Organizational Behavior

in Administration
MGMT 54-616
Dr. Araceli Hernandez
 What is Organizational
Behavior?

Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández

 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
Organizational Behavior
 What is it?

Social + Engineering
Sociology
Psychology

+ Medicine

Anthropology Psychology
 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
Internal vs. External perspective

• Feelings, thoughts, past

Internal experiences, needs…

• Rewards, punishment,
External recognition…

• Mix of person and the

B=f(p,e) environment
 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
Formal vs. Informal Organization
Goals and Objectives

Policies and procedures

Job descriptions

Financial resources

Authority structure

Communication channels

Products and services

Beliefs and assumptions

Perceptions and
attributions
Values

Feelings

Group norms

Informal leaders
 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
Organizational Behavior
 Why do we need it?

Job Satisfaction
Productivity
Organization citizenship behavior

Absenteeism
Turnover
Deviant work behavior
 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
Reflections
 If OB is so important, should organizations hire an OB
specialist or should every member of the organization be
an OB specialist?

 Are all those important variables interrelated or do we

tackle one at a time?

 Is this an impossible task? I mean, to modify beliefs and

attitudes I would have to get inside their head.
 Attitudes

Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández

 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
Attitudes The emotional or
feeling segment of
an attitude

Affective
Cognitive

Behavioral
The opinion or belief
segment of an
An intention to behave in a
attitude
certain way toward
someone or something
Attitude
 Social
Direct

Learning
experience
Attitudes

Attitude
Behavior

Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández

 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
Which ones are the important attitudes?
 Job satisfaction
 Organizational commitment
 Job involvement
 Psychological empowerment
 Perceived Organizational Support (POS)
 Employee engagement
 Normative
Commitment
Organizational
Which ones are the important attitudes?

Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández

 • Pay
Causes
 Job satisfaction
What do we know?

Attitude

Job
Satisfaction

•
•
•
•
•
•
•

•
OCB

Turnover
Motivation

Absenteeism

Commitment
Consequences

Job performance

Workplace deviance
Customer satisfaction

Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., Podsakoff, N. P., Shaw, J. C., & Rich, B. L.
(2010). The relationship between pay and job satisfaction: A meta-
analysis of the literature. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(2), 157-
167.

Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández

 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
What do we know?
 Job satisfaction

Causes
Attitude
• Pay
• Job design
Consequences
• Working conditions • Motivation
•
•
Social relationships
Opportunities
Job • Job performance
• OCB
•
•
Aspirations
Personality
Satisfaction •
•
Customer satisfaction
Absenteeism
• Turnover
• Workplace deviance
• Commitment
 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
What do we know?

Job involvement and OCB and Job

psychological performance
empowerment

Job involvement Absence and

resignation rates
 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
What do we know?

Organizational Job Productivity

Commitment

Organizational Absence and

Commitment Turnover
 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
What do we know?

Affective Organizational
Commitment Performance

Continuance Job performance

Commitment and Turnover

Absence
 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
What do we know?

Perceived Tardiness
Organizational
support

OCB and customer

service
 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
What do we know?

Employee Turnover and

Engagement accidents

Customer
satisfaction,
productivity and
company profits
 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
Attitudes

Attitude Behavior

• Attitude specificity
• Attitude relevance
• Timing of measurement
• Personality factors
• Social constraints
 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
Does behavior always follow attitude?
 Cognitive dissonance

Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or

between behavior and attitudes

 Individualsseek to reduce this uncomfortable gap, or

dissonance, to reach stability and consistency
 Consistency is achieved by changing the attitudes,
modifying the behaviors, or through rationalization
 Perception and
Attribution

Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández

 

 Target
 Situation
Perceiver
Perception

Influences on perception:

Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández

 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
Attribution
 Our perception and judgement of another person’s actions

Distinctiveness

Consensus

Consistency
 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
Problems with Attribution (biases)
 Fundamental attribution error (judging others)
 Downplay external factors
 Highlight internal factors

 Self-serving bias (judging myself)

 Success due to my effort, knowledge, experience…
 Failures
due to the environment, rules, bosses,
coworkers…
 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
Shortcuts in judging others

Selective
Halo effect Contrast effect
perception

First
Stereotyping Projection
impression
 Emotions and Moods
Affect:

Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández

 The myth of rationality

Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández

 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
Affect Dispositional affect

Direct feelings that are

Positive (pleasant
directed at someone or
Negative (unpleasant something

Joy
Love
Anger
Fear
Sadness
A general positive or negative Disgust
feeling that tends to diffuse Surprise
with time and is not focused
on a specific cause
 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
Where do affect comes from?
 Personality
 Day and time of the week
 Stress
 Social activities
 Sleep
 Exercise
 Age
 Gender
 Weather
 Affective Events Theory

Ashkanasy, N. M., & Daus, C. S. (2002). Emotion in the

workplace: The new challenge for managers. Academy of
Management Perspectives, 16(1), 76-86.

Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández

 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
Why does affect matter in organizations?
 Performance
 Decision making
 Creativity
 Turnover/absence
 Prosocial behavior
 Negotiations and conflict resolution
 Team behavior
 Leadership
  Decision making Why does affect matter in organizations?

Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández

 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
Other facets of emotion

 Emotional Intelligence

 Emotional labor

 Emotional contagion
 Psychological Contracts

Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández

 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
Psychological Contract
Beliefs based upon promises expressed or implied,
regarding an exchange in agreement between an
individual and the employing firm and its agents.
Features
 Voluntary choice
 Belief in mutual agreement
 Incompleteness
 Multiple contract makers
 Managing losses when contracts fail
 Mental model

Rousseau, D. M. (2004). Psychological Contracts in the Workplace: Understanding the Ties

That Motivate. Academy of Management Executive, 18(1), 120–127.
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 Northwest Missouri State University / MGMT 54-616 / Dr. Araceli Hernández
Psychological contracts
Type of contracts

Relational
Transactional
Hybrid

Rousseau, D. M. (2004). Psychological Contracts in the Workplace: Understanding the Ties

That Motivate. Academy of Management Executive, 18(1), 120–127.
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