CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT

PLANT
[Link] (Environmental Science & Engineering)

JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

[Link] IVTH SEMESTER
BATCH 2019-2021
Submitted by
Name: Abdul Rahman
Roll no: 19MEV101

Department of Civil Engineering

Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University),
New Delhi-110025

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 DECLARATION

I, Abdul rehman, student of M. Tech. (Environmental Sc. And Engineering) hereby

declare that the thesis titled “Conceptual Design Of Sewage Treatment Plant”
which is submitted by me to the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi in partial fulfilment
of the requirement for the award of the degree of Master of Technology has not
previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma Associateship,
Fellowship or other similar title or recognition.

Place: New Delhi

Date:
ABDUL RAHMAN

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
NEW DELHI- 110025 (INDIA)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitles, “CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF SEWAGE

TREATMENT PLANT” submitted by Mr Abdul Rahman, in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of Master of Technology in Civil Engineering with specialization in
Environmental Science and Engineering, is original and the authentic work done by him under my
guidance and supervision.

Prof. Naved Ahsan

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 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of ALLAH, the Almighty, most Merciful the most Beneficent, I want to express
my profound gratitude, honour and respect to my amiable supervisor Prof. Naved Ahsan,
Faculty of Civil Engineering, JMI, New Delhi, for his precious guidance, constant
supervision, support, and also for the encouragement which has always been a source of
inspiration for my dissertation work. This report has greatly benefited from his valuable
guidance and suggestions.
Lastly but most hearty I would like to express my gratitude to my parents for making me
passionate and guiding my life to meet challenges.

(Abdul Rahman)

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 Table of contents

[Link] Page no

DECLARATION 2

CERTIFICATE 3

AKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 12

1.1 BACKGROUND 12

1.2 WASTEWATER TREATMENT 13

1.3 OBJECTIVES 13

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 13-14

CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW 15

2.1 Elangovan and Rajanandhini (2019) 15

2.2 Pritam et al (2020) 15

2.3 M.C. Rajivghandhi and M. Singaravelu (2013) 16

2.4 Shubham and Roy et al (2020) 16

2.5 COLMENAREJO et al (2006) 16

2.6 K vaidhegi et al (2016) 16

2.7 Parena Sharma et al (2013) 17

2.8 Gautam et al (2016) 17

2.9 karamouz et al (2003) 18

2.10 Pannirselvam and Gopalkrishna (2015) 18

2.11 Swati et al (2016) 18

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2.12 Polasa et al (2014) 19

2.13 Bhargavi et al (2018) 19

2.14 Nazila et al (2016 20

2.15 Bielefeld et Al (2006) 20

CHAPTER 3 MATERIAL ANDTECHNOLOGY 21

3.1 flow diagram of sewage treatmeny plant based on activate sludge process 22

3.2 population projection 23

3.3 estimation of design water consumption 23

3.4 site selection of wastewater plant 24

3.4.1 cost of land 25

3.4.2 allowance for future expansion 25

3.4.3 availability of transport facility 25

3.4.4 location of site 25

3.5 Treatment Processes 26

3.6 Preliminary Treatment Units: 26

3.6.1 Screens: 26

3.6.2 Removal of screening: 26

3.6.3 Disposal of screenings: 26

3.7 Grit Chambers 26

3.7.1 Collection and cleaning of grit: 27

3.7.2 Grit disposal: 27

3.8 Primary Treatment: (Primary Sedimentation Tanks) 28

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3.8.1 Types of clarifiers 28

3.8.2 Bottom slope: 29

3.8.3 Equipment: 29

3.8.4 Sludge removal: 29

3.8.5 Scum removal: 29

3.9 Biological Treatment 30

3.9.1 Suspended Growth Biological Treatment: 31

3.9.2 Attached Growth Biological Treatment 31

3.9.3 Activated sludge process 32

3.9.4 Methods of aeration 32

3.10 MBBR technology 33

3.10.A secondary sedimentation tank 34

3.11 sludge treatment 34

3.11.1 introduction 35

3.11.2 Sludge Thickener: 36

3.11.3 Gravity Thickening: 36

3.11.4 Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) 37

3.11.5 Centrifugation: 37

3.11.6 Sludge stabilization 38

3.11.7 Sludge conditioning and dewatering 38

3.11.8 Sludge Conditioning: 39

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3.11.9 Sludge dewatering 39

3.11.10 Sludge drying beds 40

CHAPTER 4 DESIGN GUIDELINES 41

4.1 project planning 41

4.2 population forcasting 42

4.3 per capita sewage flow 43

4.4 design criteria for screens 43

4.5 design criteria for grit chamber 44

4.6 design consideration of primary clarifier & secondary clarifiers 44

4.6.1 types and shapes 45

4.7 design consideration of activate sludge process 47

4.8 MBBR technology design criteria 48

CHAPTER-4 DESIGN OF STP 49

5.1 influent characteristics of wastewater 49

5.2 design of inlet chamber 50-51

5.3 design of coarse screen 51-52

5.4 design of fine screen 52-53

5.5 Grit chamber 53-55

56

5.6 aeration tank 56-59

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5.7 design of secondary clarifier 59

5.8 sludge production calculation 60

5.9 gravity thicker 61

5.10 sludge drying beds 61-62

5.11 MBBR technology 62

5.12 cost estimation 63-68

CHAPTER- 6 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS 69-71

CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSIONS: 71-72

CHAPTER- 8 REFRENCES 73

List of Tables

technologies and removal efficiency (Parena Sharma et al 2013)

Table 3.1 Peak factor according population as per CPHEEO manual (

2013)…………………………………………………………….

Densities of population vs populated areas

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 design of screen chamber

design of grit chamber

design criteria primary clarifier

design criteria secondary clarifier

design consideration of activate sludge process

total civil cost based on the activate sludge process technology

Table shows the PCC and RCC cost based on MBBR process

treatment unit designed value based on activate sludge process

Unit designed value based on MBBR technology

List of figures

Fig 3.1 flow diagram of STP based on activate sludge process

Fig 3.2 screen

Fig 3.3 Grit Chamber

Fig 3.4 Typical sedimentation tanks: (a) rectangular horizontal flow

tank; (b) circular, radial-flow tank; (c) hopper-bottomed,
upward flow tank

Fig 3.5 Activate sludge

Fig 3.6 Diffused Aeration ( bubble diffuser)

Fig 3.7 Diffused Aeration ( tubular diffuser )

Fig 3.8 MBBR process

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Fig 3.9 Secondary clarifier

Fig 3.10 Gravity thickener

Fig 3.11 Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF)

Fig 3.12 Aerobic Digester

Fig 3.13 Sludge drying beds

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND
Sewage treatment plant also known as domestic water treatment is a wastewater treatment which
used to remove contaminants from sewage. And sewage treatment plant is a facility designed to
receive the waste from domestic, commercial and industrial source and to remove material that
damage water quality and compromise public health and safety when it discharged into water
receiving [Link] includes physical, chemical biological processes to remove various impurities
depend upon the constituents

Wastewater is usually categorized as industrial waste water and municipal wastewater. Industrial
wastewater characterized with municipal waste water and its discharged into the municipal sewer.
removal of SS is essential priority to the discharge. Suspended organic solid are biodegradable
through hydrolysis.
Biodegradable material in wastewater is considered to be soluble organic.

Sewage is a major source of disease from the human waste and toxics from industrial waste. if we
provided better treatment for sewage then it will be play an important role for the health of any
community and the level of disease reduce at greater extent. The main purpose of sewage treatment
to generate the disposable effluent without causing harm to the surrounding environment and help
to prevent the [Link] recent years as the amount of sewage is increasing day by day and the
positive aspect is awareness about the sewage system also increases as effect on the environment
technology has advanced with the introduction of reticulated pipe work system collecting sewage
both industrial and domestic sources and transfer of collected sewerage to a central treatment
facility .In early days wastage of society including human excreta was collected and transported
and disposed manually by human being and this was the dry conservation system. This system was
not the good for environment and its create the bed smell and also affect the human health causes
[Link] modern civilization disposal of waste is done by new system called sewerage system
this is the replacement of dry conservancy system.

In sewerage system the waste mixed with water that is called sewage then need to go to carry this
sewage through close pipe or line called sewer to the placed away from the residential area by
applied the force of gravity to the sewage treatment plant called STP. In STP we treated the sewage

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before disposing the environment sewage contains suspended organic solids, dissolved organic
solids and number of microorganism and it produced bed condition odor and smell.

1.1 WASTEWATER TREATMENT

The main reason to developed the sewage treatment system to protect the human health and make
the clean environment. originally wastewater was collected from the sewer and discharge it into
the directly nearest waterway. Due to various contaminated that present in wastewater its affect
the quality of river, pond, lake etc. and decrease the oxygen level. Various method is introduced
to clean the effluent before disposing it. Today various technology are available to treat the
wastewater in effective way these technology are available easily and [Link] treat the
waste water which generate from the domestic waste include bathroom waste kitchen waste and
washing powder & detergent are challenge for a environmental engineer because its require good
knowledge biology of the microorganism , chemical and mechanical engineering [Link] we
need to treat the waste a sewage treatment plant that gains the better result on a sustainable basic.
And it should be run properly at least 10-15 years without any major repair also invest minimum
amount of money, energy and chemical to find the desired quality of water.

1.2 OBJECTIVES
To design a Sewage treatment plant for a city

To compare the activate sludge process and MBBR process for effective and economical design

Cost estimation of sewage treatment plant

1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Due to increase of population consumption of water also more and availability of water is less and
demand of water increase day by day so it is very necessary to treat the wastewater in proper way.
Sewage is the very crucial factor for environment degradation and it contains organic and inorganic

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consistuent that degrade the environment causes many diseases in human. In this study focused to
treat the sewage and for this purpose design a sewage treatment plant for 30 years population
forecasting and design the different units of primary and secondary such as Bar screen, Grit
chamber, aeration tank, activate sludge process, sludge drying beds and also cost analysis for the
STP.

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CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Elangovan and Rajanandhini (2019) suggested that primary treatment reduced the
BOD of incoming wastewater by 20-30 % and total suspended solid 50- 60 % study area
considered Nagore town in Tamil Nadu population was estimated by geometrical increase method
per capita demand taken 135 LPCD Various components of the of sewage treatment plant are
screening, grit chamber, primary sedimentation tank, biological reactor, secondary clarifier,
activate sludge tank and drying bed Size of units screen as Width-0.6 m, Depth-0.4 m , Diameter
of bar-6 mm Spacing of bar-6mm grit chamber Length-3.6 m Width-4 m Depth-2 mand
sedimentation tank should be circular type and having Diameter of tank-12 clarifier depth-4.4 m
and for aeration tank considered Inlet BOD 240 mg/l, outlet BOD-20 mg/l, efficiency-92%,MLSS-
2400 mg/l F:M-0.4 HRT-3 to 6 days , ϴC =5.9 days Tank dimension as taken Length-64 m
Breadth-6 m Depth-3 m and secondary clarifier should be circular type tank have diameter-19
m clarifier depth-3.85 m

2.2 Pritam et al (2020) suggested that Sewage treatment plant are designed for 15000
populations and evaluated sewage of 1.624 MLD The main objective of study was to design the
sewage treatment units for the estimated sewage discharge and calculated volume of sewage water
generated by the society and different period of the year per capita demand considered 150 LPCD,
peak factor is 3 and technology used activate sludge process .Different units of plants designed as
screen, grit chamber, primary sedimentation tank, skimming tank, aeration tank, design of
flocculation, design of flesh mixer for rapid mixing, design of secondary clarifier, sludge drying
beds. Treated water used for crop irrigation and rest sludge is used for farm manure. Dimensions
of screen chamber suggested screen size (10 x 50 ) mm, clear spacing- 20 mm and inclination of
bars 80 degree and for grit chamber Detention time-60 sec diameter-1.7 m depth-1.5 m grit storage
depth-0.011 m Primary sedimentation tank Detention time-2 hrs provide depth-2 meter diameter
of tank-5m Aeration tank Number of tank-2 inlet BOD 295 mg/lit outlet BOD -20 mg/lit MLSS=
3000 mg/lit F:M-0.15 Liquid depth-3.5 m width = 9 m length of tank-22m Sludge retention time-
19 days Secondary sedimentation tank No of clarifier-1 diameter pf tank-12 Sludge Applied for
drying beds = 100 kg/MLD specific gravity= 1.05 Solid content-1.015 no of cycle for one year
equal to 3 and Provided 4 bed (1.2 x 7 ) meter.

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2.3 M.C. Rajivghandhi and [Link] (2013) Suggested that UASB reactors have
been widely used to treating the industrial and domestic [Link] (upflow anaerobic
sludge blanket reactor was designed to treat the 8000 liter per day and recover the methane gas.
The COD removel efficiency is 70% and specific gas production is 0.577 m 3 per kg of COD
removed per [Link] present study UASB was designed to treat the fruit wastewater anaerobically
for biogas generation. The energy which generated in the form of methane improves the overall
economy and provide the solution to waste management problem.

2.4 Shubham and Roy et al (2020) suggested that about the Sequential batch reactor (SBR) is the
important technology to treat the sewage and it is the modified type of activate sludge. the total
sludge generated one day is about 100 KLD and STP was designed for public building complex in
shantivn Nagpur area .SBR are designed on the step as Fill, react, settle, decent and ideal. Sludge
batch reactor works as a very good way and as a batch reactor sludge settlement and aeration both
are happening in a similar [Link] sequential batch reactor number of reactors are provided to
treatment the wastewater in [Link] is proposed to design the various component of wastewater
treatment system by taking into account within the permissible limit.

2.5 COLMENAREJO et al (2006) this is the study which done in Spain consider the small eight
domestic plant at Los Razas. this plant worked at different technologies. Its study based on nine
periods [Link] this study technology such as compact extended aeration, conventional activated
sludge, conventional activated aeration. When its study done activate sludge process and extended
aeration process has the better efficacy to remove the parameter such as BOD, COD, TSS, and
Ammonia. Treatment efficiency of conventional process is very better and its works better and
have the more than 80 % .in plant peat filter bed that is installed but its working efficiency not
good for treating the domestic sewage treatment so it very necessary to upgradation of plant.

2.6 K vaidhegi et al (2016) suggested that moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) is a technology of
activated slugde process and biofilm processes. Recycling of sludge is employed in the activated
sludge process to keep the reaction going, and a huge area is required. The paper's composition
Mill waste, in particular, has a high glucose content, which causes Bulking of sludge As a result,
poor settling will ensue. With wastewater, a lot of biomasses will be lost. MBBR has a simple
operational mode and it have high oxygen transfer efficiency land requirement is less is recycling

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no required for that process in MBBR method. Within an aerated wastewater treatment process,
thousands of polyethylene biofilm carriers are moving in a mixed motion. biocarrier is known as
moving bed biofilm process and it carry microorganism throughout the reactor’s polythene which
density less than water and shape like cylinder. The reactor was operated 50% filling of biocarriers.
During the filling percentage BOD and COD are removed.

2.7 Parena Sharma et al (2013) suggested analysis the different technology and consider the
three-treatment sewage treatment plant. according to the author Chandigarh has a well-planned
sewage treatment plant network to treatment the domestic sewage in proper way and the sewerage
network worked better for transportation purpose. There are three technologies use such as Moving
Bed Biofilm reactor (MBBR), activate sludge process and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
(UASB).In three STP only one is working in proper way according to the permissible limit and
other two STP were not working under the permissible limit by compared the technologies found
that MBBR has greater efficacy to remove the effluent parameter.

[Link] TECHNOLOGIES REMOVAL EFFICIENCY

1 UASB TOD<COD<TSS<BOD
2 ASP TDS<TSS<BOD<COD
3 MBBR TDS<COD<TSS<BOD

Table 2.1 for technologies and removal efficiency

2.8 Gautam et al (2016) suggested Different types of anaerobic technologies used such as moving
bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), membrane bioreactor (MBR Extended aeration (EA), sequential
batch reactor (SBR), Submerged aerobic fixed film (SAFF) study done for comparative study to
evaluate the cost. For STP capital cost is evaluated as per the detailed schedule of rate (DSR).

In STP various units cost include such as equalization tank, screen, grit chamber, settling and
biological reactor tank, and its also include elecrtro mechanical cost Such as piping, screen, tube
media operational and maintenance cost include electricity, chemical and [Link] per analysis
SBR is most economical and MBR is very expensive and estimated as when we used MBR as a
treatment option it is 25 % more expensive than SBR. According to this study in India SBR is

17
recommended most cost effective technology for the secondary treatment or biological treatment
in India.

2.9 karamouz et al (2003) suggested the quantity of waste water generates day by day due to
industrial and agriculture uses and this is the major source of pollution and in this study author
focused to pay attention the causes of pollution and how it treats in proper way.
To control waste water pollution Multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) used to with different
method. Different source identified and used the proper techniques and evaluation the cost for the
implementation of project.

2.10 Pannirselvam and Gopalkrishna (2015) suggested to focused the estimate cost of sewage
treatment plant and in the facilitate choosing the better technology for the STP. The cost data
analysis for the 30 existing STP and this was based on the activate sludge process (ASP) technology
collected using the construction cost indices that was published by the construction industry
development council of India. Urbanization in India increase it was 12% in 1901 and it was 31 %
in 2011 and according to the prediction it would be 39% in 2026 and more than 50% in [Link]
the population increase day by day demand of water supply also increase and the waste water
production also increased.

Cost function graph (CF) for the small capacity, medium capacity and large capacity of STP are
plotted between the capacity of STP in x axis and unit cost of STP (US$ million) in y axis. From
this study it was calculated that CF equation for small, medium and large capacities are based on
polynomial, exponential and power law.

2.11 Swati et al (2016) suggested for the design of sewage treatment plant and its unit that are
responsible for the treatment of sewage such as screening, grit chamber, skimming tank,
sedimentation tank, secondary clarifier, activate sludge process, and sludge drying beds. This study
done in metro satellite area of palasuni of Bhubaneswar. Following are the specification which
used in study such as Bar screen type-1 size 10 mm X 50 mm not more than 20 mm center to center
and width of chamber are provided 60 mm. In 2 NOS grit chamber are provide and the size that
provided as 1.2 x 1.7 m primary sedimentation tank are provided in 1 nos and diameter of tank is
3.9 m or 4 m with the holding capacity 23.89 m^3.

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Aeration is provided in 2 nos and overall size is [Link] secondary clarifier are
provided in 2 nos and take the diameter of circular tank is 10 meter. Sludge pump provided in 2
nos and the motor capacity is 400-440 v 50 Hz A/C. This sewage treatment plant are designed to
meet needs and demand nearly 10000 population for the long period of time.

2.12 Polasa et al (2014) suggested sewage treatment plant are designed for gated community. for
this this study biological treatment method is adopted. Minimum change of detention time gave
better result for treating sewage. In this study 2010 software are used for design. Gated community
include 63 lots one shopping mall. Approximately estimation five person per lot and six person run
the shopping mall. And the waste water received approximately 164 per head per day. In this design
mainly focused to designed the primary, secondary and tertiary treatment units to treatment the
sewage.

2.13 Bhargavi et al (2018) suggested design a sewage treatment plant of 38 MLD considering the
30 years population [Link] design the various units such as screen, grit chamber, primary
sedimentation tank, activated sludge and sludge drying process. Primary treatment is the first stage
of treatment process it reduced approximately 20 to 30 % biochemical oxygen demand from the
wastewater and TDS approximately 50 to 60 %. All treatment unit designed according the standard
of CPCB (central pollution control board) and treated sewage used in for the agriculture work,
toilet flushing in public and industrial building if water is available in sufficient quantity can be
further use for the ground water recharge.

2.14 Zhang et al (2020) suggested a study that done in china consider a sewage treatment plant
purpose was to increase the capacity of plant area under the plant is 38.8 acre and it receive about
250,000 tons of sewage per day and this depend on 500 employs.

China is a mass developing country and millions of ton sewage discharge generate and it very
necessary to treat in proper way. For this sewage treatment plant need lot of resource and energy
for sewage treatment and huge amount of pollutant discharged that include waste water sludge
waste and exhaust [Link] plant some process are adopted such as infrastructure construction
process including five section as building material, auxiliary engineering cost, energy
consumption, labor cost and governmental service charges and second one is sewage treatment
process and the data of sewage plant are taken from as water quality sample selection ,power

19
operation system ,and sludge treatment data. Two main transformers have the capacity 16000 KW
in the new sewage treatment plant and generated sludge volume is 55.8 tons per day

2.14 Nazila et al (2016) suggested sustainable solution how we recycle and reused the wastewater
to quit the problem of wastewater. For this there are various technology are available to treat the
wastewater in secondary stage. Secondary stage is very important to remove the organic matter
with the help of microorganism and one of the best method in secondary treatment is activate
sludge process (ACP) but this method also have some limitation because with the help of ACP all
pollutant not removed .and to overcome these limitation bio augmentation practice applied and in
Bio augmentation practice adding the cultured microorganism to biodegrade contaminants. This
technique also provides the better result but in some reported its failure as during scale-up.

2.15 Bielefeld et Al (2006) suggested that the work to treatment should be quite well and in
proper way but problem was in the collection and its could be improved. And he also mentioned
problem is occur due to improper design of treatment system all the unit not designed according
to the standard and their prescribe limit. To find the better result water and wastewater system
needed to improve especially focused on local water supply system and concern about the quality
standard.

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CHAPTER 3 MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

Municipal wastewater is the general term applied to the liquid wasted collected from residentials,
commercial and industrial area and conveyed by means of a sewerage system to a central location
for treatment. municipal wastewater contains over 99.9 percent water, the remaining material
include suspended and dissolved organic and inorganic matter as well as microorganism. These
material give physical, chemical and biological qualities that are [Link]
wastewater treatment process include physical, chemical and biological treatment process that can
protect the water bodies from water [Link] WWTP are designed focused on the
maximum removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total solid(TS) and suspended solid
(SS), settleable solids total kjeldahi nitrogen (TKN), and total phosphorus(TP).Wastewater
treatment units are consist are used to remove different types of contaminants from wastewater.

Sewage treatment plant sewage treatment plant is designed for a city. its is a conceptual design
based on the future forecasting population. this design is done with the help of manual central public
health and environmental engineering (CPHEEO). some data assumed for suitability by own and
also support with the reliable internet sources. Sewage Treatment Plant is a facility designed to
receive the waste from domestic, commercial and industrial sources and to remove materials that
damage water quality and compromise public health and safety when discharged into water
receiving systems. The principal objective of waste water treatment is generally to allow human and
industrial effluents to be disposed of without danger to human health or unacceptable damage to the
natural environment. Conventional wastewater treatment consists of a combination of Physical,
chemical, and biological processes and operations to remove solids, organic matter and, sometimes,
nutrients from wastewater. Sewage treatment generally involves three stages, called primary,
secondary and tertiary treatment. Preliminary treatment removes coarse solids and other large
materials often found in raw wastewater. Removal of these materials is necessary to enhance the
operation and maintenance of subsequent treatment units. Preminary treatment operations typically
include coarse screening and grit removal.

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3.1 FLOW DIAGRAM OF SESWEGE TREATMENY PLANT BASED ON ACTIVATE
SLUDGE PROCESS

Figure 3.1 flow diagram of STP based on activate sludge process

22
3.2 POPULATION PROJECTION considers number of years 30 for future population
forecasting and also take the initial population 60000 for the 2021 base [Link] designed for the
30 years and various method can be used to determine the population forecasting such as

[Link] increase method

[Link] increase method

[Link] increase method

[Link] rate of growth

[Link] method

[Link] method

[Link] of density

[Link] of density

GEOMETRIC INCREASE METHOD

Pf =pi (1+X )

Initial population consider =60000

X = growth rate = 1.1%

N=number of years =30

By calculation total number of population is 83308

3.3 ESTIMATION OF DESIGN WATER CONSUMPTION

according to IS: 1172:1993 design criteria prescribe water consumption with respect to population
when the design population lies between 20,000 to 100,000 as in our case as per capita water
consumption will be 150 LPCD for the total water consumption total population is multiply by per
capita water consumption

Total water consumption = 150 x 83308=12496 m3/day

After calculate the design water consumption select the peak factor which is also based on
population as in table 3.1
23
population Peak factor
Up to 2000 3
Above 20,000 to 50,000 2.5
Above 50,000 to 7,50,000 2.25
Above 75000 2

In our case population factor is 2 then we can calculate maximum demand by simply multiplying
the total water consumption with 2 as a peak factor

Estimation of the design wastewater flow

According to IS 1172:1993 design criteria in our case wastewater is 85% of the average water
consumption. Some units of wastewater treatment plants are designed on peak wastewater [Link]
find the peak wastewater flow we required a peak factor.

Avg wastewater flow = 85% of average water consumption

Average wastewater flow = 85% of average water consumption

Average wastewater flow = 0.85 x 12496

= 10621 m3/day

Similarly the peak wastewater can be find out as

Peak wastewater flow = 2 x 10621

=21243 m3/day

3.4 SITE SELECTION OF WASTEWATER PLANT

A suitable site selection for the wastewater plant is very necessary [Link] site should be suitable
for the construction of wastewater treatment [Link] selection of site for WWTP one most consider
the most point one must consider the following points

3.4.1 COST OF LAND

24
Land cost was considered as a primary factor in site selection of a wastewater treatment plant. But
now a days other than cost of land there are many other factor can influence the process of site
selection for WWTP this cost can be in form of rent or purchasing cost. The cost of land varies
with the surrounding environment of the land. for example the cost of land will be high where there
is a proper system transportation and other facilities.

3.4.2 ALLOWANCE FOR FUTURE EXPANSION

As the communities and town expand with the passing time there should be allowance for future
expansion at the selected site for WWTP this step is also important for future use of treatment plant.
If in future there will be a need for expansion of treatment plant the land should be available for
that expansion. So while selecting the site for wastewater treatment plant one must keep in view
this point also

3.4.3 AVAILABILITY OF TRANSPORT FACILITY

Availability of transport at the WWTP site is most important. For construction of of plant, we need
different component of plant. all component of the plant and construction work will be affective if
are good means of transport are available. Transport by road and by train should be available at the
construction site.

3.4.4 LOCATION OF SITE

The location of wastewater treatment plant should be away from the community. Some of the
treatment plant cause odor problems, flies’ problem and many other. These all problem may disturb
the people of community/ town in a serious way. Other than these aerosols may also be present so
its good to construct a wastewater treatment plant at a decant distance from the community/towns

3.5 TREATMENT PROCESSES

3.5.1 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT UNITS: It includes unit operations such as:

3.5.1 A SCREENS: The general purpose of screens is to remove large objects such as rags,
paper, plastics, metals, and the like. these objects, if not removed may damage the pumping
and sludge- removal equipment, hangover wires, and block valves, thus creating serious
plant operation and maintenance problems.

3.5.1 B GRIT CHAMPERS: It is used remove dust, bone chips, coffee grounds, seeds,
eggshells, and other materials in wastewater that are no putrescible and higher than organic
matter. By the air, wastewater is freshened, thus reduction in odors and additional BOD
Removal may be achieved.

25
3.5.2 PRIMARY TREATMENT: It is including primary sedimentation the purpose of
this unit is to remove the settle able organic solids. Normally a primary sedimentation will
remove 50 to 70 percent total suspended solids and 30-40 percent BOD remove

3.5.3 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT (SECONDARY TREATMENT) The purpose of

secondary treatment is to remove the soluble organics that escape the primary treatment
and to provide further removal of suspended solids.
Although secondary treatment may remove than 85 percent of the BODR5 Rand
suspended solids, it does not remove significant amount of nitrogen, phosphor heavy
metals, no degradable organics, bacteria and viruses. These pollutants may require further
removal (advanced one).

3.6 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT UNITS:

3.6.1 SCREENS:
Screening is normally the first unit operation used at wastewater treatment plant, used
remove large objects from wastewater.

Screening devices can be broadly classified into three types:

A) Coarse screening: for spacing of (50-150) mm.
B) Medium screening: for spacing of (20-50) mm.
C) Fine screening: for spacing of (5-20) mm.

Screens may also be classified into manually and mechanically cleaned.

3.6.2 REMOVAL OF SCREENING:
Manually cleaning is practiced at small plant with hand operated racks. inclined screen helps in
their cleaning by the upward stroke of the rack.
Manually cleaned bar rakes have sloping bars that facilitate hand raking. The screening is
placed on a perforated plate for drainage and storage.
The mechanically cleaned bar rakes are front-cleaned or back –cleaned, in both cases the
traveling rake moves the screenings upward and drops them into a collection bin or
conveyor.

3.6.3 DISPOSAL OF SCREENINGS: material separated by screen is called the screening

it contains 85 % to 90% of moisture of moisture and other floating matter. The disposal of
the screenings is achieved by land filling or incineration, often screenings are ground and
returned into the wastewater treatment plant.
Screening may also be disposal by burial. This process is technically called composting
another method of disposing of the screening is by dumping them in low lying areas.

26
 Figure 3.2 screen
3.7 GRIT CHAMBERS:
It is necessary to remove the grits and other materials that are heavier than organic matter, in
order to:
a). Protect moving mechanical equipment and pumps from unnecessary wear and abrasion.
b). Prevent clogging in pipes heavy deposits in channels.
c). Prevent cementing effects on the bottom of sludge digesters and primary sedimentat
tanks.
3.7.1 COLLECTION AND CLEANING OF GRIT:
Cleaning of the grit chambers can be done either manually (for small grit chambers) , or
mechanically (for large grit chambers).
Mechanical grit collection in velocity- controlled channels and aerated grit chambers is
achieved by conventional with scrapers, screws, buckets, or some combination of these.
There are three types of grit chamber such as
[Link] flow -rectangle 2. Horizontal-square 3. Aerated grit chamber
3.7.2 GRIT DISPOSAL:
Various methods of grit disposal include land fill, land spreading, and incineration with
sludge.

27
For small – and medium-size plants it is best to bury and cover the grit because the
residual organic content can be a nuisance.

Figure 3.3 Grit Chamber

3.8 PRIMARY TREATMENT: (PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANKS) Primary

sedimentation (or clarification) is achieved in large basins under relatively quiescent conditions.
the settled solids are collected by mechanical scrapers into hopper, from which they are pumped
to sludge processing area oil, grease, and other floating materials are skimmed from the surface.
The effluent is discharged over weirs into a collection trough.
3.8.1 TYPES OF CLARIFIERS:
In general, the design of most of the clarifiers falls into three categories:
horizontal flow, (2) solids contact, (3) inclined surface.
The common types of horizontal flow clarifiers are rectangular, square, or circular. On
the other hand, the types of include surface are tube settler and parallel plate settler.

28
3.8.2 BOTTOM SLOPE:
The floor of the rectangular and circular tanks is sloped toward the hopper. The slope made
to facilitate draining of the tank and to move the sludge the hopper. Rectangular tanks have
a slope of 1-2 percent. In circular tanks, the slope is approximately 40-100 mm/m diameter.
3.8.3 EQUIPMENT:
In mechanized sedimentation tanks, the type of sludge collection equipment varies with
size and shape of the tank.
In rectangular tanks the sludge collection equipment may consist of (1) a pair of endless
conveyor chains running over sprockets attached to the shafts or
(2) moving bridge sludge collectors having a scraper to push the sludge into the hopper.
inlet and outlet arrangement:
in order to reduce short circuiting and to distribute the flow uiniformly proper arrangement
must be made for smooth entry of water
baffles: baffle are required to prevent the movement of organic matter and its escape along
with the effluent and to distribute the sewage uniformly through the cross section of the
tank.
3.8.4 SLUDGE REMOVAL:
The sludge is removal from the hopper by means of a pump. the suspended organic solid contained
in sewage settle down at the bottom of the tank have to removed [Link] manual cleaning
first of all put out the service and stopped the supply of sewage. deposited sludge is removed as a
slurry through a separate pipe provided with a gate value at the bottom of tank. The returned sludge
is first taken to a pump sump and then pumped to the further treatment.
Modern sedimentation tank is generally provided with mechanical cleaning [Link] sludge is
scraped by scraperes and brought to the hopper at the inlet end. scraper can work either continuously
or at any desired time [Link] the circular shape clarifier the sludge is scraped and brought the
center them removed.

3.8.5 SCUM REMOVAL: Scum that forms on the surface of the primary clarifiers is generally
pushed off the surface to a collection sump.

29
Figure 3.4 Typical sedimentation tanks: (a) rectangular horizontal flow 2T tank; (b)
circular, radial-flow tank; (c) hopper-bottomed, upward flow tank

30
3.9 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT:
Biological waste treatment involves bringing the active microbial growth in contact with
wastewater so that they can consume the impurities as food. A great variety of microorganisms
come into play that include bacteria, protozoa, rotifers, fungi, algae, and so forth. these organisms
in the presence of oxygen convert the biodegradable organics into carbon dioxide, water, more cell
material, and other inert products.
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESS:
Biological treatment process can be achieved by two types of growth:
3.9.1 SUSPENDED GROWTH BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT:
Suspended growth treatment systems are those in which the microorganisms remain in
suspension. Common suspended growth processes used for secondary treatment
include: A. Activated sludge and other modifications.
Aerated lagoons.
High –rate stabilization ponds.
3.9.2 ATTACHED GROWTH BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
In attached growth biological treatment process the population of active microorganisms is
developed over a solid media (rock or plastic). the attached growth of microorganisms stabilizes
the organic matter as the wastewater passes over them. There are two major types of attached
growth process:
A. Trickling filter.
B. Rotating Biological contractor.
3.9.3 ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS:
In the activated sludge process microorganisms (MO) are mixed thoroughly with the
organics so that they can grow and stabilize the organics. As the microorganisms grow and
are mixed by the agitation of the air, the individual organism’s clump together (flocculate)
to from an active mass of microbial floc called " activated sludge" the mixture of the
activated sludge and wastewater in the aeration basin is called " mixed liquor “the mixed
liquor flows from the aeration basin to a secondary clarifier where the activated sludge is
settled. A portion of the settled sludge is returned to the aeration basin to maintain the
proper food-to- MO ratio permit rapid breakdown of the organic matter. Because more
activated sludge is produced than can be used in the process, some of it is wasted from the
aeration basin or from the returned sludge line to the basin either by diffusers or by
mechanical mixers.

31
 Figure 3.5 Activated Sludge

3.9.4 METHODS OF AERATION:

Two major types of aeration systems are used in the activated sludge process.
These are:

(1) Diffused aeration: air is supplied through porous diffusers or through air
nozzles near the bottom of the tank. The air diffusers are of various types
include the bubble diffuser, tubular diffuser, and jet diffuser.
(2) Mechanical aeration: in the mechanical aeration, the oxygen is entrained
from the atmosphere. The aerators consist of submerged or partially
submerged impellers that are attached to motors mounted on floats or on
fixed structure.

32
 Fig 3.5 Diffused Aeration ( bubble diffuser )

Fig 3.6 Diffused Aeration ( tubular diffuser )

3.10 MBBR TECHNOLOHGY

Moving bed biofilm reactor(MBBR) technology nowadays very famous because its takes very
less space and efficient for removal of BOD ,Ammonia and nitrogen from municipal
wastewater as well as [Link] technology have very easy operation to run compared
to other [Link] MBBR process provide the thousand provide thousand of polythelene
biofilm carriers which operate in mixed motion and process is done within aeration
wastewater treatment [Link] biocarrier applied each of biocarrier contribute and
increase the productivity with surface area to support the growth of bacteria .bacteria may be
heterotrophic or autotropic within the cell. Due to high density population achieved high rate
of biodegradation within the system.

33
 Media consist of plastic material having the cylindrical shape and specific gravity is 0.9 g/cm3
and its take about 25 to 50 % volume of MBBR tank.
Main components of MBBR-
1). Aeration basin

2). bio carrier media

3) aeration grid

4). strainer outlet pipe

Fig- 3.7 MBBR process

There are many technologies used in biological treatment system but I used only two technologies
to remove the BOD other technology such as

Sequential batch reactor (SBR)

Upflow anaerobic batch reactor (UASB)

SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION TANK when influent is treated in aeration tank or MBBR

tank then it comes in secondary clarifier having the shape [Link] secondary clarifier biomass

34
of microorganism settled to the bottom in form of activate sludge. according to the cpheeo manual
depth vary 2.4 to 4.2 meter. For better performance used the circular shape [Link] remove the
sludge mechanical sludge scraper best suited for circular tank. Scraper push the sludge along the
tank bottom to sludge collecting channel. For better performance and find the good result clarifier
are designed based on surface loading rate, weir loading, and side water depth

Fig.3.8 Secondary clarifier

3.11 SLUDGE TREATMENT

3.11.1 INTRODUCTION The principal sources of sludge at municipal wastewater
treatment plants are the primary sedimentation basin and the secondary deifiers.
Additional sludge may also come from chemical precipitation, nitrification
denitrification facilities, screening and grinder, and filtration devices if the plant has
these processes. Many times, the sludge produced in these processes treatment
systems so that the sludge is removal as either primary or secondary sludge. In some
cases, secondary sludge is returned to the primary setting tank, ultimately giving a
single stream consisting of combined sludge.
Sludge contains large volume of water. the small fraction solids in the sludge are
highly offensive. Thus, the problem involved with handling and disposal of sludge are
complex. Common sludge management processes include thickening, stabilization,
dewatering, and disposal.

35
 3.11.2 SLUDGE THICKENER:
Sludge contains large volume of water thickening of sludge is used to concentrate
solids and reduce the volume. Thickened sludge requires less tank capacity and
chemical dosage for stabilization and smaller piping and pumping equipment for
transport. Common method of sludge thickening used at medium to large plants are
(1) gravity thickening, (2) dissolved air floatation, and (3) centrifugation. Each of these
methods of thickening are discussed below
3.11.3 GRAVITY THICKENING:

Gravity thickening is accomplished in circular sedimentation basins similar to those

used for primary and secondary clarification of liquid waste. Solids coming to the
thickener separate into three distinct zones. The top layer is the sedimentation zone,
which usually contains a stream of diner’s sludge moving from the influent and tow
are the thickening zone. In the thickening zone the individual particles of the sludge
agglomerate. A sludge blanket is maintained in this zone where the mass of sludge is
compressed by material continuously added to the top.
Water is squeezed out of interstitial spaces and flows upward to the channels. Deep
trusses or vertical pickets are provided to gently stir the sludge blanket and move the
gases and liquid toward the surface. The supernatant from the sludge thickener
passes over an effluent weir and is returned to the plant. The thickened sludge is
withdrawn from the bottom Gravity thickening is used to concentrate solids in sludge
from the primary clarifier, tickling filter, and activated sludge

Fig 3.9 Gravity thickener

3.11.4 DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION (DAF) :

Air flotation is primarily used to thicken the solids in chemical and waste activated sludge.
Separation of solids is achieved by introducing fine air bubbles into the liquid. The bubbles attach
to the particulate matter which then rise to the surface. In a dissolved air flotation system, the air

36
is dissolved in the incoming sludge under a pressure of several atmospheres. The pressurized flow
is atmosphere. Fine air bubbles rise that cause flotation of solids. The principal advantage of
flotation over gravity thickening is the ability to remove rapidly and completely those particles
that settle slowly under gravity. The amount of thickening achieved is 2-8 times the incoming
solids. Maximum concentration of solids in the float may reach 4-5 percent. Two radiations of the
dissolved air flotation process include (1) pressurizing total or only a small portion of the incoming
sludge and (2) pressurizing the recycled flow from the flotation thickener. The latter method is
preferred because it eliminates the need for high- pressure sludge pumps, which are generally
associate with maintenance problems

Chemicals such as alum andiron salts and organic polymers are often added to aid the
flotation process.

FIG 3.10 DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION (DAF)

3.11.5 CENTRIFUGATION:
Centrifugations is a process by which solids are thickened or dewatered from the
sludge under the influence of a centrifugal field many times the force of gravity. There
are three basic types of centrifuges available for sludge thickening: (1) basket, (2) disc
nozzle, and (3) solid bowl (or scroll – type decanter). The basket centrifuge operates
on a batch basis.
The disc-nozzle, and centrifuge are continuous type but require extensive and careful
prescreening and grit removal from the sludge.
The solid bowl centrifuges offer continuous operation and received widespread in
sludge thickening. Centrifugal the thickening of sludge requires high power and high
maintenance costs. Use should be limited to plants where space is limited, skilled
operations is available. And sludge is difficult to thicken by other means.

37
 3.11.6 SLUDGE STABILIZATION
The principal purposes of sludge stabilization are to reduce pathogens, eliminate offensive
odors, and, and control the potential for purification of organic matter. Sludge stabilization
can be a accomplished by biological, chemical, or physical means, selection of any method
depends largely on the ultimate sludge disposal method. As an example, if the sludge is
dewatered and incinerated, frequently no stabilization procedure is employed. On the other
hand, if the sludge is applied on land, stabilization is necessary to control odors and pathogens.
Various methods of sludge stabilization are (1) anaerobic or aerobic digestion
(Biological), (2) chemical oxidation or lime stabilization (chemical), and (3) thermal
conditioning (physical). In recent years, because of its inherent energy efficiency and
normally low chemical requirements, anaerobic digestion process most widely
selected municipal stabilization process at medium –and large-size municipal plants.

Fig 3.11 Aerobic Digester

Other sludge stabilization processes:

(1) Chemical Oxidation.
(2) Lime stabilization.
Heat treatment or thermal conditioning

38
 3.11.7 SLUDGE CONDITIONING AND DEWATERING

Sludge dewatering is necessary to remove moisture so that the sludge cake can be
transported by truck and can be composted or disposed of by land filling or incineration.
The solid particles in municipal sludge are extremely fine, are hydrated, and carry
electrostatic charges.
These properties of sludge solids make dewatering quite difficult. Sludge conditioning is
necessary to destabilize the suspension so that proper sludge- dewatering devices can
be effectively used.
Sludge dewatering systems range from very simple devices to extremely complex
mechanical processes. Simple process involves natural evaporation, and percolation
from sludge lagoons or drying beds.
Complex mechanical systems utilize sludge conditioning following by centrifugation,
vacuum filtration, filter pressers, and belt filter. The selection of any device depends on
the quantity and type of sludge and the method of ultimate disposal.
3.11.8 SLUDGE CONDITIONING:
Condition involves chemical and/or physical treatment of the sludge to enhance water
removal. In addition, some conditioning processes also disinfect sludge, control odors,
alter the nature of solids, provide limited solids destruction, and improve solids
recovery.
3.11.9 SLUDGE DEWATERING
A Number of sludge dewatering techniques are currently used. The selection of any sludge
dewatering system depends on (1) characteristics of sludge to be dewatered, (2) space
available, and (3) moisture content requirements of the sludge cake for ultimate disposal.
When land is available and the sludge quantity is small, natural dewatering systems are
most effective.
These include drying beds and drying lagoons.
The mechanical dewatering systems are generally selected where land is not available.
common mechanical sludge- dewatering systems include centrifuge, vacuum filter, filter
press, and horizontal belt filter.
3.11.10 SLUDGE DRYING BEDS
Sludge drying are the oldest method of sludge dewatering. These are still used extensively
in small- to medium – size plants to dewater digested sludge. Typical sand beds consist of
a layer of coarse sand 15-25 cm in depth and supported on a graded gravel bed that
incorporates selected files or perforated pipe under rains. Paved drying beds are also
used. Each section of the bed (8m x 30m) contains water-tight walls, under drain system,
and vehicle tracks for removal of sludge cake. sludge is placed on the bed in 20-to 30 –

39
cm (8 –to 12-in) layers and allowed to dry. The under drained liquid is returned to the
plant. The drying period is 10-15 days and moisture content of the cake is 60-70 percent.
Poorly digested sludge may cause odor problems. depending on the climatic condition
and odor control. Requirements, the drying bed may be open or covered. The sludge cake
from drying beds contains 20-40 percent solids, almost 90-100 percent solids capture
occurs.

Figure 3.12 Sludge drying beds

40
CHAPTER 4 DESIGN GUIDELINES

4.1 PROJECT PLANNING the purpose of sewage collection treatment and disposal is the
sewage discharge from the communities should be properly collected, transported and treated in
short medium and long term plans.

Short term short term plans plant is designed to the five years from the base years.

Medium term in medium term plans plant is designed for the 15 years from the base years.

Long term In long tern STP should have the plan for the 30 years from the base year.

Planning is very essential at different levels such as national, state, regional local and community.
responsibility of various organizations in charge of planning sewage collection, treatment and
disposal systems is different in each case.

4.2 POPULATION FORCASTING The design population should be predicted by considering

all of the criteria influencing the project area's future growth and development in the industrial,
commercial, educational, social, and administrative spheres.

There are following method which adopted for forecasting the future population for a city such as

4.2.1 DEMOGRAPHIC METHOD OF POPULATION PROJECTION population

may be change in three ways such as by birth (population gain), by death (population loss) or by
migration population gain or loss depend in and out of the people. under investigation, this method
takes into account the region's or city and predicted birth and death rates.

4.2.2 ARITHMETICAL INCREASE METHOD this method is generally adopted to large and
old cities. From the known population of a number of past successive decade is computed and from
the these average increase in population per decade is worked out.

4.2.3 INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD in this method the population of each

successive future decade is first worked out by the arithmetic increase method and to these values
the average incremental increase per decade is added for the future decade.

41
4.2.4 GEOMETRIC INCREASE METHOD this method gives greater value and this valid
for growing town and cities.

4.2.5 DECRESING RATE OF GROWTH this method is applicable only such case when
growth of population shows a downward trend.

4.2.6 GRAPHICAL METHOD in this method the known population of a number of past
successive decades are plotted against the respective year of record and a smooth curve is drawn
through the plotted points.

4.2.7 LOGISTIC METHOD this method is applicable for large cities with sufficient
demographic data.

4.2.8 METHOD OF DENSITY The trend in the rate of increase in population density for
each sector of a city is determined in this technique, and population is forecasted for each sector
based on the above approach.

Table 4.1 Densities of population vs populated areas

4.3 PER CAPITA SEWAGE FLOW the flow in sewer varies from hour to hour and seasonally.
The peak flow or the ratio of maximum to average flow depend upon the contributory population.

42
Peak factor for population
population Peak factor
Up to 2000 3
Above 20,000 to 50,000 2.5
Above 50,000 to 7,50,000 2.25
Above 75000 2

Table 4.2 population and peak factor

peak factor of contributory population also depends on the density of population, topography of
site, number of hours of water supply. the range of minimum flow varies from the 1/3 to 1/2 of
average flow.

4.4 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SCREENS

3.4.1 Reason behind selection

The purpose of screen is to remove the floating particles this save the pumping machinery from
damage. These particles can also clog the values in treatment plants

The adopted design criteria for the design the screen is given below table

Designed flow Peak flow

Angle of inclination Manually screen Mechanical screen
45-60֯ 60-90֯
Clear opening Coarse screen Fine screen
6-150 mm < 6 mm
Velocity for peak flow through open area 0.6-1.2 m/s
Minimum velocity to avoid grit deposition 0.3 m/s

43
 Head loss formula HL 0.0729(V2-v2)
Accepted head loss 0.15 m

Table 4.3 design of screen chamber

4.5 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR GRIT CHAMBER
3.5.1 Reason behind selection
The purpose of grit chamber is to remove the inorganic fraction of suspended particles like metal
fragments, egg shells, bone chips, and sand/clay. In india there is no control on the disposal into
the wastewater. There are many chances of presence of grit in wastewater. It can seriously affect
the downstream mechanical equipment of WWTP and it can create the serious problem in
digestion process.
The adopted design criteria for the design of grit chamber are given in tabular form below table

Design flow Peak sewage flow

VH 0.3 m/sec
Width: depth 1:2
N(RCC) 0.013
Specific gravity 2.65
Minimum size of grit (d) 0.2 mm
Detention time at average flow not exceed 60 sec
Free board 150 to 300 mm

Table 4.4 design of grit chamber

4.6 DESIGN CONSIDERATION OF PRIMARY CLARIFIER & SECONDARY
CLARIFIERS
Primary clarifier is installed after screen and grit chamber and it reduce the organic load on
secondary treatment units as its separate the SS if it’s not removed in grit chamber.

In primary clarifiers approximately 25-30 % BOD removed but for design its consider about 30-
35 % and 60-70 % of suspended solid but for design purpose taken as 60 %

44
 In primary clarifier range of depth vary from 2.4 to 4.2 meter.

The value of detention time should be 1.65 hours to 4 hours.

Table 4.5 design criteria primary clarifier

SECONDARY CLARIFIER

After biological reactor secondary clarifier are installed to remove the biofloc of the biological
reactor.

Secondary clarifier has the higher efficiency to remove biological floc if it considers independently.

The value of depth varies from 2.4 to 4.2

The range of detention time varies 2.2 hours to 4.2 hours.

Types of settling Overflow rate Solid loading Side water Weir loading
rate kg/day/m depth-m rate
m2/m3/day
m2/m3/day

Secondary clarifier AVG PEAK AVG PEAK AVG AVG

45
Secondary settling for 15-35 40-50 70-140 210 >3-3.5 185
activate sludge

Secondary settling for 8-15 25-35 25-120 170 >3-4 185

extended aeration

Table 4.6 design criteria secondary clarifier

4.6.1 TYPES AND SHAPES

Generally, three shapes of tank are used but circular tank is more common as compare to square
and rectangle

For large plant as compare to circular tank horizontal tank are economically and occupy less space.

The range of diameter for circular tank vary from 3 meter to 60 meter but popular range is 12
meters to 30 meters.

In case of rectangular tank maximum length and width of 90 meter and 30 meters.

Length to depth ratio-1.5:7.5 and length to depth ratio 5:25

Bottom slope range 1 % are normally adopted

4.7 DESIGN CONSIDERATION OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

there are recently several technologies are developed to treat the organic load that are
present in wastewater. Each technology has different design parameter and some technology gives
better performance as compare to each other. The quality of treated waste water mainly depends
on the biological treatment technology that operated after the primary clarifier. There are
following technology which I used in designing of sewage treatment plant such as activate sludge
process, sequential batch reactor.
According to the cpheeo model consider the following design consideration of technology
mentioned below

46
4.7.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATION OF ACTIVATE SLUDGE PROCESS
Process type Unit Flow regime

conventional Complete mix Extended aeration

MLSS mg/lit 1500 to 3000 3000 to 4000 3000 to 5000

MLSS/MLVSS ratio 0.8 0.8 0.6

F/M Per day 0.3 to 0.4 0.3 to 0.6 0.1 to 0.18

HRT Hours 4 to 6 4 to 6 12 to 24

Θc Days 5 to 8 5 to 8 10 to 26

BOD removal % 85 to 92 85 to 92 95 to 98

QR/Q Ratio 0.25 to 0.5 0.25 to 0.80 0.25 to 1

Kg O2 /kg BOD ratio 0.8 to 1.0 0.8 to 1.0 1.0 to 1.2

removed

Table 4.8 design consideration of activate sludge process

For control the mixing the width should be usually 5 to 10 meters.

The range of width and depth ratio should be 1.2 to 2.2.

The value of length should not be less than 30 meter and not greater than 100 meters.

Horizontal velocity range should keep 1.5 m/min.

Free board tank range should be between the values o.3 to 0.5 meter

47
4.8 MBBR TECHNOLOGY DESIGN CRITERIA

Side water depth 3.5-4.5

BOD loading rate 1.4-4 kg/m3/day

Shape-circular/rectangular

Media characteristics

Media shape- cylindrical

Polyethylene media

Size dimensions 30 x25 x 25 mm or 10 to 13 cubes

Specific gravity- 0.9 g/cm3

Media take 25-30 % approximately volume of MBBR tank

MLVSS concentration 5000 to 9000 mg/lit

48
CHAPTER-5 DESIGN OF STP

5.1 INFLUENT CHRACTERISTICS OF WASTEWATER

Characteristics of wastewater are very necessary for design the any treatment unit. prior to the
design of wastewater treatment, a details sampling and testing of wastewater is necessary. 24 hours
composite sample is must for wastewater characterization, if not possible then use a mean value of
at least 5 to 10 grab sample. this is the step in designing the wastewater plant. here for sake of
designing let us consider the typical values of parameter of wastewater. Typical values are given
below in table

Parameters values units

pH 7 -

Total suspended solid 420 mg/L

Biochemical oxygen demand 250 mg/L

Chemical oxygen demand 350 mg/L

POPOLATION FORCASTING VALUES unit

𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑖 (1 + 𝑋/100)𝑛

𝑃𝑖= 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (assume) 60000

X=growth rate (according to report united nation 1.1

population fund)

number of future year n 30 Year

(1+X/100) 1.011

1.38
(1 + 𝑋)30

49
 Population 83308 person

total population 83308 person

per capita water consumption (according to IS 150 LPCD

1172:1993)

total water consumption 12496 m3/day

total water consumption 12496 m3/day

avg wastewater flow = 85% of avg water 10621 m3/day

consumption

peak factor 2

peak flow 21243.2

peak flow 21243 m3/day

0.245 m3/sec

Average Flow 10.5 MLD

Average Flow 0.12 M3/sec

Peak Flow : Peak Factor 2 21 MLD

Peak Flow : 0.24 M3/sec

Minimum Flow Factor 2 5.25 MLD

Minimum Flow 0.06 M3/sec

5.2 DESIGN OF INLET CHAMBER

Peak Flow 21 MLD

Peak Flow 0.24 M3/sec

50
Detention time 15 Sec

Volume required 3.65 cum

Liquid depth taken 0.8 Mtr

Area 4.56 M2

Width taken 2.5 Mtr

Length 2.5 Mtr

Provide free board to ensure that raw sewage will not 0.8 Mtr
overflow even when the 1000 mm out fall sewer run full

5.3 DESIGN OF COARSE SCREEN

Peak Flow 0.24 M3/sec

Coarse Screen Opening 50 mm

Depth of water in screen 0.9 Mtr.

velocity through screen 0.7 M/sec

Area of screen 0.35 M2

Angle of inclination with the horizontal 45 degree

Sin (Angle of Inclination) 0.71

Free Board 0.60 m

Length of screen 2.12

Width of opening 0.39 mtr

No of opening 8 nos

Number of bars 7 nos

Let width of each bar be 10 mmx75 mm

Total width of channel 453 mm

51
Let width of each side be 50 mm

Total width of channel: Provide 553 mm

Openings 9

No of bars 8

Size of Coarse Screen-Width 0.6 m

Size of Coarse Screen-Length 4 m

Velocity in Channal u/s of Screen 0.49

Velocity through Screen 0.58

Head Loss No Clogging 0.005 m

Velocity when 50% clogging 1.15 m/sec

Head Loss when 50% clogging 0.055 m

5.4 DESIGN OF FINE SCREEN

Peak Flow 0.24 M3/sec

Nos of screen (Each for handling peak flow) 2 Nos

Velocity(taking) through screen, Assume 0.8 M/sec

Area 0.30 M2

Depth of flow taken 0.7 Mtr.

Hence width of opening 0.43 Mtr.

No of Openings 29

No of Bars 28

Width of Channal 713 mm

Angle of inclination with the horizontal 75 degree

52
Clear opening between adjacent bars of screen 15 mm

Bars thickness of screen 10 mm x50mm

Taking width of screen 2000 mm

Nos of opening will be 80 Nos

Nos of bars (10 mm thickness) 79 Nos

Free Board 0.6 m

Sin (Angle of Inclination with horizontal) 0.966

Inclined length of Screen 1.35 m

Length of chamber before screen 1.5 m

Total Length of chamber 2.85

Total width of channel 2 Mtr.

Velocity in Channal u/s of Screen 0.17 m/sec

Velocity through Screen 0.29 m/sec

Head Loss through screen 0.003 m

Velocity through screen when 50% clogged 0.576

Head Loss when 50% clogging 0.015

Size-2.85 (L)x2(W)x1.7(D)

5.5 DESIGN OF GRIT CHAMBER

GRIT REMOVAL
SYSTEM

Two grit removal tank (1 w +1 S) each capable of handling peak flow, will be provided. They
are designed to remove grit particle of size of 0.15 mm size and above with a specific gravity
of 2.3

Q/A=VS x n/(1-η)-n-1

53
Where-η-Desired efficiency of removal of grit particle

VS -settling velocity of minimum size of grit particle to be removed

Q/A--Design surface overflow rate applicable for grit chamber to be designed

n-an index which a measure of the basin performance

Here η value 75 %
taken

Say 0.75

Here VS value taken 1225 m3/m2/day

Here n value taken-1/8(for very good performance) 0.13

Hence surface over flow 806.42 m3/m2/day

rate(Q/A)=(Vs*n)/(((1-η)^-n)-1)

Say 810 m3/m2/day

This Q/A value has to be reduced to allow for deposition of 10.00% %

sand during sand strom by

Then design overflow rate 729 m3/m2/day

Peak flow(m3/day) 21000 (m3/day)

Hence area required for peak flow 28.81 m2

Each side of square grit chamber 5.37 mtr.

Hence provide tank length 6.00 mtr.

Hence provide tank Width 6 mtr.

Detention time taken is 1 minute

Depth of tank will be 0.18 mtr.

However in order to provide adequate depth for the grit 0.9 mtr.
scraping mechanism, increase to

54
This gives detention time is 2.00 minute

the detention time of 2 (slightly higher) minute is immaterial for mechanically cleaned grit
removal tank

Hence size of grit removal chamber is 6 x6x0.9

Flow height above, H 0.08 m

weir=(2/3)*Cd*L*H^1.5*((2g)^.5),Cd=.6,L=9

5.6 PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK

BASED ON AVERAGE FLOW

Design flow 10621

Design overflow rate of primary settling as per 50-60

CPHEEO

design of over flow rate (adopted) 55

consider clarifier depth (as per CPHEEO manual ) 4

Area required (Q/OVER FLOW RATE) 193

Volume of clarifier (area x depth) 579

55
 hydraulic retention time (HRT)

4𝐴 15.68 m
d=√ 𝜋

DESIGN OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

SYSTEM

DESIGN OF ACTIVATE SLUDGE PROCESS

Let’s consider BOD influent (So) 250

BOD effluent (S) 10

MLSS 2000

sludge retention time (SRT) 7

efficiency of BOD removal 96%

Design of ASP includes following steps

5.7 AERATION TANK

1. SIZE OF AERATION TANK (provide 2 tank)

977
𝑃𝑋=𝑌𝑄 (𝑆𝑜−𝑆)
1000

Px =total solids (sludges ) wasted per day,

Total solids wasted per wasted /2 488

Y=Yield taken by literature 0.4 gTSS/g

BOD

𝑃𝑋 .𝑆𝑅𝑇 3420 M3
V=
𝑀𝐿𝑆𝑆

required depth of aeration tank (d) 3.5 m

Provide 2 rectangular aeration tank with common

wall

56
 Volume of each basin (V/2) 1710 m

area =(v/d) 488 m

Provide length to width ratio 2:1

𝐴 16 m
W=√2

Provide length for each basin (2 x w) 32 m

2. OXYGEN REQUIREMENT

oxygen required=Q(So-S)-1.42Px 1055 Kgo2/day

Average flow for each basin (Q/2) 5310 M3/day

43.97 Kgo2/hr

factor of safety under actual field condition 2

therefore, O2 required 88 Kgo2/hr

3. POWER REQUIREMENT

oxygen transfer rate of surface aerator 0.7-1.5

adopt 1.5

power requirement (O2 required/O2 transfer rate) 117.26

let’s us use surface aerator 3

power of one aerator 58

4. FLOW RATE OF SLUDGE WASTED (Qw) per

day

57
 solid wasted = Qw x concentration of solid in
secondary sludge

solid wasted 977

concentration of solid in secondary sludge 4000-12000

reference (Metcalf eddy)

Adopt concentration of solid 800

122 m3/day
𝑄𝑤= 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒

Qw/4 61

5. EFFLUENT CONCENTRATION (BOD)

BOD removal efficiency in ASP 96%

effluent concentration (0.08 x 250) 10

6. SLUDGE RECIRCULATION RATE

𝑄𝑟 𝑋
𝑄
=𝑋
𝑟− 𝑋

Q is design flow rate 10621

x is MLSS 2000

Xr is concentration of solid 8000

Or 3540 m3/day m3/day

Qr 147 m3/hr

Qr/4 73 m3/hr

7. SLUDGE PUMP CAPACITY

58
 Sludge pump capacity (Adopted) 100 m3/hr

sludge wasted per day Qw 122 m3/day

sludge wasted for one day 5.08 m3/hr

8. CHECKING OF SECONDARY PARAMETER

0.3881
𝑄 𝑋 𝐵𝑂𝐷
F:M ratio = 𝑉 𝑋 𝑀𝐿𝑆𝑆

F:M ratio should be between 0.25 to 0.50 0.38

5.8 DESIGN OF SECONDARY CLARIFIER

Secondary clarifier designed based on

[Link] overflow rate
2 solid loading

1 SOR (cpheeo manual) 25-35

adopt SOR 20

Adopt depth 3

secondary clarifier area = Q/SOR 531

4𝐴 14 m
diameter of tank d = √
𝜋

2 SOLID LOADING ( cpheeo manual) 25-120

(𝑄+𝑄𝑅 ).𝑀𝐿𝑆𝑆 48
solid loading = 𝐴

Qr= (0.2 x Q) 2142

59
sludge calculation; calculate the amount and volume of sludge produced from the primary
clarifier and aeration tanks.

5.9 SLUDGE PRODUCTION CALCULATION

description value unit

specific gravity of sludge 1.03 g/cm3

SLUDGE PRODUCED FROM PRIMARY

CLARIFIER
typical solids content 4.5 %

surface overflow rate 30 m3/[Link]

solid produced per day 150 g/m3

flow Q 0.245 m3/sec

amount of solid produced per day per basin 3175.2 kg/day

=(a*b)x86400/1000

volume of sludge produced per day =mass/density 68.504 m3/day

4.9 SLUDGE PRODUCED FROM AERATION BASIN

waste activated sludge Px =Yobs Q (So-S) 977 kg/day

yobs =observed yield 0.5 g/g

Q 0.122 m3/sec

(So-S) 240 mg/lit

volume of sludge produced per day =mass/density 21.1575 m3/day

60
 Total sludge quantity=sludge from primary 4152.2 kg/day
clarifier+sludge from aeration tank

Total volume of sludge=primary clarifier aeration 89.58.6624 m3/day

basin

5.10 GRAVITY THICKNER

DESCRIPTION VALUE

solid loading rate 30

daily sludge production 4152

surface area as per SLR=(b/a) 138.96 m2

adopt depth of thickener zone 1.5 m

volume of sludge blanket (cXd) 207.6 m3

SRT in thickening zone 1.5 days

clear liquid depth (0.5-2 ) as per Syed Qaim 1 m

settling zone (1.5-2) as per Syed Qaim 2 m

total liquid depth(d+e+f) 4.5 m

diameter = 13.27 m

5.11 SLUDGE DRYING BEDS

[Link] Description value unit

a assume depth of sludge over drying beds 0.25 m

b total volume of sludge 89.58 m3/day

c surface area (b/a) 440 m2/day

d provide drying beds 5 nos

e surface area of each beds (c/d) 88 m2/day

61
 f assume length of each bed 30 m

g width of each bed (e/f) 3 m

actual area for one bed (f xg) 88 m2/day

5.12 MBBR TECHNOLOGY

All the unit same but instead the activate sludge process used the MBBR TANK

Design discharge Q 10621 MLD Remark

inlet raw BOD 250 Mg/lit

COD 350 mg/lit

TSS 420 mg/lit

total applied BOD =inlet BOD x inlet flow 2655 kg/day

BOD loading rate 3 kg/m3/day cpheeo

manual
side water depth 4 m range 3.5-
4.6
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝑂𝐷 885
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝐵𝐵𝑅 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 =
𝐵𝑂𝐷 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝐵𝐵𝑅 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 221 m2

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝐵𝐵𝑅 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 =
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ

for better process performance, MBBR tank should be two compartments thus area of each
compartment 120+120 =240
width of MBBR tank 10 m

Length of tank 12 m

Area 120 m2

62
 for media calculation

Provide 25-30 % media volume of MBBR tank 264

volume
Quantity of media required (30% considered) 264 m3

5.13 COST ESTIMATION

INLET CHAMBER

DESCRIPTION NO L H/T QUANTITY m3

PCC WORK 1 2.9 0.15 1.2615
RCC WORK
1)IN FLOOR 1 2.9 0.2 1.682
2)LONG WALLS 2 2.4 0.8 0.768
SHORT WALL 2 3.5 0.8 1.12
TOTAL RCC 3.57

GRIT CHAMBER

DESCRIPTION NO L B H/T QUANTITY

m3
PCC WORK 1 6.4 6.4 0.15 6
m-20
RCC WORK
1)IN FLOOR 1 6.4 6.4 0.2 8.192
2)LONG WALLS 2 6.4 0.2 0.9 2.304
SHORT WALL 2 7 0.2 0.9 2.52
TOTAL RCC 13

AERATION TANK

DESCRIPTION NO L B H/T QUANTITY m3

PCC WORK 1 32.4 16.4 0.15 79
M-20
RCC WORK
1)IN FLOOR 1 32.4 16.4 0.2 106.272

63
2)LONG WALLS 2 30.4 0.2 3.5 42.56
SHORT WALL 2 17 0.2 3.5 23.8
TOTAL RCC 172.63

PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK

PCC WORK 213.71625 0.1 21.37 m3

RCC WORK IN BASE 208.56665 0.15 31.28
RCC WORK IN WALL 30.4266 4 121.70
TOTAL RCC WORK 152 m3

SECONDARY CLARIFIER
PCC WORK 165.0463 0.1 16.50 m3
RCC WORK IN BASE 160.5247 0.15 24.07
RCC WORK IN WALL 26.6586 3 79.97
TOTAL RCC WORK 104 m3

GRAVITY THICKNER

PCC WORK 143.06625 0.1 14.3 m3

RCC WORK IN BASE 138.85865 0.15 20.82
RCC WORK IN WALL 24.7746 4.5 111.48
TOTAL RCC WORK 132.31m3

SLUDGE DRYING BEDS

DESCRIPTION NO L B H/T QUANTITY
m3
PCC WORK 1 30.4 3.4 0.15 15.504
m-20
RCC WORK
1)IN FLOOR 1 30.4 3.4 0.2 20.672
2)LONG 2 30.4 0.2 2 24.32
WALLS
SHORT WALL 2 3 0.2 2 2.4
TOTAL RCC 47.392

64
MBBR TANK
DESCRIPTION NO L B H/T QUANTITY
m3
PCC WORK 1 12.4 10.4 0.15 19.344

m-20

RCC WORK
1)IN FLOOR 1 12.4 10.4 0.2 25.792

2)LONG 2 12.4 0.2 4.5 22.32

WALLS
SHORT WALL 2 13 0.2 4.5 23.4

TOTAL RCC 71.512

Table 5.1 shows the total civil construction cost based on the activate sludge process
technology
[Link] Description Quantity (m3) Rate per Total cost
m3 RS.
1 Inlet chamber
PCC 1.26 6000 7560
RCC 3.57 9000 32130
2 Grit chamber
PCC 6 6000 36000
RCC 13 9000 117000
3 Primary clarifier
PCC 21 6000 126000
RCC 152 9000 1368000
4 Aeration tank (2
tank)
PCC 79 6000 948000
RCC 172 9000 3096000

5 Secondary clarifier

65
 PCC 16.5 6000 99000
RCC 104 9000 936000
6 Gravity thickener
PCC 14.3 6000 85800
RCC 132.3 9000 1190700
7 Sludge drying bed(5
nos)
PCC 15.5 6000 465000

RCC 47.392 9000 2132640

10639830

Total reinforcement concrete =624.262 cube meter

We assume 1.5 % steel used of total concrete
Then total steel used = 9.36 cube meter
Weight of steel =73406 kg
Taken local market rate = 65 per kg
Total cost of steel = Rs 4377745
Total cost = PCC and RCC cost + cost of steel
Total cost =15417575

Table 5.2 shows the PCC and RCC cost based on MBBR process
[Link] Description Quantity (m3) Rate per Total cost
m3 RS
1 Inlet chamber
PCC 1.26 6000 7560
RCC 3.57 9000 32130
2 Grit chamber
PCC 6 6000 36000
RCC 13 9000 117000

66
 3 Primary clarifier
PCC 21 6000 126000
RCC 152 9000 1368000
4 MBBR tank (2
tank)
PCC 79 6000 232080
RCC 172 9000 1287360

5 Secondary clarifier

PCC 16.5 6000 99000

RCC 104 9000 936000
6 Gravity thickener
PCC 14.3 6000 85800
RCC 132.3 9000 1190700
7 Sludge drying bed(5
nos)
PCC 15.5 6000 465000

RCC 47.392 9000 2132640

8115271

Total reinforcement concrete =523.782 cube meter

We assume 1.5 % steel used of total concrete
Then total steel used = 7.85 cube meter
Weight of steel =61675.33kg
Taken local market rate = 65 per kg
Total cost of steel = Rs 4008896
Total cost =cost of RCC and PCC + cost of steel
Total construction cost = 12124167

67
Media cost required for MBBR process
Total media volume =264 m3
BLACK MBBR MEDIA
Body material PP
Diameter 22 mm
Country origin India
Color black
Height 16 mm
Cost RS 8500 Per cube meter
Total cost = 8500 x 264 = 2244000 rupees
EQUIPMENT COST
Description NOS cost
Raw pump 1 8100000
flow meter 1 47000
Scrapper (grit chamber) 1 300000
primary sludge pump 1 95000
Gate value 4 112000
surface aerator (30 H.P) 3 9000000
recirculation pump 1 3500000
21154000

Electrical cost
Description NOS Total cost
Transformer 1 1200000
switch board + control 1 2800000
panel
Cable+ Accesiories 1 1500000
earthing & lighting system 1 300000
Diesel Gen set 1 150000
Instrument/transmitters 1 2300000
8250000

68
CHAPTER 6 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

BASED ON ACTIVATE SLUDGE PROCESS TECHNOLOGY

The screening of waste water is generally done by sieving the influent on bar screens which is
separated by vertical [Link] flat bar are used in screen chamber and medium screen chamber is
used and screen design are based on peak flow and take the space between the bar 20 mm total
number of bar used 15. Sand and similar heavy particles are removed next in a grit chamber where
they settle to the ground. This chamber only wants to remove coarse grit and the waste water
spends only a relatively short period in it. For grit chamber its design are based on peak flow
velocity of peak flow considered 0.3 from the cpheeo manual dimensions of grit chamber are 24
meter length 12 meter breadth and 3 meter depth. Primary sedimentation in a municipal
wastewater treatment plant is generally plain sedimentation without the use of chemicals. In
treating certain industrial wastes chemically aided sedimentation may be involved. In either case,
it constitutes flocculent settling, and the particles do not remain discrete as in the case of grit, but
tend to agglomerate or coagulate during settling. The settling tank design in such cases depends
on both surface loading and detention timing an appropriate value of surface loading from table,
the required tank area is computed. Knowing the average depth, the detention time is then
computed. Excessively high detention time longer than 2.5 h must be avoided especially in warm
climates where an-aerobicity can be quickly induced. After this primary treatment the pre-treated
wastewater is mixed with the concentrated underflow activated sludge from the secondary
clarifier in an aerated tank. Shape of the tank kept circular for proper mixing depth are considered
through the CPHEEO manual and taken 4 meter and diameter calculated 22 meter. Aeration
provides oxygen to the activated sludge and at the same time thoroughly mixes the sludge and the
wastewater. During aeration and mixing, the bacteria form small clusters. The bacteria in the
activated sludge degrade the organic substances in the wastewater. They use the organic
substance for energy, growth and reproduction surface type aerator are provided in aeration tank.
Design of secondary clarifier are based on surface overflow rate and solid loading and its diameter
is calculated as 21-meter, depth 3 meter. total sludge produced in primary clarifier and aeration
tank 5129 kg/day and volume 110 m3/day. Sludge contains large volume of water and small
fraction solid in sludge is highly offensive and to thickening the sludge gravity thickener is used
depth of thickener is taken 2 meter and diameter 15 meter. For dewatering the sludge sludge
drying beds is used length of sludge drying beds is 30 meter width 3 meter and depth 4.5 meter.

69
treatment unit designed value based on activate sludge process Table 6.1
[Link] Description no of unit Dimensions (meter)
1 Inlet chamber 1 2.5 x 2.5 x0.8
2 Coarse screen channel 1 4 x 0.6 x 0.8
Fine screen channel 1 2.85 x 2 x 1.7
3 Grit chamber 2 6 x 6 x 0.9
4 primary clarifier 1 15.68 (dia) x 4 (depth)
5 aeration tank 4 32 x 16 x 3.5
6 secondary clarifier 1 14 (dia)x 3
7 gravity thickener 1 13 (dia) x4.5
8 sludge drying beds 5 30 x3 x2

BASED ON MOVING BED BIO-FILM REACTOR TECHNOLOGY

Moving Bed Bio -film Reactor (MBBR) processes improve reliability, simplify operation, and require
less space than traditional wastewater treatment systems. MBBR technology employs thousands
of polyethylene bio-film carriers operating in mixed motion within an aerated wastewater
treatment basin. In MBBR process all the units which used in aeration technology kept same but
instead the aeration tank used the MBBR tank. Used the plastic support carrier media Each
individual bio -carrier increases productivity through providing protected surface area to support
the growth of heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria within its cells. Surface area is designed on
the high surface area per unit volume It is this high-density population of bacteria that achieves
high-rate biodegradation within the system This technology provides cost effective treatment with
minimal maintenance. Since MBBR processes self-maintains an optimum level of productive
biofilm. Carrier media taken 25 to 30 % reactor volume. specific gravity considered 0.9 g/cm3.
MBBR process uses small plastic carrier elements to provide sites for bacteria attachment in a
suspended growth medium. The carrier elements allow a higher biomass concentration to be
maintained in the reactor compared to a suspended growth process, activated sludge. This
increases the biological treatment capacity for a given reactor volume. The carrier elements can
be installed in either an anoxic reactor or aeration basin. A screen or sieve assembly with 5 mm
slot openings is used to retain the carrier elements in the reactor. These processes are intended
to enhance the activated sludge process by providing a greater biomass concentration in the
aeration tank and thus offer the potential to reduce the basin size requirements. Size of MBBR
tank length is 11 meter width 9 meter & side water depth 4 meter. They have also been used to
improve the volumetric nitrification rates and to accomplish the denitrification in aeration tanks
by having anoxic zones within the bio-film depth. However, the process does not require
backwashing of the retention screens which retain the carriers. The carrier elements are
continuously kept in suspension by either a mixer or an aeration system.

70
Unit designed value based on MBBR technology table 6.2

[Link] Description no of Dimensions (meter)

unit
1 Inlet chamber 2.5 x 2.5 x0.8
2 Coarse screen channel 1 4 x 0.6 x 0.8
3 Fine screen channel 2 2.85 x 2 x 1.7
4 Grit chamber 2 24 x 12 x3
5 primary clarifier 1 24 (dia) x 4 (depth)
6 MBBR tank 4 12 x 10 x 4.5
7 secondary clarifier 1 21 (dia)x 3

8 gravity thickener 1 15 (dia) x4.5

9 sludge drying beds 5 30 x3 x2

Cost estimation - total quantity of PCC and RCC concrete in activate sludge process technology is
624 cube meter . Cost considered RS 6000 per m3 for PCC and RS 9000 per m3 for RCC total
estimated cost is RS [Link] also calculated cost of the steel rate per kg taken from the local
market as RS 65 per kg density considered of steel 7850 kg/m3 total estimated cost calculated RS
15417575 .same rate are considered for calculate the cost of MBBR technology and total estimated
cost for RCC and PCC is 8115271 and steel cost is 12124167.
Total equipment cost is approximately 21154000 include raw pump, flow meter , scrapper (grit
chamber) ,primary sludge pump, gate value , surface aerator , and recirculation [Link] total cost
for electrical 8250000 included transformer , switch board + control panel , cable+Accesiories,
earthing and lighting system, Diesel Gen set , instrument/transmitters

71
 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS
The design is totally on the basis on the criteria by CPHEEO manual , Metcalf eddy book ,and
suitable assumption .in this design city population is considered [Link] design is conceptual and
forecasting the population next 30 years. The concentration of influent and and discharge effluent
is also assumed by given criteria. There is two secondary treatment technology are designed for
different points of views. By the study of litreatutre review its conclude that the removal average
efficiency of BOD AND TSS can achieved upto 96% means less than 10 mg/l but in case MBBR it
achieved upto 98 % means approximately 5 mg/l . design of Sewage treatment plant for a city
capacity 21 MLD using Activated Sludge process and MBBR (Moving bed bio-reactor) technology
was done and the following advantages were found in MBBR after the comparative study with ASP:
1. The flow scheme in Activated Sludge Process (ASP) involves the pattern of sludge return to the
aeration tank from the secondary clarifier whereas
2. Moving bed bioreactor technology is a space saving technique. Its module-based design allows
the capacity to be easily increased when needed.
4. MBBR is fully automated, the processes are inherently simple and as a result minimal operator
intervention is required in regard with ASP
7. Both the maintenance cost and installation cost is lower as compared with ASP because of their
compact size in confined space.

72
 Refrences
1).G. Elangovan , [Link] 2019. Analysis and Design of sewage treatment plant:A case study
Atangore

2).[Link],Aswani Krishna, Athulya Babu, [Link]: Design of sewage treatment plant and
characteristics of sewage’’,2015

3).[Link] -and -[Link]

4). S Gautam, S Ahmad,A Dhingra and Z fatmia 2016 : cost-effective Treatment Technology for small size
treatment plants in India

5).Subham [Link] and Maya R. Ray: Design Sewage treatment plant with sequential batch reactor for
public building complex

6)Vera,K Saez and G vidal 2013 : performance of 14-full scale sewage treatment plant : comparison
between four aerobic technologies regarding effluent ,sludge production and energy consumption

7).Swarti Shree Samal 2016: Design of Sewage treatment plant

8).Akshay [Link] et Al 2020:design of sewage treatment plant vasai virar region

9).Alok Kumar saram,Ram Devi: efficiency of sludge drying bed :design modification of present system

10).Abishek Koul and Siby johm 2015: a life cycle cost approach for evaluation of sewage treatment plant

11).Syed Arif et al 2020: Design of sewage treatment plant for [Link] campus

12).S Gillot et al 2018 optimization of wastewater treatment plant design and operation using simulation
and cost analysis

13). Bharath iBattu, Prof. Murthy Polasa, “Design of Sewage Treatment Plant for a Gated community”,
Hyderabad, India, Vol no3, 2014.

14). Garg S.K-Sewage disposal and air pollution engineering,23rd khana publisher 2 November , 2010

15-Wakode P.N. and Sayyad S.U., (2014) “Performance Evaluation of 25MLD Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)
at Kalyan”, American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER).

16). Metcalf & eddy, inc. wastewater engineering treatment and reuse fourth edition

17).Kumar Rishabh et al 2018: Design of a 45 MLD sewage treatment plant and reuse option in Jamshedpur
city

18). Jamwal P. and Mittal A.K., (2010) “Reuse of treated sewage in Delhi city: Microbial evaluation of STPs
and reuse options”, Resources, Conservation and recycling, Volume 54, Issue 4, Page 211–221

19). Sharma R. and Agrawal P., (2017), “A Case Study on Sewage Treatment Plant (STP), Delawas, Jaipur”
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research..

20).Kumar Rishabh , pawan Taneja and Lokendra singh karnawat 2016 design of 100 KLD using MBBR
technology at MITRC , Alwar

73
74