NAME: VISHAL MAURYA
TYBSc_B015_40312190307 Page | 1
STUDY OF COUNTERS
Aim: To study the characteristics of:
1. Asynchronous counters (Ripple counters)
2. Modulus counter
Apparatus: JK flip flop (SN7476), AND (7408) gate, power supply, resistors.
Virtual Apparatus: TINA Software
Theory:
Flip-flops can be connected together to perform counting operations. Such a
group of flip-flops is a counter
1. Asynchronous counters (Ripple counters):
The term asynchronous refers to events that do not have a fixed time
relationship with each other and, generally, do not occur at the same
time.
In asynchronous counters, the first flip-flop is clocked by the external
clock pulse and then each successive flip-flop is clocked by the output of
the preceding flip-flop.
An asynchronous counter is one in which the flip-flops (FF) within the
counter do not change states at exactly the same time because they do
not have a common clock pulse.
The two flip-flops are never simultaneously triggered in asynchronous
counter
Asynchronous counter is further classified as UP/DOWN Asynchronous
counter
An up/down counter is one that is capable of progressing in either
direction through a certain sequence.
An up/down counter, sometimes called a bidirectional counter, can have
any specified sequence of states.
A 3-bit binary counter that advances upward through its sequence (0, 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) can be reversed so that it goes through the sequence
in the opposite direction (7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, and 0) is an illustration of
up/down sequential operation.
NAME: VISHAL MAURYA
TYBSc_B015_40312190307 Page | 2
a) 3- bit UP counter
Circuit diagram:
Vcc = 5V, Input frequency = 1 kHz, Input Voltage = 2.5 V
Observation table:
Clock pulse AOut Bout Cout
(0) Initially 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
2 0 1 0
3 1 1 0
4 0 0 1
5 1 0 1
6 0 1 1
7 1 1 1
(RESET) 0 0 0
States of 3-Bit Asynchronous UP Counter
NAME: VISHAL MAURYA
TYBSc_B015_40312190307 Page | 3
Timing Graph:
b) 3- bit DOWN counter
Circuit diagram:
Vcc = 5V, Input frequency = 1 kHz, Input Voltage = 2.5 V
NAME: VISHAL MAURYA
TYBSc_B015_40312190307 Page | 4
Observation table:
Clock pulse AOut Bout Cout
(7) Initially 1 1 1
6 1 1 0
5 1 0 1
4 1 0 0
3 0 1 1
2 0 1 0
1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
RESET 1 1 1
States of 3-Bit Asynchronous DOWN Counter
Timing Graph:
NAME: VISHAL MAURYA
TYBSc_B015_40312190307 Page | 5
2. Modulus counters:
The number of flip-flops used and the way in which they are
connected determine the number of states (called the modulus) and
the specific sequence of states that the counter goes through during
each complete cycle.
Counters can be connected in cascade to achieve higher-modulus
operation.
In essence, cascading means that the last-stage output of one
counter drives the input of the next counter.
A) MOD-3 Counter
Circuit diagram:
Vcc = 5V, Input frequency = 1 kHz, Input Voltage = 2.5 V
Observation table:
Clock pulse AOut Bout
(0) Initially 0 0
1 1 0
2 1 1
RESET 0 0
MOD-3 Counter
NAME: VISHAL MAURYA
TYBSc_B015_40312190307 Page | 6
Timing Graph:
B) MOD-5 Counter
Circuit diagram:
Vcc = 5V, Input frequency = 1 kHz, Input Voltage = 2.5 V
NAME: VISHAL MAURYA
TYBSc_B015_40312190307 Page | 7
Observation table:
MOD-5 Counter
Clock pulse AOut Bout Cout
(0) Initially 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
2 0 1 0
3 1 1 0
4 0 0 1
RESET 0 0 0
Timing Graph:
C) MOD-10 Counter
Circuit diagram:
Vcc = 5V, Input frequency = 1 kHz, Input Voltage = 2.5 V
NAME: VISHAL MAURYA
TYBSc_B015_40312190307 Page | 8
Observation table: MOD-10 Counter
Clock pulse AOut Bout Cout
(0) Initially 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
2 0 1 0
3 1 1 0
4 0 0 1
5 1 0 1
6 0 1 1
7 1 1 1
8 0 0 1
9 1 0 1
(RESET) 0 0 0
Timing Graph:
NAME: VISHAL MAURYA
TYBSc_B015_40312190307 Page | 9
Results:
1) Asynchronous counters:
Designed and created a 3-bit Up Counter in TINA.
Designed and created a 3-bit Down Counter in TINA.
Studied the truth table and verified it with transient output.
2) Modulus counters:
Designed and created a MOD-3 Counter in TINA.
Designed and created a MOD-5 Counter in TINA.
Designed and created a MOD-10 Counter in TINA.
Studied the truth table and verified it with transient output.
Link of TINA schematics:
A) 3-bit up counter
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1wJZA2s1MQzA7Fu76E8pSAFpwuOSWgxkb/view?usp=sharing
B) 3-bit down counter
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sR8XE3D9bffpQSpuiXBQWYOh_puRb2e9/view?usp=sharing
C) MOD-3 Counter
https://drive.google.com/file/d/19o4_4F2f63OxKL7caOtAYKTPkFbhxfrt/view?usp=sharing
D) MOD-5 Counter
https://drive.google.com/file/d/16DxtMsZsB0rjtZ6bXejPttHTkdxhwl1G/view?usp=sharing
E) MOD-10 Counter
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xycd_m7nDF08cM553pTRL_SmPKBUpbe7/view?usp=sharing
