balanced 3φ Circuits/ System
(Where Wye or Delta connected)

Power Triangle Impedance Triangle

  ST
Zφ

QT XT
θT θT

0 PT 0 RT

ST = √PT² + Qr² VA Zφ= √Rφ²+Xφ² Ω

From the above triangles:

PT = KW = RФ
p.f. = cos θT =
ST KVA ZФ
QT = KVAR = XФ
r.f. = sin θT = ST KVA ZФ
 Where:
PT - total real power drawn by the balanced 3Ф load
QT - total reactive power drawn by the balanced 3Ф load
ST - total apparent power drawn by the balanced 3Ф load
p.f. - power factor of the balanced 3Ф load
r.f. - reactive factor of the balanced 3Ф load
θT - power factor angle of the balanced 3Ф load
 
PHASE SEQUENCE

Phase Sequence is the order in which the generated voltages in the phase
windings of an alternator reach or attain their peak or maximum values.
 
a. Positive Phase Sequence

ABC → BCA → CAB

AB - BC - CA → BC - CA - AB → CA - AB - BC

AN - BN - CN → BN - CN - AN → CN - AN - BN
 
Examples of Vector Representations
 
VC = |VC| < -240° VA = |VA| < -240° VB = |VB| < -240°

120° 120° 120°

120° VA = |VA| < 120° VB = |VB| < 120° VC = |VC| <
120° 120° 120°

VB = |VB| <-120° VC = |VC| <-120° VA = |VA| <-120°

Sequence ABC Sequence BCA Sequence CAB

VCA = |V| < -240° VCN = |VAN| < -240°

120° 120°
120° VAB = |V| < 0° 120° VAN = |VAN| < 0° 120°
120° 120°

VBC = |V| <-120° VBN = |VAN| <-120°

Sequence AB-BC-CA Sequence AN-BN-CN

 b. Negative Phase Sequence

ACB → CBA → BAC

AB - CA - BC → BC - AB → BC - AB - CA
AN - CN - BN → CN - AN → BN - AN - CN

 
 VB = |VA| < -240° VA = |VC| < -240° VC = |VB| < -240°
 
120° 120° 120°
120° VA = |VA| <0 120° VC = |VC| < 0° 120° VB = |VB| < 0°
120° 120° 120°
VC = |VA| <-120° VB = |VC| <-120° VA = |VB| <-120°

Sequence ABC Sequence CBA Sequence BAC

Phase sequences:

left: abc or positive sequence,

right: acb or negative sequence.

Note:

If the phase sequence is not given, assume a positive phase sequence.

Three phase (3φ) alternators are designed to operate with positive phase sequence
voltages.
Example:

If Vab = 400 V in a balanced Y-connected three-phase generator, find the phase

voltages, assuming the phase sequence is:

(a) abc (b) acb

a) For abc sequence, and Vab = 400 V, then

Van = -30° = 231 -30° V

Vbn = 231 -150° V

Vcn = 231 -270° or 231 90° V

b) For acb sequence,

Vab = Van –Vbn = Vp 0° - Vp -120° = -30° V

In the ACB sequence, Vab lags Van by 30°. Hence, if Vab = 400 V,
then

Van = 30° = 231 30° V

Vbn = 231 (30°+120°) V = 231 150° V

Vcn = 231 (30°-120°)V = 231 -90° V

Problem:

A positive-sequence three-phase balanced wye voltage source has a phase

voltage of Van​=240 90° V rms. Determine the line voltages of the source.

Solution:

Since Van = 240 90°, the other two phase voltages are:

Vbn = 240 (90°-120°) V rms = 240 (-30°)

Vcn = 240 (90°+120°) V rms = 240 (210°)
The line voltages are:

Vab = Van – Vbn = 415.69 120° V rms

Vbc = Vbn – Vcn = 415.69 0° V rms
Vca = Vcn – Van = 415.69 (-120°) V rms
Definition of Terms

Phase - describes or pertains to one element or device in a load, line, or source. It

is simply a "branch" of the circuit and could look something like this. The
three components comprising a three-phase source or load are called
phases.

Line - refers to the "transmission line" or wires that connect the source (supply) to
the load. The conductors connected to the three points of a three-phase
source or loads are called lines. It may be modeled as a small impedance
(actually 3 of them), or even by just a connecting line.

Neutral - the 4th wire in the 3-phase system. It's where the phases of a Y
connection come together.

Phase voltage is the voltage measured across a single component in a three-phase

source or load.

Phase current is the current through any one component comprising a three-phase
source or load.

Line Currents - the currents flowing in each of the lines (Ia, Ib, and Ic). This
definition does not change with connection type.

Line Voltages - the voltages between any two of the lines (Vab, Vbc, and Vca) in a
three-phase circuit. These may also be referred to as the line-to-line
voltages. This definition does not change with connection type.

Line to Neutral Voltages - the voltages between any lines and the neutral point
(Va, Vb, and Vc). This definition does not change with connection type, but
they may not be physically measureable in a Delta circuit.

Line to Neutral Currents - same as the line currents (Ia, Ib, and Ic).

In balanced “Y” circuits, line voltage is equal to phase voltage times the
square root of 3, while line current is equal to phase current.
Lesson 2

 Balanced Wye-Delta Connection

Both the three phase source and the three phase load can be connected
either Wye or DELTA. Balanced Δ connected load is more common while Y
connected sources are more common.

Four (4) Possible Connection types.

1) Y-Y connection 2) YΔ connection 3) Δ - Δ connection 4) Δ-Y connection

BALANCED WYE-DELTA CONNECTION

A balanced Y-Δ system consists of a balanced Y-connected source feeding a

balanced Delta-connected load.

Phase Voltages: Van = Vp 0°; Vbn = Vp -120°; Vcn = Vp 120°;

Line Voltages: Vab = Vp 30° = ; Vbc = Vp -90° =

Vca = Vp -210° =

Phase Currents: =; =; =;

Example
Problem:

Solve for the line currents in the Y-Δ circuit. Take ZΔ = 60 45°Ω .

Solution:

Convert the delta-load to a wye-load and apply per-phase analysis.

= 20 45°Ω; Ia = = 5.5 45°A;

Ib = Ia -120°A = 5.5 -165°A; Ic = Ia 120°A = 5.5 75°A

Problem:

An abc-phase-sequence three-phase balanced wye-connected source

supplies a balanced delta-connected load. The impedance per phase of the delta
load is 20+j4Ω. If VAB​=115/ 35 V rms, find the line current.
Change the load from delta to wye.

Zload Y = = 6.67 +j1.33 Ω

Since VAB = 115 35°, for VAN

VAN = - 30°) V = - 30°) V

VAN = 66.40 angle 5°,

For the line current Ia,

Ia = = 9.76 (– 6.28°) A

The other 2 line currents are

Ib = 9.76 -126.28° A
Ic = 9.76 113.72°

Problem: An abc-phase-sequence three-phase balanced wye-connected

source supplies power to a balanced delta-connected load. The impedance per
phase in the load is 14+j7Ω. If the source voltage for the a phase
is Van​=120 80  V rms and the line impedance is zero, find the phase currents in
the wye-connected source.

Solution:

Change the load from delta to wye.

Zload Y = = 4.67 +j2.33 Ω

Circuit representation:
For the line current Ia,

Ina = Ia = = 22.99 53.48° A

The other 2 line currents are

Inb = Ib = Ia (θa – 120°) =22.99 -66.52° A
Inc = Ic = Ia (θa + 120°) =22.99 173.48° A
Lesson 3

 Balanced Wye-Wye Connection

BALANCED WYE-WYE CONNECTION

A balanced Y-Y system is a three-phase system with a balanced Y-connected

source and a balanced Y-connected load.

The balanced three-phase wye-wye connection is shown below. Note that

the line impedance for each of the individual phases in included in the circuit. The
line impedances are assumed to be equal for all three phases. The line currents
(IaA, IbB and IcC) are designated according to the source/load node naming
convention. The source current, line current, and load current are all one in the
same current for a given phase in a wye-wye connection.

Assuming a positive phase sequence, the application of Kirchoff’s voltage law

around each phase gives:

where Ztotal is the total impedance in each phase.

The preceding equations can be solved for the line currents.

Example

Problem:

For the Y-Y circuit, find the line currents, the line voltages, and the load
voltages.

Solution:
Problem:

A positive-sequence balanced three-phase wye-connected source with a

phase voltage of 120 V rms supplies power to a balanced wye-connected load. The
per-phase load impedance is 40 + j10 Ω. Determine the line currents in the circuit
if  Van=0°.

Ia = = 2.91 -14.04° A

Ib = = 2.91 -134.04° A

or Ib = Ia (θa – 120°) =2.91 -134.04° A

Ic = = = 2.91 105.96° A

or Ic = Ia (θa + 120°) =2.91 105.96° A

Lesson 4

 Balanced Delta-Wye Connection

BALANCED DELTA-WYE CONNECTION

A balanced Δ-Y system consists of a balanced Δ-connected source feeding a

balanced Y-connected load.

Example

Problem: A Δ-connected source supplies power to a Y-connected load in a

three-phase balanced system. Given that the line impedance is 2 + j1 Ω per phase
while the load impedance is 6 + j4 Ω per phase, find the magnitude of the line
voltage at the load. Assume the source phase voltage Vab = 208 0° V rms.

Solution:

Since are in series, we can lump them together so that

Lesson 5

 Balanced Delta-Delta Connection

BALANCED DELTA-DELTA CONNECTION

A balanced Δ-Δ system is one in which both the balanced source and
balanced load are Δ-connected.

The phase voltages for a Δ- connected source are the ff:

Vab = Vp 0°

Vbc = Vp -120°

Vca = Vp +120°

phase currents, are the ff:

IAB= VAB/ ZΔ= Vab/ZΔ

IBC= VBC/ ZΔ= Vbc/ZΔ

ICA= VCA/ ZΔ= Vca/ZΔ

Line currents are obtained from the phase currents by applying the KCL at
nodes A, B, C:

Ia= IAB- ICA Ib= IBC- IAB Ic= ICA- IBC

Example

Problem: Three 230-V generators form a delta-connected source that is

connected to a balanced delta-connected load of ZL = 10 + j8 Ω per phase as
shown in Fig. 12.52. (a) Determine the value of IAC; (b) What is the value of Ib?

Solution:

a)
b)
References:

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https://www.slader.com/subject/science/engineering/questions/
 https://circuitglobe.com/advantages-of-3-phase-over-single-phase-
system.html