Unit 3 ZERO Reading Reading abot S . 1g about zero gQ & Vocabulary XO 2 <0 » + Words related to zero ”® ‘ Se : Grammar : B “ + Subject and predicate <\ + Either,,.or and nether,..n0r & Listening and Speaking =~ © Listening to a talk on wortien inventors. Talking about a es person OY Writing S ‘+ Writing a short paragraph about zero and its importance anyGRADE ENGLISH TEXTBOOK: 3A Reading Pre-reading 1 Where do you find zero? 2. How useful is zero in our life? 3. What do you think life would be like today without zero? Read the passage. 1 10 15 20 25 30 To write an English word, short or long, we use the 26 letters (A to Z) of the English alphabet as required. To write a number, small or big, we use the Arabic numerals: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 as required. The first of those is "0" (zero). The word “zero” means yet counting and calculation. Firstly, becatisé we have *0", we do not need a special numeral for “ten”. We just write "10". For “onechundred”, we just add one more zero and write "100". For “one thousand’, we add another 2éro and write "1,000". Thus, in a sense, "0" means “10 times of a number’, After all, "10" means 1 ten times; "20" means 2 ten times; "100" means 10 ten times; and "1,000" means 100 ten times, and so on. Now, let's try using Roman numerals. You will soon see that the task would no longer be as straightforward. The Roman numerals, as\iye know, are: 1, V, X, LC, D, and M, and respectively they stand for 1, 5, 10, 50, 100800, and 1,000. There is no "0" at all. Thus, 10 is X; 20 is XX; 30 is XXX; 40 is XXXX OrXL (meaning 10 less than 50). For a simple mathematical equation like: 100 + 27 = 127 you will have to write: © + XXVII = CXXVIL. Not simple at all, The larger the number, the greater the trouble. This illustration should be plain enough to help you see how important zero is Another point to note is that in the real number system, not an imaginary number, "0" is the only number that is neither positive nor negative. Therefore, "0" represents the boundary between the fegative and positive numbers. This can be seen on the coordinate axes (mathematics), and on many scales. For example, on a thermometer to measure the temperature of thesair, any point above 0°C freezing point is positive, while any point below 0°C freezing point is negative, and this is shown with the minus sign before the number as, in: — §°C or ~ 20°C as the case may be. You may already know that "0" is also used in declaring the scores of a game. For example, al the beginning of a game, say badminton, the umpire calls out: zero-zero. This means that neither of the players has scored a point. Then, as the game proceeds we hear the umpire calling out: zero-1; 1-1; 3-2; or 6-8 as the case may be. In tennis, though, we hear "love" instead of "zero". Actually, itis not the English word "love". Itis French for "egg". The French use the word "egg" to mean “zero”. Nobody knows for certain who discovered zero. Nobody knows for certain either when and where itwas discovered. However, the general belief is thatit was the Hindu mathematicians of India who discovered zero, sometime in the sixth century or so. The Hindu word for it was 18TEXTBOOK eNcuSH GRADE 10 ‘Sinya’, meaning “emply’, or °void". | is also believed that the Arabs borrowed it from the Hindus, and called it *s#" which became the root word for the English words “ciphes" and Ly ¢ i el Ts, ‘re paisneosip Comprehension A. Complete each sentence below with @ word or phrase from the reading passage. The word "those’ in line 3 refers to ‘One word in line 10 which means the same as plain, or simple, is The bio kinds of numerals ar The word "This! in line 48 refers to The word “Win ine 27tefers to twas the Hind wathematicians who The Arabic widedfor zero is 8. Give a short answer to each question below. ‘What is the passage about? \Vvhat is the main difference between the two kinds of numerals? Which of the two kinds of numerals is sasy to use? Why? What does the Hindu word for zero mean? What does “0” represent in scales and coordinate axes? When did the Hindu mathematicians discover zero? What is ihe other English word for zero? How do we use “O° Loday? 19GRADE ENGLISH TEXTBOOK: 3B Vocabulary Words Related to Zero Each expression below contains the word “zero”. Study them well. Expression Meaning 4 4 (a) absolute zero lowest temperature possible, which is: - 273.15°C (b) ground zero the exact place where a nuclear bomb explodes the time at which something, especially some type of See military activity, is planned to begin (@ zeroinon somebody / —_| direct all your attention towards a particular person or something (phrasal verb) | thing A. Complete each sentence below with a suitable expression from the table. 1. They decided to set 12 midnight as the to attack the enemy, 2. Hiroshima was the first. during World War lc 3. First, decide on a plan, then just it 4, Technically speaking, no temperature can be lower than B. Study the words given in the following table and complete each sentence, using the correct form of the word given in brackets at the beginning. Noun Verb Adjective 1._calculation Calculate = 2. discovery ‘ discoverer Aiscover : 3._ equation equate = 4. ilustration iMustrate = 5.__imagination imagine imaginative 6. importance - important, Beene = mathematical 8,_measurement measure measurable 9. number numeral Soe i 10. representation representative Tepresent A (represent) The tiger is a common (imagine) She is hardworking but not very (discover) Penicillin was an extremely significant medical (calculate) We used different methods of , but we both got the same result. of the cat family BONS 20TEXTBOOK ENGLISH RADE a (illustrate) In yesterday's lecture, the professor the difficult concept of relativity, using a diagram. (measure) The lecturor advised the students to set realistic, targets. (equate) You can't passing an examination with being intelligent. (important) He emphasized the of environmental conservation. (mathematics) Physics, Chemistry and are science subjects. (number) There are two kinds of : Roman and Arabic. Some 3C Grammar ‘Subject and Predicate Study the five sample sentences below. Note that the Subject and Predicate in each are separated with a forward slash (/). Note also that the verb in the Predicate is underlined. (@) All the teachers in our schoo! / are highly qualified. (b) The boy who has won the scholarship / is from my class. (6) One of my friends / drew the cover design for that book, (@) Our principal / has gone to Nay Pyi Taw to attend a-méeting. (©) The books in that bookcase / belong to my father, Separate the Subject and Predicate in each sentence below with a forward slash (/). Also underline the verb in the Predicate. Myanmar, our country, is often called:the Land of Golden Pagodas The English alphabet contains twenty-six letters. Most trees in our country shed their leaves in the hot season. Many diseases these days-are caused by different kinds of viruses. All those paintings in that gallery are done by famous Myanmar artists. Pollution is causing lasting damage to our environment. Little drops of water, aid little grains of sand make a mighty ocean and a pleasant land. Almost all the: plays written by Shakespeare are well known, According‘to erie English pop song, the best things in life are free SPN an aens Either ... or and Neither ... nor Study the following sentences. You can either meet me at home or at the office. Either mum or dad will come to pick you up this afternoon. + The correlative conjunction, ‘either ... or’ has a positive meaning and is used to offer a choice between two things. Neither the blue blouse nor the red one is available in size 4. | will neither call you nor send you a message after midnight. + The correlative conjunction, ‘neither ... nor’ has a negative meaning and is used to negate both parts of a statement. It means not one and not the other. 21GRADE ENGLISH TEXTBOOK: B. Join the two sentences in each item, using ‘either ... or’ or ‘neither ... nor’. 1. The injured person could not walk. He could not move. Our relatives do not know that we are buying a new house. Our friends do not know that we are buying a new house. You can ring me up. You can send me an e-mail. According to the weather forecast, it may be cloudy today. It may be rainy today. Love cannot be bought. Love cannot be sold. The restaurant doesn't have fish on its menu, It doesn't have lobster on its menu. | want to talk to your parents. | want to talk to your guardian We don't have banana juice. We don't have apple juice. Til have my hair cut today. I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. The boy didn’t bring any book to the class. He didn’t do his homowork Seprnganaw 3D Listening and Speaking A. Listen to a talk on ‘Women Inventors’ and complete the sentences. 1. People remember Marie Curie for her of raditim and polonium: 2. Marie Curie played a huge role to fight against 3. Grace Hopper was an American computer 4. Stephanie Kwolek invented Kevlar, a material five times stronger than 5. Kevlar is used to make bulletproof 6. The lives of many soldiers, and politicians have been saved by bulletproof vests. 7. The nationality of Mary AndefSorvis 8. Without windscreen wipers, drivers could not see where they were going when it was raining or The disposable diapers have made parents and children 10. Josephine Cochrane invented the to help her servants with washing dishes. © 22TEXTBOOK ENGLISH RADE B. Read the facts about three persons. In pairs, choose one person and talk about him or her. Use the points below. all evolved over a million of years through a process against the idea that the earth was just 4,000 years old against the idea that God had created all Charles Darwin Emmeline Pankhurst Galileo Galilei + born in 1809 born in 1858 born in 1564 + published °A Book that the principal fighter for prencnaniveas Shook the World” in 1859 women’s equality observing the + believed that all species sent to prison three movernents of the were not created individually | times Planets the British government changed the law on voting rights for women in1918 achieved equal voting rights to men in 1928 believed that the earth rotated on its own axis ‘once daily bolioved that the earth travelled around the sun ‘once every year found guilty and imprisoned in his own home in 1633 referred to as the father ‘of modern science Talking about a famous person Who he / she is When he / she was born What he / she did How he / she changed people's ideas What his / her philosophyis: ©. Take turns to talk about the person you chose, asking and answering the following questions. + Who fs your hero? + Why do you like him / her? world? + What are his / her achievements? + Do you want to be like him f her? + How did he / she change the + If you were like him / her, what would you like to change? 3E Writing Use the points suggested below and write a short paragraph of about ten sentences on: Zero. meaning who discovered it where it was discovered importance 23