SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS

2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

Module No. 1: Limits

2 meetings – 3.5 hours

Time Frame: _________________________________
Week 1: March 15-19, 2021

1. Overview
This module covers the key concepts of limits of functions. Throughout the module, you will
illustrate the limit of a function using table of values and graphs. Also, you will be able to distinguish
the limit of a given function and a constant, as well as, illustrate the different limit laws. Moreover, at
the end of this module, you will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the basic concepts of the
limit of a function.

2. Most Essential Learning Competencies

At the end of this module, students are expected to:
a. Illustrate the limit of a function using a table of values and the graph of the function.
b. Distinguish between lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑐).
𝑥→𝑐
c. Illustrate the limit laws.

3. Content / Discussion / Learning Resources / Links

Opening Prayer

Oratio Imperata (First Period)

God our Father, we come to you in our need to ask your protection against the COVID-19
that has disturbed and even claimed lives.
We pray that you guide the people tasked to find cures for this disease and to stem its
transmission.
Protect the medical experts that they may minister to the sick with competence and
compassion.
We pray for those afflicted, may they be restored to health soon.
Protect those who care for them. Grant eternal rest to those who have died.
Give us the grace in this trying time to work for the good of all and to help those in need.
We implore you to stop the spread of this virus and to save us from our fears.
Grant all these through our Lord Jesus Christ your Son who lives and reigns with you, in the
unity of the Holy Spirit, one God, forever and ever. Amen.

We fly to your protection, oh Holy Mother of God.

Do not despise our petition in our necessities, but deliver us always from all dangers, oh
glorious and blessed Virgin. Amen.

Our Lady, health of the sick, pray for us.

St. Raphael the Archangel, pray for us.
St. Roch, pray for us.
St. Lorenzo Ruiz, pray for us.
St. Pedro Calungsod, pray for us.

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MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

Class prayer to Our Lady Assumed into heaven (Second Period)

Dear Mother Mary who assumed into heaven, all the angels and saints acclaim you as our
Queen.
We bless the Lord God who chose you to be our mother of his Son, our Lord Jesus Christ.
For this, we offer you love and devotion.
Watch over us today with your tender, motherly love.
Lead us always to see and feel the presence of Jesus in our midst, that we may manifest his
kindness, his peace and love for all.

Dear Mother, you are our life, our sweetness, and our hope. We look to you for help in our
needs especially…
(pause and mention special class petitions of the day).
May this day be an opportunity for us all to be like you, O wise (biasa), kind (maganaca) and
loving (mayap) Virgin Mary. Amen.

Hail Mary…
Our Lady Assumed into heaven,
Pray for us.

Motivation

Limited or Unlimited???

1. Is there anything in life that is unlimited or limited?

2. Can you cite examples in real-life situation that has limitations?
3. How about examples that has no limitations?
4. What will the world will look like if we have unlimited access in all things?
5. Why do you think limitations in life exist?

Lesson 1: Introduction to the Limits of Functions

Calculus deals mainly with the process of restriction as it quantifies the relationship between two
variables or numbers.

The definition of the limit method essentially leads to the analysis of calculus. The following
diagram can be used to illustrate it:

precalculus limit process calculus

Mathematical functions are representations of real-life phenomena, as you have found in general
mathematics. Functions usually occur in various forms, and they can be interpreted in several ways.
You can write them in terms of equation, table of values, and graphical. A significant representation
is the graph of a function, since it visually portrays the behavior of the function under consideration.

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MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

Numerical Representation of the Limits of Functions

Using the principle of limits, the behavior of functions can also be defined. Informally speaking,
when 𝑥 reaches a particular value, the limit of a function refers to its "intended" value.

𝑥−4
To understand this concept, consider the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = . By substitution,
𝑥 2 −16
0−4 −4 𝟏
𝑓(0) = 2
= =
0 − 16 −16 𝟒

1
Also, as the values of 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 to 0, then the values of 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 to 4 or (0.25). This is
shown in table 1.1.

LOOKING AT A TABLE OF VALUES

𝑥−4
Table 1.1. Table of values for 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥2 −16
as 𝑥approaches 0.

𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 0 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 0 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝒙 −𝟎. 𝟏 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏 0 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝟎. 𝟏

𝒇(𝒙) 0.2564103 0.250627 0.250063 0.250006 0.25 0.24999 0.249938 0.249377 0.243902
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 0.25 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 0.25

The case is different when 𝑥 = 4. By substitution, 𝑓(4) does not exist, because the denominator
1
is 0. However, when the values of 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 4, the values of 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 8 (𝑜𝑟 0.125),
as evident in table 1.2.

𝑥−4
Table 1.2 Table of values for 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 −16 as 𝑥approaches 4.

𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 4 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 4 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝒙 𝟑. 𝟗 𝟑. 𝟗𝟗 𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 4 𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏 𝟒. 𝟏

𝒇(𝒙) 0.12658 0.12516 0.12502 0.125001 0.125 0.124998 0.12498 0.12484 0.12346
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 0.125 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 0.125

The limit of function was demonstrated in both cases. In the first case, the “limit of 𝑓 as 𝑥
approaches 0 is 0.25” because the function comes closer to the real number 0.25 as 𝑥 comes closer to
𝑥−4
0. Since, 𝑓(𝑥) = then this can be written as
𝑥2 −16

𝑥−4
lim = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝑥→0 𝑥2 − 16
For the second case, we write
𝑥−4
lim = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝑥→4 𝑥2 − 16
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MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

Activity 1.1

Construct a table of values to investigate the following limits:

10
1. lim 𝑥−2
𝑥→3
2𝑥+1
2. lim
𝑥→2 𝑥−3
𝑥 2 +6
3. lim 𝑥 2 +2
𝑥→0
1
4. lim 𝑥+1
𝑥→1

5. lim (6𝑥 − 3)
𝑥→−1

LOOKING AT THE GRAPH

It will be easier to evaluate limits if one knows the graph of 𝑓(𝑥), as 𝑥 approaches the values given to
𝑐.

𝑥−4 𝑥−4
Consider again 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 −16. This is an example of rational function. The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 −16
𝑥−4
also shows that lim 𝑥2−16 = 0.125, as shown in figure 1.1.
𝑥→4

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MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

Let us consider another example. Using the

graph of a function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 , determine the
limit as 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 − 1.

From the graph, you will see that from both

directions, as 𝑥 values come closer to −1, the
value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 becomes closer to 3.

Thus, lim 3𝑥2 = 𝟑.

𝑥→−1

At this point, below shows the formal definition of the limit of a function.

Definition of the Limit of a Function

Let 𝑓 be a function defined at every number in some open interval containing 𝑐, except possibly
at the number 𝑐 itself. If the value of 𝑓 is arbitrarily close to the number 𝐿 for all the values of 𝑥
sufficiently close to 𝑐, then the limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑐 is 𝐿. This is written as
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿.
𝑥→𝑐

Now, investigate the limit of a function using (𝑎) table of values and (𝑏) graphing: lim(1 + 3𝑥)
𝑥→2
a. Using table of values

𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 2 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝒙 𝟏. 𝟗 𝟏. 𝟗𝟗 𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 2 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝟐. 𝟎𝟏 𝟐. 𝟏

𝒇(𝒙) 6.7 6.97 6.997 6.9997 7 7.0003 7.003 7.03 7.3
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 0.7 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 0.7

Based from the table of values, we can say that lim(1 + 3𝑥) = 𝟕.
𝑥→2
b. Using the graph

Based from the graph, we can say that lim(1 + 3𝑥) = 𝟕.

𝑥→2
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MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

Limit and Function Value

The limit of a function as it approaches 𝑥 = 𝑐 is not necessarily equal to its value at 𝑐. Thus,
lim 𝑓(𝑥) can assume a value different from 𝑓(𝑐).
𝑥→𝑐

Example: Investigate through (𝑎) table of values and (𝑏) graphing.

a. Using table of values

𝑥+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 4
lim 𝑓(𝑥) if 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥→4 (𝑥 − 4)2 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 4

This looks a bit different, but the logic and procedure are exactly the same. We still approach the
constant 4 from the left and from the right, but note that we should evaluate the appropriate
corresponding functional expression. In this case, when 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 4 from the left, the values
taken should be substituted in 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1. Indeed, this is the part of function which accepts values
less than 4. So,

𝒙 3.9 3.999 3.999 3.9999

𝒇(𝒙) 4.9 4.99 4.999 4.9999

On the other hand, when 𝑥 approaches 4 from the right, the values taken should be substituted in
𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 4)2 + 3. So,

𝒙 4.0001 4.001 4.01 4.1

𝒇(𝒙) 3 3.000001 3.0001 3.01

Observe that the values that 𝑓(𝑥) approaches are not equal, namely, 𝑓(𝑥) approaches 5 from the left
while it approaches 3 from the right. In such a case, we say that the limit of the given function
𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 (𝐃𝐍𝐄). In symbols,
lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐃𝐍𝐄.
𝑥→4
b. Using the graph

As shown on the graph, 𝑓(𝑥) approaches 5 from the left while it approaches 3 from the right. Hence,
the limit of the given function 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 (𝐃𝐍𝐄).

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MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

Remark 1: We need an important fact to highlight. Since “DNE” is not a value, we do not say that
lim 𝑓(𝑥) “equals DNE”, nor do we write “lim 𝑓(𝑥) = DNE”. In the previous example, “DNE" indicated
𝑥→4 𝑥→4
that as its variable approaches c from the left and from the right, the function moves in various
1
directions. In other cases, the limit fails to exist because it is undefined, such as for lim 𝑥 which leads
𝑥→0
to division of 1 by zero.

Remark 2: If 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 from the left, or through values less than 𝑐, then we write lim− 𝑓(𝑥). If
𝑥→𝑐
𝑥 approaches 𝑐 from the right, or through values greater than 𝑐, then we write lim+ 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑥→𝑐
Furthermore, we say lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 if and only if lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 and lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

Existence of a Limit
The limit of a function as 𝑥 → 𝑐 exists if
• 𝑓(𝑐) is defined; or
• 𝑓 approaches the same value as 𝑥 moves closer to 𝑐 from both directions.

Activity 1.2

Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) whose graph is shown below.

1. lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→−3

2. lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→2

3. lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→1

4. lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→3

5. lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→5

Lesson 2: The Limit of a Function at 𝑐 versus the Value of the Function at 𝑐

The discussion and examples in Lesson 1 will mostly be remembered on this lesson. Consider
again
𝑥−4
lim .
𝑥→0 𝑥2 − 16
Recall that its table of values is:

𝒙 −𝟎. 𝟏 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏 0 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝟎. 𝟏

𝒇(𝒙) 0.2564103 0.250627 0.250063 0.250006 0.25 0.24999 0.249938 0.249377 0.243902

𝑥−4
Which results to lim 𝑥2 −16 = 0.25.
𝑥→0

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MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

Now, if you will substitute 0 as the value of 𝑥 on the function, 𝑓(0) = 0.25. Hence, in this example,
lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(0) are equal. Notice that the same holds for the next examples discussed:
𝑥→0

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇(𝒄)

𝒙→𝒄
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑 𝑓(−1) = 3
𝒙→−𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙) = 𝟕 𝑓(2) = 7
𝒙→𝟐

However, this is NOT always the case. Consider the function,

𝑥+1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 4
𝑓(𝑥) = {
(𝑥 − 4)2 + 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 4

In contrast to the example above, the entries are now unequal:

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇(𝒄)
𝒙→𝒄

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝐃𝐍𝐄 𝑓(4) = 3

𝒙→𝟒

On this example you see that lim 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(𝑐) are not the same.
𝑥→𝑐

Activity 2.1

Based on the graph, fill in the table with

the appropriate values.
𝒄 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇(𝒄)
𝒙→𝒄

−𝟐
−𝟏/𝟐
0
1
3
4

Lesson 3: Limit Laws

You have previously learned that a function's limit can be evaluated in two ways: (1) build a table
of values and study the behavior of the values of the function as x approaches its indicated value, or
(2) draw the function's graph and study the behavior of the function as it approaches the value of x
from both directions. But these approaches can be repetitive and time-consuming. Nonetheless, it
can help simplify this method by following some rules on limits.

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MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

Let 𝑐 and 𝑘 be real number so that lim 𝑓(𝑥) and lim 𝑔(𝑥) exist.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
1. Constant Rule
The limit of a constant is itself. If 𝑘 is any constant, then
lim 𝑘 = 𝑘.
𝑥→𝑐
For example,
i. lim 2 = 2
𝑥→𝑐
ii. lim −3.14 = −3.14
𝑥→𝑐
iii. lim 789 = 789
𝑥→3

2. Identity Rule
The limit of 𝑥 as 𝑥 approaches 𝑐 is equal to 𝑐. This may be thought of as the substitution law,
because 𝑥 is simply substituted by 𝑐.
lim 𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑥→𝑐
For example,
i. lim 𝑥 = 9
𝑥→9
ii. lim 𝑥 = 0.5
𝑥→0.5
iii. lim 𝑥 = −10
𝑥→−10

3. Sum Rule
The limit of a sum of functions is the sum of the limits of the individual functions.
lim[𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

For example, if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −5, then

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
lim[𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 4 + (−5) = −1.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

4. Difference Rule
The limit of a difference of functions is the difference of their limits.
lim[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) − lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

For example, if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −5, then

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
lim[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) − lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 4 − (−5) = 9.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

5. Constant Multiple Rule

The limit of a multiple of a function is simply that multiple of the limit of the function.
lim 𝑘 . 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 . lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 . 𝐿.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

For example, if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4, then

𝑥→𝑐
i. lim 8 . 𝑓(𝑥) = 8 . lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 8 . 4 = 32
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
ii. lim −11 . 𝑓(𝑥) = −11 . lim 𝑓(𝑥) = −11 . 4 = −44
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

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MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

6. Product Rule
This is similar to the Addition and Subtraction Rules, with multiplication replacing addition
operation involved. Thus, the limit of a product of functions is equal to the product of their limits.
lim[𝑓(𝑥) . 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) . lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

For example, if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −5, then

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
lim[𝑓(𝑥) . 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) . lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 4(−5) = −20.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

7. Quotient Rule
The limit of a quotient of functions is equal to the quotient of the limits of the individual functions,
provided that the denominator limit is not equal to 0 (lim 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0).
𝑥→𝑐
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑐 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
lim =
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐

For example, if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = −5, then

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑐 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
4 4
lim = = =− .
𝑥→𝑐 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥) −5 5
𝑥→𝑐

8. Power Rule
The limit of an integer power 𝑝 of a function is just the power of the limit of the function.
𝑝
lim(𝑓(𝑥)) = [lim 𝑓(𝑥)]𝑝
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

For example, if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4, then

𝑥→𝑐
3
lim(𝑓(𝑥)) = [lim 𝑓(𝑥)]3 = 43 = 64.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

9. Root Rule
This states that if 𝑛 is a positive integer, the limit of the 𝑛𝑡ℎ root of a function is just the 𝑛𝑡ℎ root
of the limit of the function, provided that the 𝑛𝑡ℎ root of the limit is a real number. Thus, it is
important to keep in mind that if 𝑛 is even, the limit of the function must be positive.
lim 𝑛√𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛√lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

For example, if lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4, then

𝑥→𝑐

lim √𝑓(𝑥) = √lim 𝑓(𝑥) = √4 = 2.

𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

Activity 3.1

Assume the following:

3
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 12, and lim ℎ(𝑥) = −3
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

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 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

Compute the following limits:

a. lim(−4. 𝑓(𝑥))
𝑥→𝑐
b. lim √12. 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
c. lim 𝑔(𝑥) − ℎ(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
𝑔(𝑥)+ℎ(𝑥)
d. lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
𝑓(𝑥)
e. lim ℎ(𝑥) . 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐

4. Progress Check / Learning Activities / Exercises

Activity 4: This activity is to be submitted via google classroom.

A. Evaluate each limit by building a table of values sufficiently close to the indicated value of 𝑐.
1. lim1 4𝑥
𝑥→
2
𝑥
2. lim
𝑥→−3 3

3. lim (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6)
𝑥→0

B. Evaluate each indicated limit using the given graph as well as 𝑓(𝑐). Identify whether lim 𝑓(𝑥) and
𝑥→𝑐
𝑓(𝑐) are equal or unequal at the given value of 𝑐.

𝒄 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇(𝒄)

𝒙→𝒄

−𝟒
−𝟑
0
½
1
4

3
C. Compute the following limits given lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4, lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 12, and lim ℎ(𝑥) = −3
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
1. lim(4. 𝑓(𝑥) + ℎ(𝑥))
𝑥→𝑐
2. lim 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥). ℎ(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
3. lim √−𝑔(𝑥). ℎ(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
𝑔(𝑥)
4. lim 2
𝑥→𝑐 (ℎ(𝑥))
𝑔(𝑥)
5. lim 2 . 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 (ℎ(𝑥))

Prepared by: Ms. Camille D. Franco 11 | Page

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

5. Assignment (optional)

6. Generalization / Take away

As the value of function 𝑓 gets arbitrarily close to the number 𝐿 for all the values of 𝑥 sufficiently close
to 𝑐, then the limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑐 is 𝐿. This is written as lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿.
𝑥→𝑐

The limit of a function as it approaches 𝑥 = 𝑐 is not necessarily equal to its value at 𝑐. Thus, lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
can assume a value different from 𝑓(𝑐).

“DNE” is not a value, we do not say that lim 𝑓(𝑥) “equals DNE”, nor do we write “lim 𝑓(𝑥) = DNE”.
𝑥→4 𝑥→4

The limit of a function as 𝑥 → 𝑐 exists if 𝑓(𝑐) is defined; or 𝑓 approaches the same value as 𝑥 moves
closer to 𝑐 from both directions.

Rules on limits are used to simplify the limits of functions. This includes constant rule, identity rule,
sum rule, difference rule, constant multiple rule, product rule, quotient rule, power rule, and root
rule.

7. Evaluation:

Quiz 1

Closing Prayer

Pope Francis prayer during the pandemic to Our Lady of Salus Populi
Romani (First Period)

O Mary, You shine continuously on our journey as a sign of salvation and hope. We entrust
ourselves to you, Health of the Sick, who, at the foot of the cross, were united with Jesus’
suffering, and persevered in your faith. “Protectress of the Roman people”, you know our
needs, and we know that you will provide, so that, as at Cana in Galilee, joy and celebration
may return after this time of trial. Help us, Mother of Divine Love, to conform ourselves to the
will of the Father and to do what Jesus tells us. For he took upon himself our suffering, and
burdened himself with our sorrows to bring us, through the cross, to the joy of the
Resurrection. Amen.

Our Lady Assumed into heaven

Pray for us.

Prepared by: Ms. Camille D. Franco 12 | Page

 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
MATH 4: BASIC CALCULUS
2nd Semester | AY 2020-2021

Angelus (Second Period)

V. The Angel of the Lord declared unto Mary,

R. And she conceived of the Holy Spirit.

Hail Mary, ...

V. Behold the handmaid of the Lord.

R. Be it done unto me according to Your Word.

Hail Mary, ...

V. And the Word was made flesh,

R. And dwelt among us.

Hail Mary, ...

V. Pray for us, O holy Mother of God.

R. That we may be made worthy of the promises of Christ.

Let us pray:

Pour forth, we beseech You, O Lord,

Your Grace into our hearts;
that as we have known the incarnation of Christ,
your Son by the message of an angel,
so, by His passion and cross
we may be brought to the glory of His Resurrection.
Through the same Christ, our Lord.
Amen.

Glory be, ….

Our Lady Assumed into heaven…

Pray for us.

References:
Canlapan, R. B., [Link]. (2017). DIWA Senior High School Series Basic Calculus. Makati City. Diwa
Learning Systems, Inc.

Prepared by: Ms. Camille D. Franco 13 | Page