Human Growth and Development Description of the Examination ‘The Human Growth and Development examination (Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood and Aging) covers material that is generally taught in a ‘one-semester introductory course in developmental psychology or human development, An understanding of the major theories and research related to the broad ‘categories of physical development, cognitive development and social development is required, as isthe ability to apply this knowledge. ‘The examination contains approximately 90 questions to be answered in 90 minutes. ‘Some of them are pretest questions that will not be scored, ‘The questions on the CLEP Human Growth and Development exam adhere to the terminology, criteria and classifications referred to in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Knowledge and Skills Required Questions on the Human Growth and Development examination require candidates to demonstrate one or more of the following abilities. + Knowledge of basic facts and terminology * Understanding of generally accepted concepts and principles * Understanding of theories and recurrent developmental issues + Applications of knowledge to particular problems or situations The subject matter of the Human Growth and. Development examination is drawn from the following categories. For each category, several key words and phrases identify topics with which candidates should be familiar. The percentages next to the main categories indicate the approximate percentage of exam questions on that topic. 10% 6% 12% 6% ‘Theoretic: Biological Cognitive developmental Ecological Evolutionary Learning Psychodynamic Social cognitive Sociocultural Perspectives Research Strategies and Methodology Case study Correlational Cross-sectional Cross sequential Experimental Longitudinal Observational Biological Development Throughout the Life Span Development of the brain and nervous system Genetic disorders Heredity, gonetics and genetic testing Hormonal influences Influences of drugs Motor development ‘Nutritional influences Perinatal influences Physical growth and maturation, aging Prenatal influences ‘Sexual maturation ‘Teratogens Perceptual Development Throughout the Life Span Habituation Sensitive periods Sensorimotor activities Sensory acuity Sensory deprivation8% 6% 12% Cognitive Development Throughout 8% the Life Span Attention nvironmental influences :xecutive function Expertise Information processing Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory Memory Play Problem solving and planning Thinking Wisdom 8% Language Development Bilingualism | Development of syntax Environmental, cultural and genetic influences Language and thought Pragmatics Semantic development ‘Vocalization and sound 6% Intelligence Throughout the Life Span Concepts of intelligence and creativity Developmental stabitity and change Giftedness Heredity and environment Intelligence tests Reaction range Social Development Throughout 6% the Life Span Aggression Attachment Gonder Interpersonal relationships ‘Moral development Prosocial behavior Risk and resilience Self Social cognition Social learning and modeling Wellness 284, “DEVELOPMEN Family, Home and Society Throughout the Life Span Abuse and neglect Bronfenbrenner, Urie Death and dying Family relationships Family structures, ‘Media and technology ‘Multicultural perspectives Parenting styles Social and class influences Personality and Emotion Attribution styles Development of emotions Emotional expression and regulation Emotional intelligence Erikson, Erik Freud, Sigmund Psychosocial theory Stabitity and change ‘Temperament Schooling, Work and Interventions Applications of developmental principles Facilitation of role transitions Intervention programs and services Learning styles Occupational development Operant conditioning, Preschool care, day care, and elder care Retirement. Developmental Psychopathology Antisocial behavior Anxiety and mood disorders Asocial behavior, fears, phobi obsessions Attention-deficivhyperaetivity disorder Autism spectrum disorder Chronic illnesses and physical disabilities Cognitive disorders, including dementia Intellectual disability Learning disabilities ‘Trauma-based syndromes and“HUMAN GROWTH Sample Test Questions The following sample questions do not appear on an actual CLEP examination, They are intended to give potential test-takers an indication of the format and difficulty level of the examination and to provide content for practice and review. Knowing. the correct answers to all of the sample questions is not a guarantee of satisfactory performance on the exam, Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is, Dest in each case. 1. The first negative emotion clearly exhibited during infaney is, (A) fear (B) shame (© guilt (D) distress (E) jealousy 2. According to behavioral psychologists, which of the following treatments is most likely to extinguish disruptive behavior in preschool children? (A) Threatening to isolate them immediately after such behavior (B) Ignoring them so that they do not receive the reinforcement they are seeking (C) Punishing them immediately so they understand what they did wrong (D) Discouraging them but not punishing them (E) Reasoning with them and explaining that their behavior is wrong 285 AND DEVELOPMENT 3, In which of the following stages of development do tissues develop into the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm germ layers? (A) Germinal (B) Embryonic (©) Fetal (D) Perinatal (B) Neonatal 4, A defining characteristic of children with autism spectrum disorder is (A) obsessive attachment to their mothers (B) lack of motor coordination (C) unresponsiveness to others (D) hyperactivity (B) physical abnormality 5. Anxiety over performance can positively ‘motivate school achievement in children as long as the degree of anxiety is (A) very high (B) high (©) moderate ) low (B) very low 6. According to Jean Piaget, cognitive development begins with which of the following? (A) Preoperations (B) Concrete operations © Intuitive thought () Sensorimotor activities (B) Formal operations | |7. Social-class differences in vocabulary development result from social-class differences in the amount of (A) maternal anxiety (B) verbal stimulation (C) paternal illness (D) sibling rivalry (E) marital discord 8, Studies in which the same people are tested at different ages are called (A) longitudinal (B) cross-sectional (©) normative (D) naturalistic (© experimental 9. Which of the following is most central to the concept of sensitive period? (A) Growth spurts must oceur at specific ages. (B) Children who do not develop at the same time as their peers experience distress. (©) A given function emerges automatically during a particular time period regardless of leaning experiences. (D) Particular experiences are especially influential at a certain time in development. (E) Children go through a negativistic stage a a part of their cognitive development. 10. Jimmy saw his favorite candy for sale in the store. He had no money, so he planned to steal it However, he changed his mind and decided not to do it, because stealing is weong, According to ‘Sigmund Freud’s theory, which part of Jimmy's personality prevented him from stealing? (A) Id (B) Ego (© Superego (D) Anima (E) Collective unconscious AL 13. . On which of the foll If reinforcement is to be most effective in the learning of a new behavior, the reinforcement should be (A) provided as sparingly as possible (B) administered on an intermittent schedule (© used primarily with high achievers (D) delayed until the end of the learning period (&) provided soon after the desired behavior ‘occurs In Harry Harlow’s experiments, infant monkeys raised with only wire or cloth “mothers” were LEAST fearful in strange situations in the presence of (A) the “mother” who had provided food (B) the “mother” who had provided contact comfort (C) the “mother” who had provided primary drive reduction (D) other young monkeys (©) their biological mothers ‘A sudden, loud noise made in the vicinity of a newborn infant is likely to elicit which of the following reflexes? (A) Babinski (B) Moro (© Rooting (D) Palmar grasp (E) Stepping types of problems should a four-year-old child and a seven-year-old child perform most similarly? (A) Conservation of number (B) Classification (©) Transformation @) Object permanence ©) Superordinate concepts,HUMAN GROWTH a& 15. Red-green color blindness is best described as (A) a sex-linked recessive trait (B) a sex-linked dominant trait (C) an autosomal recessive trait (D) an autosomal dominant trait (E) a trait resulting from chromosomal breakage 16. Over summer vacation, Gwen sees a boy she knows from school, but she has difficulty remembering his name. Which of her memory processes is failing in this situation? (A) Storage (B) Retrieval (©) Encoding (D) Short-term memory (©) Sensory memory 17. Which of the following theorists did NOT. develop a stage theory? (A) Sigmund Freud (B) Jean Piaget © B.F Skinner (D) Lawrence Kohlberg (®) Erik Erikson 18. Which of the following is true of menopause inmen? (A) Menopause is purely a physical phenomenon. (B) Menopause may result from a lack of exercise, (C) Menopause may result from work-related stress, (D) Menopause is differentially damaging to the male psyche, depending on age. (E) Menopause is physically impossible because males do not menstruate. 19. Which of the following dimensions of infant temperament has the strongest positive correlation with antisocial behavior later in life? (A) Attention span (B) Activity level (C) Approach ©) Iitable distress (&) Rhythmicity 20, In accounting for the rapid expansion of a child’s early vocabulary, Susan Carey argued that a major role must be played by the child's ‘own active cognitive processing. Adults simply cannot teach a child exactly what referent every word picks out. Carey coined which of the following terms to denote this concept? (A) Fast mapping (B) Lexical conventionality © Lexical contrast (D) Linguistic empiricism (B) Metacognition 21. Heather is currently taking courses in several different academic departments and doing volunteer work to help identify and develop her interests, She also spends a lot of time thinking about her values and goals but has not chosen a career path. Heather's identity status is referred to as (A) fixation (B) identity achievement © identity diffusion (D) identity foreclosure ) identity moratorium 28723. 24. 25. According to Lev Vygotsky, the range between what a child can do alone and what a child can do with assistance is referred to as (A) higher mental functions @®) scaffolding (C) inner speech (D) egocentric speech (E) the zone of proximal development A researcher is evaluating the effects of three different types of parent-education programs ‘on adolescent mothers’ interactions with their toddlers, What is the independent variable in this investigation? (A) Adolescent mothers" interactions with their foddlers (B) Level of parent-child communication (© Type of parent education program (D) Child’s attachment to the mother (E) Child’s socioeconomic status Which of the following is a cause-and-effect pair that could be tested in a research study using an ‘experimental design? (A) Low birth weight . . childhood nutrition (B) Eating disorder in adolescence . . body ‘weight in adulthood (© Music lessons .. intelligence (D) Food preference . . amount of time exercising (E) Anxiety symptoms . . marijuana use ‘A developing organism is most vulnerable to the effects of teratogens during the period of the (A) ovum (B) zygote (C) embryo (D) fetus ) neonate 26, With regard to sexual maturity, females generally mature (A) two years earlier than males do (B) four years earlier than males do (© two years later than males do (D) four years later than males do (©) at approximately the same age as males 21. Carolyn tripped on the carpet and fell, When she got up, she looked at her mother, who was Jaughing, and she laughed, too, This is an example of (A) empathy (B) sympathy (C) social referencing (D) display rules (B) semantics 28. Proximodistal development is exemplified by which of the following? (A) Control of gross arm movernents prior to fine motor control of the fingers (B) Control of the lower extremities prior to control of the head (©) Refinement of perceptual abilities prior to walking (D) Acquisition of differential skills prior to acquisition of complex skills (E) Maturation of neural pathways in the cerebrum prior to maturation of the neural pathways in the midbrainCConetation 29, 10, os 06. 04 02. 00. ‘Togethor ‘par Rowing Condison A researcher was interested in determining the heritability of a specific trait. He measured the trait in a group of same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twins and a group of monozygotic (MZ) twins. Half of the pairs of twins in cach group were reared together, and half were reared apart. The figure above shows the correlations between the measures of the trait for the DZ and MZ twins by rearing condition. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the impact ‘of genes and environment on the trait’? (A) Both genes and the environment influence the trait. (B) Genetic but not environmental factors affect. the trait, (©) Environmental but not genetic factors affect the trait. (D) Prenatal influences have stronger effects on development of the trait than do either genes or the environment, (B) The environment influences the trait among, the DZ, but not the MZ twins. Newborn infants were given either smooth or knobby pacifiers to suck. They were later allowed to look at both types of pacifiers. They looked longer at the type of pacifier they had previously sucked. This finding indicates that newborn infants have (A) categorical perception (B) intermodal perception (© shape constancy (D) depth perception ) object permanence 31 32. 33. 34 Which of the following cues is most useful to an infant in determining which elements go together to form a coherent object? (A) Common movement (B) Linear perspective (C) Texture gradient (D) Optical expansion (B) Convergence Order the types of play below from the least cognitively mature to the most cognitively mature, 1. Cooperative play IL, Pretense/symbolic play IIL. Constructive play (A) L001 ®) 1,1, (©) 1,1 ©) 0,10 ® 001 ‘A child explains thunder as “the clouds yelling at each other.” This is an example of (A) conservation (B) reversibility (©) animism (D) egocentrism ) logical inference ‘The stage of formal operations is characterized by (A) the application of logical thought to concrete objects and situations (B) intuitive and animistic thought (C) abstract thought and hypothetical problem solving (D) the development of transductive reasoning. (B) the ability to conserve, a preschooler, sees a lama at the z00 for the first time and calls it a sheep. This is an example of (A) overextension (B) chaining (C) fast mapping (D) divergent thinking (E) an expressive style 36, Research on newborn infants’ hearing shows that they (A) cannot distinguish one sound from another (B) are essentially deaf at birth (C) react most strongly to their mothers’ voices (D) enjoy hearing their own voices (E) hear, but do not respond to sounds 37. A theory of language development that proposes ‘an innate language acquisition device is classified as which of the following? (A) Nativist (B) Interactionist (C) Empiricist (D) Contextual (E) Functionalist, 38, A child who has an 1Q of $5 to 70 and delayed social development is classified as having a (A) mild intellectual disability (B) moderate intellectual disability (C) severe intellectual disability (D) profound intellectual disability (E) learning disability 39, Which of the following statements about ethnicity and intelligence test scores is most accurate? (A) No differences in intelligence test scores are observed between ethnic groups in the United States (B) Accounting for socioeconomic status (SES) does not reduce the ethnic differences in intelligence test scores. (© There is greater variation in intelligence test scores within ethnic groups than there is between them, (D) Differences in intelligence test scores between ethnic groups are most likely attributable to genetic differences, (B) Inducing stereotype threat reduces the ethnic differences in intelligence test scores. 40. A toddler with a secure attachment to a primary caregiver is most likely to (A) avoid the caregiver when they are reunited after a brief separation (B) stay in the caregiver's lap rather than explore a new environment (©) cry when the caregiver leaves the toddler with a babysitter (D) have a close bond with only one parent or primary caregiver (B) respond equally well to the caregiver and to a strange adult 41. A boy who believes that he will become a girl if he wears his sister’s clothes has not achieved the concept of (A) androgyny (B) gender stability (©) gender labeling (D) gender constancy (B) gender schema 290,