Lecture 1
functions
course topics
week 1 numbers, sets, and functions
week 2 limits of function values
week 3 limits involving infinity; asymptotes of graphs
week 4 continuity, continuous functions
week 5 differential calculus of functions of one variable pt.1
week 6 differential calculus of functions of one variable pt.2
week 7 differential calculus of functions of one variable pt.3
week 8 application of derivatives pt.1
week 9 application of derivatives pt.2
week 10 application of derivatives pt.3
week 11 antiderivatives and integration pt.1
week 12 integration pt.2
week 13 technique of integration pt.3
week 14 applications of definite integrals
week 15 improper integrals
academic policy
to be respectful to the teacher and other students;
to switch off cell phones during classes;
do not cheat. plagiarized papers shall be graded with zero points!
to come to classes prepared and actively participate in classroom work; to meet the deadlines;
to enter the room before the teacher starts the lesson;
to attend all classes. no make-up tests or quiz are allowed unless there is a valid reason for missing it;
to follow KBTU academic policy regarding W, AW, I, F grades.
when students are absent for 20% of the lessons or more, then their grade is F.
when students have a score of 29 or less for attestation 1 added to attestation 2, then their grade is F.
when students have a score of 19 or less (less than 50%) for their final exam, then their grade is F.
when students do not come for their final exam, then their grade is F.
40% exam grade
4 quizez (40)
60% semester grade
activity on lessons
what are we going to cover?
• sets, subsets. intervals in ℝ.
• functions: domain and range.
• graphs of functions.
• the vertical line test for a function.
• piece-wise defined functions.
• monotone and even-odd functions.
• polynomial, rational, algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic Functions.
• algebraic operations over functions.
• composite of functions.
• inverse functions.
what is function?
what is function?
water boiling depends on the elevation above sea level
paid interest on an investment depends on the time the investment is held
area of a circle depends on the radius of the circle
traveled distance depends on the elapsed time.
”x” depends on ”y”
what is function?
water boiling depends on the elevation above sea level
paid interest on an investment depends on the time the investment is held
area of a circle depends on the radius of the circle
traveled distance depends on the elapsed time.
”x” depends on ”y” ”y” depends on ”x”!
𝑦 = 𝑥!
function variable
𝑦 = 𝑥!
function variable
𝑦 𝑥
dependent independent
variable variable
domain & range
-2 4
-1 1
0 0
1 1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥!
2 4
3 9
4 16
5 25
function domain range
𝑦 = 𝑥! 𝑅 [0; +∞)
1
𝑦= 𝑥≠0 𝑦≠0
𝑥
𝑦= 𝑥 [0; +∞) [0; +∞)
𝑦 = 4−𝑥 (−∞; 4] [0; +∞)
𝑦= 1 − 𝑥! [−1; 1] [0; 1]
domain:
1. if division, denominator ≠ 0
2. if even root, expression in the root ≥ 0
range:
1.
graph
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
-2 4
-3/2 9/4
-1 1
0 0
1 1
3/2 9/4
2 4
𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
-2 4
-3/2 9/4
-1 1
0 0
1 1
3/2 9/4
2 4
𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐
-2 4
-3/2 9/4
-1 1
0 0
1 1
3/2 9/4
2 4
is that circle a function? 𝑦
𝑥! + 𝑦! = 1
𝑦 = ± 1 − 𝑥!
𝑥
is that half-circle a function? 𝑦
𝑥
what about that half-circle? 𝑦
is it a function?
𝑦 = − 1 − 𝑥!
𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
vertical line test
no vertical line can intersect the graph of a function more than once
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
piecewise-defined functions
piecewise-defined functions
𝑥, 𝑥≥0
𝑥 =;
−𝑥, 𝑥<0
piecewise-defined functions
|𝑥|, 𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑦 = >𝑥 ! , 0 < 𝑥 < 1
1, 𝑥 ≥ 1
is that a function?
the greatest integer function
2.4 = 2
function type
polynomial functions
𝒑 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒏 𝒙𝒏 + 𝒂𝒏#𝟏 𝒙𝒏#𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟎
𝟑
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑
• 𝑛 is a nonnegative integer;
• 𝑎( , 𝑎) , 𝑎! , … , 𝑎* are real constants (coefficients of the polynomial);
• all polynomial have (−∞; +∞) domain.
polynomial functions
rational function
𝑝(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑞(𝑥)
𝑝 𝑥 and 𝑞 𝑥 are polynomials
algebraic functions
any function constructed from polynomials using algebraic operations lies
within the class of algebraic functions.
algebraic operations could be addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
and taking roots
trigonometric functions
прикол
sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥
tan 𝑥
cot 𝑥
sec 𝑥
csc 𝑥
exponential function
𝑎+
𝑒+
𝑒 = 2.7
𝜋 = 3.14
𝑛! = 𝑛 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 2 ∗ ⋯ ∗ 2 ∗ 1
1,27𝑒70 = 1 ∗ 10,( = 12700000000000000000000000000
1,12𝑒6 = 1 ∗ 10- = 1120000
1e100 (googol)
logarithmic
𝑎+ = 𝑏
log . b = x
inverse functions
𝑥−1
𝑦=
𝑥+2
𝑦≠1
𝑦−1
𝑥=
𝑦+2
𝑦−1
𝑥(𝑦 + 2) =
1
𝑥𝑦 + 2x − y + 1 = 0
𝑦 𝑥 − 1 = −2𝑥 − 1
−2𝑥 − 1
𝑦=
𝑥−1
