Question 10.
18:
Figure 10.24 (a) shows a thin liquid film supporting a small weight = 4.5 × 10 –2 N.
What is the weight supported by a film of the same liquid at the same temperature in
Fig. (b) and (c)? Explain your answer physically.
Answer:
Take case (a):
The length of the liquid film supported by the weight, l = 40 cm = 0.4 cm
The weight supported by the film, W = 4.5 × 10 –2 N
A liquid film has two free surfaces.
∴Surface tension
In all the three figures, the liquid is the same. Temperature is also the same for each
case. Hence, the surface tension in figure (b) and figure (c) is the same as in figure
(a), i.e., 5.625 × 10 –2 N m –1 .
Since the length of the film in all the cases is 40 cm, the weight supported in each
case is 4.5 × 10 –2 N.
Page No 270:
Question 10.19:
What is the pressure inside the drop of mercury of radius 3.00 mm at room
temperature? Surface tension of mercury at that temperature (20°C) is 4.65 × 10 –1 N
m –1 . The atmospheric pressure is 1.01 × 10 5 Pa. Also give the excess pressure inside
the drop.
Answer:
Answer:
Radius of the mercury drop, r = 3.00 mm = 3 × 10 –3 m
Surface tension of mercury, S = 4.65 × 10 –1 N m –1
Atmospheric pressure, P 0 = 1.01 × 10 5 Pa
Total pressure inside the mercury drop
= Excess pressure inside mercury + Atmospheric pressure
= 1.0131 × 10 5
= 1.01 ×10 5 Pa
Excess pressure
= 310 Pa
Question 10.20:
What is the excess pressure inside a bubble of soap solution of radius 5.00 mm,
given that the surface tension of soap solution at the temperature (20 °C) is 2.50 ×
10 –2 N m –1 ? If an air bubble of the same dimension were formed at depth of 40.0 cm
inside a container containing the soap solution (of relative density 1.20), what would
be the pressure inside the bubble? (1 atmospheric pressure is 1.01 × 10 5 Pa).
Answer:
Excess pressure inside the soap bubble is 20 Pa;
Pressure inside the air bubble is
Soap bubble is of radius, r = 5.00 mm = 5 × 10 –3 m
Surface tension of the soap solution, S = 2.50 × 10 –2 Nm –1
Relative density of the soap solution = 1.20
∴Density of the soap solution, ρ = 1.2 × 10 3 kg/m 3
Air bubble formed at a depth, h = 40 cm = 0.4 m
Radius of the air bubble, r = 5 mm = 5 × 10 –3 m
1 atmospheric pressure = 1.01 × 10 5 Pa
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s 2
Hence, the excess pressure inside the soap bubble is given by the relation:
Therefore, the excess pressure inside the soap bubble is 20 Pa.
The excess pressure inside the air bubble is given by the relation:
Therefore, the excess pressure inside the air bubble is 10 Pa.
At a depth of 0.4 m, the total pressure inside the air bubble
= Atmospheric pressure + hρg + P’
Therefore, the pressure inside the air bubble is
Question 10.21:
A tank with a square base of area 1.0 m 2 is divided by a vertical partition in the
middle. The bottom of the partition has a small-hinged door of area 20 cm 2 . The tank
is filled with water in one compartment, and an acid (of relative density 1.7) in the
other, both to a height of 4.0 m. compute the force necessary to keep the door close.
Answer:
Base area of the given tank, A = 1.0 m 2
Area of the hinged door, a = 20 cm 2 = 20 × 10 –4 m 2
Density of water, ρ 1 = 10 3 kg/m 3
Density of acid, ρ 2 = 1.7 × 10 3 kg/m 3
Height of the water column, h 1 = 4 m
Height of the acid column, h 2 = 4 m
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8
Pressure due to water is given as:
Pressure due to acid is given as:
Pressure difference between the water and acid columns:
Hence, the force exerted on the door = ΔP × a
= 2.744 × 10 4 × 20 × 10 –4
= 54.88 N
Therefore, the force necessary to keep the door closed is 54.88 N.
Question 10.22:
A manometer reads the pressure of a gas in an enclosure as shown in Fig. 10.25 (a)
When a pump removes some of the gas, the manometer reads as in Fig. 10.25 (b)
The liquid used in the manometers is mercury and the atmospheric pressure is 76 cm
of mercury.
(a) Give the absolute and gauge pressure of the gas in the enclosure for cases (a)
and (b), in units of cm of mercury.
(b) How would the levels change in case (b) if 13.6 cm of water (immiscible with
mercury) are poured into the right limb of the manometer? (Ignore the small change
in the volume of the gas).
Answer:
Answer: (a) 96 cm of Hg & 20 cm of Hg; 58 cm of Hg & –18 cm of Hg
(b) 19 cm
(a) For figure (a)
Atmospheric pressure, P 0 = 76 cm of Hg
Difference between the levels of mercury in the two limbs gives gauge pressure
Hence, gauge pressure is 20 cm of Hg.
Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure + Gauge pressure
= 76 + 20 = 96 cm of Hg
For figure (b)
Difference between the levels of mercury in the two limbs = –18 cm
Hence, gauge pressure is –18 cm of Hg.
Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure + Gauge pressure
= 76 cm – 18 cm = 58 cm
(b) 13.6 cm of water is poured into the right limb of figure (b).
Relative density of mercury = 13.6
Hence, a column of 13.6 cm of water is equivalent to 1 cm of mercury.
Let h be the difference between the levels of mercury in the two limbs.
The pressure in the right limb is given as:
Atmospheric pressure + 1 cm of Hg
= 76 + 1 = 77 cm of Hg … (i)
The mercury column will rise in the left limb.
Hence, pressure in the left limb,
Equating equations (i) and (ii), we get:
77 = 58 + h
∴h = 19 cm
Hence, the difference between the levels of mercury in the two limbs will be 19 cm.
Question 10.23:
Two vessels have the same base area but different shapes. The first vessel takes
twice the volume of water that the second vessel requires to fill upto a particular
common height. Is the force exerted by the water on the base of the vessel the same
in the two cases? If so, why do the vessels filled with water to that same height give
different readings on a weighing scale?
Answer:
Answer: Yes
Two vessels having the same base area have identical force and equal pressure
acting on their common base area. Since the shapes of the two vessels are different,
the force exerted on the sides of the vessels has non-zero vertical components.
When these vertical components are added, the total force on one vessel comes out
to be greater than that on the other vessel. Hence, when these vessels are filled with
water to the same height, they give different readings on a weighing scale.
Page No 271:
Question 10.24:
During blood transfusion the needle is inserted in a vein where the gauge pressure is
2000 Pa. At what height must the blood container be placed so that blood may just
enter the vein? [Use the density of whole blood from Table 10.1].
Answer:
Gauge pressure, P = 2000 Pa
Density of whole blood, ρ = 1.06 × 10 3 kg m –3
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s 2
Height of the blood container = h
Pressure of the blood container, P = hρg
The blood may enter the vein if the blood container is kept at a height greater than
0.1925 m, i.e., about 0.2 m.
Question 10.25:
In deriving Bernoulli’s equation, we equated the work done on the fluid in the tube to
its change in the potential and kinetic energy. (a) What is the largest average velocity
of blood flow in an artery of diameter 2 × 10 –3 m if the flow must remain laminar? (b)
Do the dissipative forces become more important as the fluid velocity increases?
Discuss qualitatively.
Answer:
Answer: (a) 1.966 m/s (b) Yes
(a) Diameter of the artery, d = 2 × 10 –3 m
Viscosity of blood,
Density of blood, ρ = 1.06 × 10 3 kg/m 3
Reynolds’ number for laminar flow, N R = 2000
The largest average velocity of blood is given as:
Therefore, the largest average velocity of blood is 1.966 m/s.
(b) As the fluid velocity increases, the dissipative forces become more important.
This is because of the rise of turbulence. Turbulent flow causes dissipative loss in a
fluid.
Question 10.26:
(a) What is the largest average velocity of blood flow in an artery of radius 2 × 10 –3 m
if the flow must remain laminar? (b) What is the corresponding flow rate? (Take
viscosity of blood to be 2.084 × 10 –3 Pa s).
Answer:
(a)Radius of the artery, r = 2 × 10 –3 m
Diameter of the artery, d = 2 × 2 × 10 –3 m = 4 × 10 – 3 m
Viscosity of blood,
Density of blood, ρ = 1.06 × 10 3 kg/m 3
Reynolds’ number for laminar flow, N R = 2000
The largest average velocity of blood is given by the relation:
Therefore, the largest average velocity of blood is 0.983 m/s.
(b) Flow rate is given by the relation:
R = π r 2
Therefore, the corresponding flow rate is .
Question 10.27:
A plane is in level flight at constant speed and each of its two wings has an area of
25 m 2 . If the speed of the air is 180 km/h over the lower wing and 234 km/h over the
upper wing surface, determine the plane’s mass. (Take air density to be 1 kg m –3 ).
Answer:
The area of the wings of the plane, A = 2 × 25 = 50 m 2
Speed of air over the lower wing, V 1 = 180 km/h = 50 m/s
Speed of air over the upper wing, V2 = 234 km/h = 65 m/s
Density of air, ρ = 1 kg m –3
Pressure of air over the lower wing = P 1
Pressure of air over the upper wing= P2
The upward force on the plane can be obtained using Bernoulli’s equation as:
The upward force (F) on the plane can be calculated as:
Using Newton’s force equation, we can obtain the mass (m) of the plane as:
∼ 4400 kg
Hence, the mass of the plane is about 4400 kg.
Question 10.28:
In Millikan’s oil drop experiment, what is the terminal speed of an uncharged drop of
radius 2.0 × 10 –5 m and density 1.2 × 10 3 kg m –3 ? Take the viscosity of air at the
temperature of the experiment to be 1.8 × 10 –5 Pa s. How much is the viscous force
on the drop at that speed? Neglect buoyancy of the drop due to air.
Answer:
Terminal speed = 5.8 cm/s; Viscous force = 3.9 × 10 –10 N
Radius of the given uncharged drop, r = 2.0 × 10 –5 m
Density of the uncharged drop, ρ = 1.2 × 10 3 kg m –3
Viscosity of air,
Density of air can be taken as zero in order to neglect buoyancy of air.
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s 2
Terminal velocity (v) is given by the relation:
Hence, the terminal speed of the drop is 5.8 cm s –1 .
The viscous force on the drop is given by:
Hence, the viscous force on the drop is 3.9 × 10 –10 N.
Question 10.29:
Mercury has an angle of contact equal to 140° with soda lime glass. A narrow tube of
radius 1.00 mm made of this glass is dipped in a trough containing mercury. By what
amount does the mercury dip down in the tube relative to the liquid surface outside?
Surface tension of mercury at the temperature of the experiment is 0.465 N m –1 .
Density of mercury = 13.6 × 10 3 kg m –3 .
Answer:
Angle of contact between mercury and soda lime glass, θ = 140°
Radius of the narrow tube, r = 1 mm = 1 × 10 –3 m
Surface tension of mercury at the given temperature, s = 0.465 N m –1
Density of mercury, ρ =13.6 × 10 3 kg/m 3
Dip in the height of mercury = h
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s 2
Surface tension is related with the angle of contact and the dip in the height as:
Here, the negative sign shows the decreasing level of mercury. Hence, the mercury
level dips by 5.34 mm.
Question 10.30:
Two narrow bores of diameters 3.0 mm and 6.0 mm are joined together to form a U-
tube open at both ends. If the U-tube contains water, what is the difference in its
levels in the two limbs of the tube? Surface tension of water at the temperature of the
experiment is 7.3 × 10 –2 N m –1 . Take the angle of contact to be zero and density of
water to be 1.0 × 10 3 kg m –3 (g = 9.8 m s –2 ).
Answer:
Diameter of the first bore, d 1 = 3.0 mm = 3 × 10 –3 m
Diameter of the second bore, = 6.0 mm
Surface tension of water, s = 7.3 × 10 –2 N m –1
Angle of contact between the bore surface and water, θ= 0
Density of water, ρ =1.0 × 10 3 kg/m –3
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s 2
Let h 1 and h 2 be the heights to which water rises in the first and second tubes
respectively. These heights are given by the relations:
The difference between the levels of water in the two limbs of the tube can be
calculated as:
Hence, the difference between levels of water in the two bores is 4.97 mm.
Question 10.31:
(a) It is known that density ρ of air decreases with height y as
Where = 1.25 kg m –3 is the density at sea level, and y 0 is a constant. This density
variation is called the law of atmospheres. Obtain this law assuming that the
temperature of atmosphere remains a constant (isothermal conditions). Also assume
that the value of gremains constant.
(b) A large He balloon of volume 1425 m 3 is used to lift a payload of 400 kg. Assume
that the balloon maintains constant radius as it rises. How high does it rise?
[Take y 0 = 8000 m and = 0.18 kg m –3 ].
Answer:
(a) Volume of the balloon, V = 1425 m 3
Mass of the payload, m = 400 kg
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s 2
Density of the balloon = ρ
Height to which the balloon rises = y
Density (ρ) of air decreases with height (y) as:
This density variation is called the law of atmospherics.
It can be inferred from equation (i) that the rate of decrease of density with height is
directly proportional to ρ, i.e.,
Where, k is the constant of proportionality
Height changes from 0 to y, while density changes from to ρ.
Integrating the sides between these limits, we get:
(b)
Hence, the balloon will rise to a height of 8 km.
