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67 views41 pagesGiáo Trình Chính (TS)
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vanlinh leCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 41
SIX
RADIO-WAVE PROPAGATION
tn the pevows chaser numberof examples necsng th determination of
the reseved sgl poner in a commaniaion ik Rete give These al
Invohed systems for which the propagation of the clecomgtete cnevey
Setacen the ing and rectsng ane wok pee wer Hespee
imuicaton binky ariel oudtone=a xi t-ponndstation
‘ypkal example. However, for tet communcton tks the sel ps
fazation mei by the presence of the carn, the atmopere. Me
‘oncnper, and atmoyptehydeomstent sich rope a a
The iene thatthe nara! envionment hat onthe propgaton of ead
sees ie Hihiy dependent ‘onthe Trequency weed, the echonaty ef the
tcnnas tei, taf the proniosy a Ihe antenuns fo the peed The
Sogtined rem or av aise stse we bogs pe ay
The evan proposed omnsniction Fk mu! be aie oa ih
ae atenton gid i propagation tet In many cies whee propagation
trong aflected by the reeetve Index saritone of the sphere or
tenons, or by prevailing tin ae, the celstion su be ered
'Sitisical sen The go! would beta snare that sien Sia onese
Imagini avaiable so tat under advereepropitonceiion nage wall
{<0 for nly smal itera of tine "The pe of commeniation sevice,
involved ener detache oeraie prov fav ovage securing ‘Zhen to eat the dcsson of propagation fect a those steps
he tao wave te wetesed fom the fenesphere. and Kno carb
torte net stey propaate mond the exh. Ths wvepide ode
nce samt of ating wel a periods of te when only cen
sntcnnas me scltwey snail and may be placed a heights of many
Tine-of-sght path and those reflected trom the Bro Ind At very high Iresen
ve pedominaty ice nected wih erence eects fom ern
suremey lo teeecy ropa, mopepatn lato sere, and te
61 ANTENNAS LOCATED OVER A FLAT EARTH
"he gsveral fens ofthe interernce phenomena asoited with antennas
ocd over the ern ean be determined By sadyng te fet arte th
‘tennis cated above» earth igre show enon tes a
height hy anda sceing antenna Height hy mth separates the tooe
so sons the det vay and inet or sees ray that reach he rece
Sten” When the twa path Tenis yer hy an argon
Wh fctrence (Fig 61. the fed that waches the tecving antenne
seers
whore fan faethe radiation eld songh oes of he te anennns. The
‘age rece byte nae waves propor o
He yta6poe%
vee ne ithe teetonceefcent at the grand the wl ituton fy
a fae wry sl compared with the orton dn he glee
‘over the rangeof ans ivoled. Aa exeion sone the ce cn gay Sieve antennas are wo ay r,s a6 cur the teaming
cnn Tost onthe round i he eseicing acy itoeated aon &
rt tn hicse sey Tile poner might be rated tmatd the
‘Stags 0) the tal ected voltage willbe proportion!
(eeute R= onthe denominator)
OULD oan
HOO)
revs [0 f= raeane
The factor F clled the pashan foc, shows how the Feld at the
receiving tena fers Irom tho eae ft mould have ander tree apace
Froatation comin Wher ca he ase hat f(8)~ 10) 0d 0D =
Faen. nen Fea be exposed
" «2
ih he antenna at ht hy
“Te pttgain tact he aay factor asec
excitation athe image
tn it image elo the surface, wth The
ove being
“Mad eevee 4 Fg Ge canbe seen that Ry ~ + (hy ad
pci when hy ad ys vey oa coped wh
nwa
Irom which we obtain
Faye 6
‘ele To vale der teespcecondion, With reference to Fig 62 me
Ter gute the elevation ange ven hy Yon Yo hd so that a. (63) can Be
= Asithg ana 69
‘The relationship expesed by Ey. (4) i sly pote in the form of
overage nga showing the vaio of F with hy and that th Yo foe
Shenae ad tenpowed aa hy Noe at Fa main
n=
x EQ) nee oom
or]
Fee 62 Bisa eto
tendon 0.1.2 35)
‘sorte ga of he ei Bel eg a ction
Svecton in space fom the taneniting sntensa I analogies to the
{cldstiength radiation pater of an aateana.In ny coverage agra he
‘ved parameters ate the height hy of the tanning anteane andthe
senvelength hy The intance pte leiton of he receiving antenna ed Ne
eight hyo the recsving antenna a varabe prameter and cach pit of
Siies he determines oti pate The coverage diagre plto he
aver fip~contant inthe yd plane Ino station the deat Keo
Sigh isiance'r beeneen anlnnar very nesly eqsl the horetl
‘tance The vals curves of Fr that ae pote ate aly ehowen 19
feprennt the same tiga Teel Thal woul be buna! at nonce of 9
‘nuliple ra actonl malile of convenient reewpare reference asp
{or example Hr my or Fe maiys die with me VED ar WWE
By ung Eq (63) we Bd tha the constant sigs evel sures ave en by
(re aeame Tas =)
(60)
when the rection coeffcent equal 1. For the fen cae Ht more
aveion oa Ee, (8 (63) which per
2h ah dA A on
1 this uation dean Be tenet ae the ada cocina and yp a the ane
eardiete na polar cordate erence tnne However, noth since he
‘ertea sale representing yi otal expanded relates to tha for the
‘led appere much age than ately
‘Whenever > ky andn is smal tan f= andthe above reais show
tha he abe sretre very Soe the saga separation between es
For example, if hy=YODly hen the fen ae sepalted ty
‘or by approximately 03°. Figure 63 showy 2 typical
im. is the Ieespace range for 3 given rece spl
Strength then with ittetee tan ht sunt the mainum Fang ip
‘hich cvresponds tos Boron Stance = 3y coe For smal aes ty sec have d= 2p, The ees eomespnding t= 2606 apne a vera
Tier Fg. 6 heeaee ofthe pel expanded verteal ale. "The coverage
Sie 'Ary pir a acto hth Hee he gone descr be
feqresnte pia space whee the ecivd inal revgth these a8
“Mould be ato iance st tm wnder fee apace pronation conions, The
inter iobe shown in i. 62 soprewnt at znean sigratlvel 348 erste
Ton tht the target tbe an comes ta weg = V2 By (68)
“When the coneage dng fe Deen ploted sie simple matter to
escomine the Geld strenght the rece anenia lo to he feespace
‘Sto For etamples i ie reeving tenn eight 10, Fig 6b shows tat
The receive spl stength a a stnce of 32 kw hese a hat 2a
der reeapsee conitons The some gue shows tht by rang te antenns
gre to Dom mm dance of kn masini signal level wil be reeves
This level ml he the same ay that at Dam wth eee pace propgation,
"won te api Soir Blow the fr! lobe meme, F964)
cane anpronnaed by 2bhate 50
sehich winkes the received signal voltage try a the iverte
“ian, tes fecig the mation sel ange qe severely
The coverage Sagan showin Fig 9 are ated cn ting p= b
In practice this goad appronimation forthe yeti coetien bth
Iovtotal and vertest potretion when the erring npc esa yo
few en is ger than pe may depart preeialy Trost 1 for
‘esta polrgton bel may sl he appronmted by 1 for Roi
The fetetioncofisien pe is given bythe Freel exeeson fo the
retecin oes fora plane TEM wave Pied nth he sete ln
the plane of icdence fretea! polaron td fr 3 we polarized wih he
‘ec eld perpenculr tothe plane of sedesce (rz polretion).
‘The Fremel otecton conte depend on the row omy. pe
requne). ad ange of Incidence. tthe pound condtiy i the
petmiiity« wey at fete ping ale incidence then
of the
(ising VOR awE
(fying Venice
pet NCADP S
BA NEBR STE nnn paton (68
pee
(68a)
here = ae. Tyiel sacs fr the dilegic const» ave around 1S
vile he comity ay range fom 10> 3 10 Sin, wit 10 Sim
Beng 2 typist sale for fit prairie la. The comctnity f mma
regions s moh lower th gener w smal, roan 7 foe ih oe
etductvity and wil increase pt sot Mo sl wih igh cand.
pute Gash the Beha tad & ea ancora oe
thom which aanesp to go through anima for value elo hot 1
[xxp moves throug the rinimum wis decreasing vales tthe phe arg
‘args arp change lea nae Ot IPT lt makes pe™ ey
‘qual ta "I for hath rental and horizontal plazas when the gracing
tle + apprches zero. Fora pvlecly eonductingnrface pe woul el
{or verte! plarantion Ar the regency w nee, he ele of» Hie
ground conductitydetenes, sce the parameter y= iy deren Ths
for ttequncies above SO Mie the ground behaves very near ike lectre
trem, sce the ssplacementclerent jock them mach Tage than the
ondaction erento I the poet of ection eure over water patel
Sennen the rletion cote cat be aprrsimate by "I or hort When he grab ange of incense ama A wil be ge compared with
icy foe te i hpi een aed by 28 non
‘iit he ehange pace he ected wave reaching ve eceving antenna
sti se kes waste ete Thay he vepnded a Beng the ond
‘eterna comrd to es gh trace as sath sure
Wi heron the sofa of generally Ta lend canbe considered
“Se” sso te ute epaicyav t erae i tin
‘raping. For example wih y= tim and =U. we Fd that lah
Station of upto 6m en sil be ofa aes moth uae At the foger
‘icles surfaces appen tobe seo, but micromave fequences
Trot sufaces non be rough and the election eoecent would be smal
rer cums tt hs not been inleed i the Mater neference
foynmths te ect ofthe deoreace The tex of relation of ne
Nimspbete with ight store the surface At greater heights the fess dee
Elimeopbere vests te avsnalier wees reeetion Tha has the eft of
ming he ry tha Teves the ste st ite ange rl to the ground
{ovtarve or bend i.e dowrunrd sreton in aecondance with Sis fw of
Tetacion the phenomenon sly curvature may be realy vnderstond by
ring the siwsrcre ito ayes with dgrete aloes for the index of
{elmo in ex eras sown nip 64 Forti saleabe approuimaton
{othe conimnes vation ithe lds of rfereton Ses nw pve
sin = sin y= om in =
‘hus since ea sscesine vale off amar tan the preceding vale he
tntes ss ecse and the ry cuses In the Sowewaedieton For
fropogton vera sparc arth tier erste extends the ado horizon
oe eee - step met Iain
“The eect of ray carer canbe tke nt acount in simple way for
ropigation over a apheral er by replacing the eh wil cst hang
T'lger sadn and consdering the ape to propqute along ip ner
worded the ides of telinctiondeesnses lneny wth hig. By mean
Ths anfce the hep of any point onthe ay tove the sete ofthe cath
remain the some’ For propapton sider a andar Index-etrction
otis commonly choses suc hat ts eqtalent to neresting the ra
The earth yn ttn of 42.-Tns the eecve earache te
50 (407k) With veerence to Tig 67. Hie seon that (hy a)
Rebel. sn Re tht, hm thay Sethe sniensn height eal
ed sith the discs tothe hoon the st dntance i tency el 10
sven by dy hy)", and ify is expresed in miles andy in Feet we have
bw VIR 1
The maximom nest distance in ies between Iwo antennas a heighte
Ins hyt shove sphere earth wit tnd tation condone hen
du VIR VTioa ou
anyon the ment hoscontal Haeaespht rages The erat dtnce
trer which the fat znth fermuls canbe wsed depen ona mime of fc
cling wvclength edie to eb the ange ot ray wht
‘bet coprzon wth the itrtreace elects bared om io phere ath
Iolel Tae evaluation of inteseence elects over a sere! earth cos
fiderabiy more mplx than thet for at eh and ie need nthe ret
62 ANTENNAS LOCATED OVER A SPHERICAL FARTHE
For amennas lat over spesiel eat, ith a efecive tdi 10
com for sfondad sscton ie ate teins to dere the apoite
{sem forthe interference ees The completo tha are ede fo 9 rnber of Ico ince. the iy of xreing the patent
Freie hand hyond horton tance shown in Fig 68. non, the
rig ng slave to he tnget ple nthe pein of eiection mst be
{Ttemiacd in oder to cralete the teesioncoeiient. Als for fefeton
tom's spereal surface the vayera the reese fx tobe ave a pester
‘vereence tn theron he inet ste, printed ot See 89 ah
seat. 8 Tv ene nthe verge ofthe ap nx abe
bi tye san,
HY Dp cote = by ARI [De sings hy FF"
a
= [ire Dep AD ie
«2
where D the raymond divergence factor ad AR the pathlength
evece [The crgence neo wedber nthe sqene ‘nota ih ghenby Eg
=o)
[An cxamintion of Fig. 6R sugges that the relationships Between the
sectneal parameters desing the propagton paths wold be vlatvely
Sle ‘Ta, unfortnaty i ot the ve The kn paometts te te ee
neon heights hy andy ad the tol range The pot selection, which
eee oree ape
frm hee
‘athlon siterence AR = 1 Ry~ R andthe drgence factor Bt
anh ys. 1) wy
sssir
“(eatin
mo eBstnes 1 9
BSH wis
| Vik Vik vt
To Vinh
j IST) SKS}
Kono!
ody, dy, and #1 ven Pig. 68, Note hat 0th cose es than
fn iyi takon ae fhe height ofthe lamest ate The sonora
Show that i and D ate fnetions of 5, ad Sy and hence are fence of 8
ed Tony, since, and Sy a1 determined by bven sakes of § and 7 The
tang dich determines d= d= ds an Sy Be found by ein he
‘unions gen below
(160)
ed Rela of Sat ab ty Mee Bos Coney, Hes Yn tray) (6.108)
or cor MMM shy (18)
cI tl ote ee nt ran ato det we
hea sts)
bday spa” sp
oh lh sy $3)= ree (re)
Vinge
where ve ft amy
Vaph” 10%,
‘ah syt-S) (19
sith dy VERA; the parameter ¢ depend only on $ and T
Coverage agra
CConeage gin for 9 spherical earth are see lied on a chaet where
tenons shove the eat surface ae shown as parabolic
fhe sotent he *
Mica Mhne evasion deseied blow. Wath eerence tn Fig. 1D a curve
‘conan eight above the sath sae ven by
orate tater he
para hal be a 2adys AE
ike)
Gish
(1%)
where Fh and &~ dp are normale varies. he sae fength lon
3) ncented elaine fo hat for only the Sore of Ue abe coe
THis conenint pl cures of costa! vale for the vergence te
area pire pref 9 nn he
‘te horton eons ddy and te vera coordinate shy Such pte
fe gen n Tis 611 and 6-12" Each pattie cres sn pl ot fhe fo
af piven coin thy Fae exe. Tor
4 (dy which pes yiky tat d= 0h carves
t peerrr0nor seo Ze :
sera {Yor By af tt [fen 2. Baws 8S Aad fe Rose We
‘Rann set So * uy
$e
re
33
Saks
se Iieled ty she prameter yy Since D and £ can be expresed 18
netins of © and ety me loncione of yy sd diy only ad ean Be
ted ne consantsae cvs on he yh ress diy etme
ihe fefctoncctisint ashe fo be equal to them the pata
factor Bees
re [oroy-aveu tt}
= [es op aveoe(Eue)]” fo
ora spe eth i soarenen to se the normalized cordiates hy
nt ide whe v'the tveespacereerence rage for =e
Coveege diagram # sully coven ata stable multiple of the horizontal
fange dy. Hence s coverage Sgro plot
Fe [u+ DF-sDe0e(Er)] mE
“Te folowing example shows how x coverage lara maybe eomsrcted
sample 61 Construction of» coverage gram tn this exe mei
lsat the procedure for consecting coverage diver Tike the
shown n Fig 18 trouph 2 Comite Ihe eve whee hy a8 an
Aynitm corespndingYo-0tegbency of 10DMIt2 Ths staan colt
‘eyeeent an FM antenna isan "The parameter ar given y a
(eis) har the value
ss
or 9 refleston eoeicient of —1 the lobe marin cccur hen
1.5. a the alls cit when "3h. The ovespodg
aloe of fave 10,380, and 810,60,
The fist sep fo prepare blk chat wh the constant yh,
enuyrea'fetion of diy These comtous ae piven hy (8
(ite and ave parte Seve. Nove tht Ee (e186) ana yo
novmatiol wah resp! to hy nd dy. respecte hut By (Ie) sey
fn this chat te ange ray eatg td, =I and ntesetng the
ih=' contour at didy~2 may be drann ae shown in Fg. 6H the
ution forthe ange vay, whieh 9 ng line y= he Sal Ye
THelie meow ehh cave aay = hy ene he
"oe pata factor is
F= [01 op aver Mt
and ie a Fonction of fly ad did. ice Dad & depen on thes
ftameters we ehone ale cetempning toa hesonce range of 3
then the maxima valve {= diy can ache wil be A uhew B= Ts a
{ete nent be miu eel fact vos of Da
respectively. Forgiven values of hh and ddy we i ¢ nodD trom Figs
(Gil and 12 ir ssives covered by theve chs) an thus compute eb
anetion ofr various values of hh shown in Fig 61. We se
lb satis the aii
nate
aries
le i eles of sight lines wth slone df= m where dy isthe
Shonen ficespae range parameter The intereion ofthese sgh nes
‘sh the oer curves of ws Teton diy ies those sae of dd, ‘hav aily the equation
44 «
aaa hae
For valves of £ greater than thowe gen in Figs 611 and 6.12 the
faves trl apts 0 Fo BRe = gid = rsh) and
Meee lamas) inthis ange D'=t and the pathsin factor
shes 10
sje] wan
ome eewsoaeare ce
r= afsind
2
rection mot eee wien contin coverae dram he
at int ptt bce fcr a Be
sae eke tonen ny spaced Ts eons us
ret anctene tas aie vn es then 2a sal
ay. meth gc! ny prone he Ue ae D
acre A gain fcor hn hep fo ete
soe aye! ie sme for ree sac he pont of te
eco aha reyes ol eth ed en
“| Beer eee rere
‘Wh eeteace to Fig 64% if seen that one ofthe pled caves of F
sent dis ncenes fr vaso di pester than about 2 The razon for
this heente Dn this ange secon alan a the sae emer
Sh sey art ene the points of itrzection 9 he eat Hiner witht
Siren toe Ay = inthe region of dy gles than 2 do moe 3
‘Scurte expreston’ for the slice ld senha ae therefore ot
ined the coverage diagram show In Fig. 6141 th se eect th
dex not permit the extension ofthe ton Isber shown Figs 12 Cag
[Sdzteyond the regione shown, ce Pwd begin to ncene cmon the
‘A rumber of diferent coverage daa ae shown So Figs 615 thooph
4621 tor diferent vies of rThe toetin ceficen quae 1, and 3
fapivlent eth raion equal 1g fa) is asmumed.‘The path gin (ton F 8
pied a fonctnn of, and din there gre or argue ales of he
Povametr» These curves te abained by ring the dla is TL and 612
"aii D ani € for shen sales of yh and did The mone othe
“snvte he the cotesnndingIreespace range or the sme inal level a
‘hianed taking intesernce into mown. Fo examyley curve Ibed 4 let feeweenadjcen carves for onelnay teams
‘When the tefection een dirs signiicny rom
“Sverbiag the path pein factor For tha prt
ES tough 23 no longer apply The paramere Dard {may nl be found
tram Fg. and 3 bt row the posing ample ist ag he found In
tart determine the election cetiien arth perpose F623 ving
the uncon KOS T) can be wed to determine hy mene of Fa (i)
"The formula for eating interference eft orm shen ca
rmooh tore invaied than the eately spl formule tat apply to
Natesrh model it therefore of interest tn determine the codons under
“Theme eal parameter determining the ttererenceptenomena i the
hace serine withthe pathlength dierence 8f Fora fat earth th pace
teen by 2h [ee Eu (3) whe for a apes cath ven
ISTE (a eta mo fe egret he ah ome Re
cso
ying the pamela he Rear fom expe an
(tts
te,
The objective fo determine a wha tage the arf som he
dete we the Netspace manmimone pay oh ee
This problem bet sted hy contesting 2 lo of velveteen
seal 353 fonetion of dy the raft les toward the radar 0 8
‘tsar eighty From Eq (6176) the parameter yeas T1030 —
(0568) coverage diagram for» = 0.564 fe no va bt the gran
tiven in Fi. 619 for» 0 willbe pay covet and wil hte he
ed pit the eocede I ne chong hyo Ex Sm we wou et
205. The hocgowtal range dy. coming stand reeston =
Viah,=Ai22Vh, = 138Gb. Ths esesgs mani vanes 8
{M7189 ~ 254, tna an the power ihe om the tng! eine
the square ofthe path gain factor. by Fela toe vaue
ieespace cons The peer seated by the aret back Y the
is lio mode by Thi same fst. Hence te seceved power mee
bythe factor From is value under Feespace conditions Thu the ial
level omesponding Yo adjacent lex shown In the coverage digo
Fi 6:17 airs by 608 forthe puro evalsling the peformance of
Fase systems or eampe, ected ver varies ae so an neeae tt
byaactor of V3 eonerponde os sgnncvel change of eh
‘We wi et the toe noted correspond to aes seleonc ia
level With elerence to Pg 6:17. i we move slong the costae conta ythy= MRIS ~29 we intersect the koe Me feel 28 at
trun ange do 8d Atte po the rceveda wl be 6B
ler hun ihe telerene eel At dn ded we Ire he abe
ited ach get» al Wh 12D lw SAN A we
Tnnetnon inthe be Taeled 28 tate nterected at "3.9 and
TRE, wh conesponding sgl levels 6 ad (208 teow 5 The sina
iecelien Bone rly he taser moves hough the itrerenee al
Ined 94,38, 27 and 2584, the sp tev! poe om 1268 below’
‘e bu belom tS ad to GUA sve Sy eases, me The faret
over thrugh The seond tetrence Tobe” A rximar sgh el
(reat 2y ad by Using liner iteration between the 4 and
ier is spl ive Found tobe aboot BU aoe S, BY conning 19
frove im sone the contanthelght contour the signal vation a6 2
Fonction fd cn he detent a he target pases hog the vations
lates ta Fig, 8 we show the vlave sig! level ata Cocton of did
“The minimum Ieespace rane ofthe ead is 2Edq Since 5 cOF
espa the pl tevel veceined wth 3 amar free space range of
Dap we sce tot the minim detectable wigpal wil be @125)°5,=
(tisSy cr abet Helow S, boone of the dependence. ln Fig 626
fovicotl line dwn a hia vel comtespnding Yo 3ARCD below
Ihe chosen eletence level Sy Whenever the args cated sta itance
1 cto the vessined gl above hi level it wl be detecte. Note
‘hare me many blind spots and tat the target comes ltr fo the
"dst sgl level ac move rapiy and ences higher pea vale.
“en the target rence nce sh thatthe prsing angle is
sever dees then the fe beam wth of the eager sen ich
igh he lesen 5) wil prevent any sigrieat radiation fom sing
the ground When this ocur the ground inteterence eects vanish sn
sme afr feespaceeondiions ns MOPS et
Tee ue the Mat earth foal then
calm tn hea age pied he ea
thr the olen ai reed yO on ng of oo
Furtemore we il ae tat he ay niet on he rd
Fedned by ov ample ft of 'VI8 es come ee
‘Mfecs to be negligible. With velevonge to Figs 637 me se Wat hs nes
rhea 8+ gyn thas
fond tangs hyd
Tian vtan 9,” P=”
pon using tanh ~hy~ hy a 0 $= hy hy The shove equation
‘maybe solved tor dv give d= 5 72hm = 0.364, Fs the ge ms et
ite clove Io the ral belere he plound inieevence eles become
ett :
tame) ane
aig ighta = Va anne ta
ate
26 y= (aS) = rant
[nthe receiving it the vale ofthe pati Factor df= 028.
ac 6 Meare rumen ower m3 HOM of 8
Fee ie ee aclength sf operations Kem. Hoe rege 10
SANE pnd "ne sacar eperton Kem. 1 ened
fing emai i rs rg tar Feel 0
rae ge purser Fw cai to, Re TOWDA= 201 me use the
SRN anevrence foal eq (639) We hve
i) lone fo
wan Bf =a
aude =p onde ome = 1 at yy he main
TEETER GS aad, hte nee eB
‘nen we equate he path gai fatrgven by Ea, (18) 10 uty we ota
and ties = 136 D = O47
isk
TES EUR Ts the sonia range 422 1365
sample 6 Merona ik ith equa tower begs This exemple it
La reat ne, wih te exception tet fy 0m, THE
eee ee es igunce d= Sm i to be determined. Since
Facies sing (610 From Ba, 6.8) we obtain
- 223mm
By wing 4. ( 16) me Find hat
090 $084
oo ma
say
We now use Ba. (6160) get
d-280 tea! 20am
ence dy= 50d, = 27.378 km. The parameters Sy Sy and T given ster
(618) we 5, "09277, = 09981, and T0856, whe Fo
sn K=0.1208 From Eq (6s) tan 62 1% 10" Inte example @
sol that we cam astm the Fellectoncceffet to be sau 0-1
From Eq. (15) ne obtain D = 024, whe Eq (017) gees f= O04,
‘Welcon nom compte F frm Ea, (1
[ta aa2mcoe(Zx201x00107)]"
-o7.
‘The ecu sig voltage wil he 0.79 wha woud have Been with
Ireespacepropgationcontions 7
63 THE FIELD IN THE DIFFRACTION ZONE
‘According to Eeometical optics the Held tenth Below the ine of sight on
‘argent ay er However, Heeaae of diatom ects the radaed eld
Fenerte into the shadow tne bee the tangent). Alhough the eld
Strenzh dcrenss rapidly asthe poi of tneraion moves deeper int the
Shodew ze, the fel i te ad often of sent strength fo pce
sel signal The fed senshi ao inuenced hy airaction elects the
“There eo ciple metho clclating the ld stengh in the mene
cin f the Tengen ray. However, ome the pei ef ncration
‘ley tar int he shadow (Sac) ron, spe esse for
‘in acter F tobe crn se the pgs factor ean
the values of Fin the intererencerepion to fc tales determined to
‘se lato the shadow none: Those should fnd he vale of i
eres 10 The fs masini here nag2= 92 and Frets ad the
foil where nit~ mf nd f= (1# D)* aa join thes by a snot ae To
ever elves of F determined fr vaso dy the dation one
Tribe aifnction one Fi en byt
Fo Vaxnu(eaUe fo function V(X) ven by
Vis) 2Va8 2 29
ance messed in natural unite length na Zand 25 are
Y= ana ian oe
(8
it (2a)" eassattn foam)
hve Ay sensed meters, ata ate X= dian 2% hal TL The
Sifted eaiatrenteat
2sem439
Raxoi?
4a
From Fi. 628 we fd that the atensation fartion equal =, 8,
fant “Sea,rexpectvely The parsmeter & and 2y ate gies by
2 te ae ee
Toy
{nd the height asin fasetion (rom Fig 629) U2) = 174, Hence in the
ivaction ne athe given vate of dy the ales 209g are
6, and —€2dB. The pthogns fctor shown in Tg 6
WPF, ie te tranated power Cie the sate gm, and d the inane to the receiver, then the indent power per w
26 yo 0
Poe" and ted lh
son test eshte by making tf 4d of
Tse Sy dda the lace simply 4 rection of the valve of
SUE yy oa tvcy doing beyond the pa d=
hom a he tren conve Fg 830
eae pi nee Re
64 MIDPATHLORSTACLE DIFFRACTION LOSS
‘ict nays pe msl srmanon aks ha her a
ruc el ils rage baling at ok
Neg amps rim the ese emia Fe 8300
‘i po i prt bec he popagon pth Tie eet of
MeN ete sel Shin ane bie hosing the sae ce
=I
egaon path (9) Kofeege mal fs
stance h hom the lng path, provided there isn specl ecton|
{som th ep ofthe hil that the rected ay shown Fg Sas aven
The ieige moe showin Fig. 646. We wil shew tha when he
stewance height hf 200 thee willbe 2 648 acon fos slate
ireespnce propagation, provided» peslry refed ld hn the seseen
“mo eh he rece eres, thonen yFig i he ata
‘ch that a reece eld ale dieace y the heed. shown nie
{3.theh the computation ofthe cacti toss meee cole, a he
sixcasion low we asume tha there emo sigan owe to he
feceved eld trom specular election ‘This eeuacn Co saying Th he
‘eee di modified rom ts rep vale bythe dilaton elect oft
tniteedge Thus te appropriate diracton problem to analyte thal shows
in Fig. 32 tn terms ofthe path parameter the eight of Pont Phone
Fig, 6226 is yt (hy hdd = (di id. Hone Feil seen that
I clearance height pen oy
= (noose om 2 fete tn
ihre she heh of the oss. En many practi caer co an be
ree yi eyo
SOSH E caked Fld sed frm We eben
The tow! thew des heaton fo Sc he ato ets
rea
om the suas, he propagation atria
“he incident ld 9 Hea of Bite nit
rua Fnetion eta dscibe te ample dey temcdem Fel ete
alsa he srtce Sonar whe
nen Bettman om
where Eis an amplitude constant and we have ase that she incen eld
Te potiited along The ays enovdinate sem shown it Pig 622
itovigin at O.The ral stance p equal to (7)
The Bld eet on he receingantenna can be ound by co
sac $m snc ace m (612) to find he seta
[frmciremem aa, &
=
fo ys he Fourie ransor oF: tha
off tere
dey fan
AA the secevingaotenns «8 ¥ery esay gba 10a, 0 aly those aes in
{he plane wave spectrum with clone t serail einen om the amen
Tho in Eq (630) we ean appeomimate sallow
2,
Since the fli ko predominantly aspheric mae fi ety aml Hence
‘he inden eld on the reccteog aera can be exes
4h a-eyF
tion de [Jidernenrentan ana,
where K2= 1245, When we subsite for f frm Eg, (31) and we
C2} ve os
Sf eneiomn
ethene on
syn Bie oe
Am dy ddd, (632) svete pee coties hve een nb wih brit The
the nfecige ereen the sreén eve mot resent the integral woul extend
tom mins sini, On ans athe reeiing antenna = y=°.
Timers oer hy ond'tcan be sarc oa, tug the es
fev aun fom
‘Altering he agra ver A ad, we aa (ve have pat
o
The hte over 4S n0m performed 0 ge
no tesem El estan 9
nthe presence of he sern ota whe
ee Ae u We hay oy
“uher the ite from minus to lg nity was replace by (ve). When
BS tne meget enue torah ces ie am cren fonction of yy THIS
iste de ceaance bight int, oneal the snedentracaton fee
ett apt FP then dy = (Pad and
re SIL emma (6350)
25 sn
‘he itr vng the ation sf Fest integrl For the cas of
Iravoiry anemsn mith sect pin sch thatthe elective beam ges &
ine sumed tobe very ge, Hy cea amd ven by Qyt)h, For
ihe in dee a eae show 63 Te
lan is nepie whenever the parameter e rete han 8,
IT the ama best wi between pointe sere the eld engi a
copped bye hom none als ten ad Bn ore Ot
Ne be yery smal velvet 2a me reat tat
ane
agence oS
fetta! wos)
For most communication links the pathlength iso Inge relive to he
wavelengih ha the above enon fates a can he ermine ros
teen
Foran cbsiction sah a il the larnce height shoal be eben
to provide some matin sly agai long intrsed by subreeton,
Unde tended step condone the learce ey
ty oting the ph rl above an eath with ellectne sequal Yo he
‘lin rau. However, under sce conins the elnive ade cat
ens wth highs apd the rye wl hen cre pwr atest edo he
SiecivecetanteTypeny ite nesnsy to etre tha He
I8tor setractine condos eatequonding oo eee ah es es
117 he acts aie The path profile should be ney sone an coh th
‘hs este rats to ease tha tere i adequate pat clearance rach tht
the posal fading det ienston lawl be nelle
65 SURFACE-WAVE PROPAGATION
1 the previous four sections interference efets between the det and
‘eteced eld were analyed. Ths eld fate refered too the pound wae
S800 A Wa. 8 Pepi Rabe, ee Pe to dings fom 4 wave reflected ftom the iononpere and calle he sky
esa he ewan dating # om he ce ate
Sones because the refeted eld onel he diet wae. For th saan
‘held ane seceing ante Te toa srace wave Bel. Propagation By
a ofthe surface nave the rin mode of propagation nthe frequency
hones means proprio othe ere ofthe fourth power the Stance
‘Sepang th eceteng ad treating aterm hi regime he enna
Me ueuly ge towers the wanamiter power may range fom TOW opened
(O {M an weft propagation intone of several hended miler ave
rie aoe 8 fit yeah Fee this alan the
Sfoce wavs snd surface wave cotbaton De ented The sutace ave
Menaton fonction wil be presented tr praphil orm, Examples of com:
fromation Unk valations il he piven fo illatate type power hve
popagition distances, and aleve involved
The fundamental golem of ration fom shot cent lament
vied inte sce ction andra above aft xy earths rlved
ty Sommer in 1909, Later work hy Sommerfeld i 196. tht of many
‘ber investigators, Te event fo extensive manera seletion of The
theoretical onan by Norton 1988 s0d 19374
guee @ shows deca core element of weit stecgth located a |
ight h above the suf ot tbe earth The earth characterized By 4
compen dic constan
wee HS om
shee Je the comutiviy. The soem deney can he repereted hy the
[Mot of thee dele nso sine stowed ats halved pin some
are 6.8 it ett cl
Se aseseysle «om
component oly aa sae the eution ot
PUNE id= -nBlO5098@ I) 229 (6390)
Pyrat 2d mn
Aenote by We i enntroct formal lation of Ea (8D by ang For
Tel the tanaorms of ¥ and be HUB, Br 2V and PP 2) where
Be
Jomnneeendy dey
oie
"he Powter rnsorm of Ba. (29) gives BB)
(Bere iunen-- Phase 20 gate)
(Cee psannno
fon
Comouty of he tangent elec and magic fk at 20 equ
Wenn Beda
oD cess
where vie (B=). The soution Ie the som of 8 downmard and peo
Propagating ave, with constants A and chosen wo tht y= dyn t=
Fin be interpreted a = reflection cocint For 20 e let 'Ay
‘hoose dys that Healey a ye"
mone
where y?= pP=K2 At z= 0 the Boundary condition # "aiyt2 = 8i/ae mt
TOW At 2 the sep change nthe derive piven hy
‘ct two condtions determine A and TI found that
ra tome a
mI) enete tn anas, 68)
this represents the slain at specu of pane wanes radiated dest
int sure pls plane waves eet fr the trace and appearing 0
ate om the tage poi at =v Fy te Fresnel teletoncoecet
a treafrm to phndealcoorinses lel B= cond B= 8 8
se peogs andy span. We then tain
elt
coher now y= VRE and y= / VE" Using the esa
emery dnd (Al)
[emer maya anita)
where Jp the sere Ressl funtion, we chin Sommerol's cased
ff Lanse ninen ede
ws
wes
[ettniczencencee)
td since yy ace even lantion of Z and HY(-Zp) = -HAZp) we obin
_— 9
vat) om
- ntnoy em
= hye)
isthe Zemehscenne
se eso sri} thee hates cme
Ecnvoreey he pt epartog wher the Pema ae noe
‘Sones pce contr pons the ale
Slit cn Be etmed's tht ence te pletion eee
Ie pte pvesn folowig decree mae sl
Ett
ot
a wa
fi a hic scat the Zemneck sface wave: Whe
ge ant 0, we nd by sg the asymp expression for te
os
shee Cia stale constant Thie elt ation decays with stance ie
Ine terface and is el in othe eon cae tothe sorte; ht
(ay at desns tke selina! wave ond not sper wae,
never te seu term fr a0 the dan contuon trom the
ign tt ha ibe crtocenve te cnet td what lovee #
aoe face wate Th ec won ue sace wave bt wererthes
fener tered oa the steered
“hn examination a the stein ven By ge (7) an (A) shows that
the apes ve, cost he Set ated espace ed ps the
Speotlry nected fel vansoe the rurlace #~0, shere Ry= Ry The
‘raining et that the secon petal Aye en by alt whee the
yx Beso MN es
Apt Wate eiv) (320)
oem Ben om
fei ae fer rom resp ae y the aor 261A =
Tee heme tires spy er ba
inser ene orig eo on ea
ata uc AL pos A, apa alo to
tna nny wit nce ox wen.
“heptane amy ered he fm
tae (220)
. os)
=the
whee ial the mime sane, Ba, (653) we have vepaced
Uythe Ronson distance Scene que age for mon oy
bb
wel We Gia oe
et ws
The em ctaeecan he exresied
© ws)
oe Toe
Fora yet around «hae 2 vale of 1040 1? Sin, 20 ay i of
1B re fan he Tegueney t megahert The dicen crate
seni in the sarge I 015, Wath wet der 10 to 15 we see tha bn
‘onda uence (f= LN) and pood round condi
ign,
whic is proprtonal io A Note that p increases apy with equeny, a
ths fern given tlge of stone the macs stance and eves he
stenatinn He mach renter at RgherWegoenes fig P35 we show he
{ale of [A ea netion of The mumerieldtace p. When pease 50 he stn 0D For p= 89h eatin 4 Th entation
see la For b's he stnastion factor [A can be approximated
uy
= Vivbe aint 650)
ea in Fig. 6.35 fad on frm for #
athe onder of SDmifia Beyond hs
RUST selec woe over phere earth ents mach more rid
‘yt shons he oe ef ators et th ol cody
Coo eet os hol; ibe ders ne fel
Se at For he case's peel ear [A depends om the
IEA ta combiciy n'a compen ways an a sng carve a a fenton
EEUSRSonper ho A procedure for saleiating [A over aspherical arth
tna be oan in Terman book.
sea rapid decrease in sgl level for ssaces een than
somite pace range ot onto requetlesf ew hdied wie,
opal Nom arsa a 100 efor arace-wave propagation. At brome
“Te sfaseomave aenution
Sohescal exh to 9 dat
= ou}— 1
fuequenis the preving noe level i ovban rea #30 high hat 9 fd
Strength of ender Ito 0mm at the receking. antenna enue or
Seep een. rh arenes Sol vel a re fragt es
Foray antenna fraed very net to the prod the surfaceonae eld ne
the rin emetiny 24 ie ha tat woul be adie y
fntenon in tre space "We ll wa this result To clte the range Toh
sample 6:7 AM broadesing spate We wl conser» EMI bomicase
GH The cing aera ea sa op aseaeensig he i
feccing tos Seton wth matched Impedance and polaron com
Sittom are‘, = A4Gitr Lat the co ane oy ob esate a Te
the ration esta be, The elec othe oop satan
om
os5)
oo EER tee ate here A ithe cons ston aca the land Nis the nemo 4s
‘he guint geen by C= 15 ene he rceeed power gven OY
Pape a
Pa ger RT con
The properties ofthe ontenna in pater the mie problem, ate
land R, be at the antenna-noise temperature Ty. When the receiver has =
tate gure F, hen toe equa adil ipl noe ie obained by
feing the trperatare ofr Ry by (FI) the reeiver ne te
Pers foe eg (S70)
Me Rah
= KAO PTE aT 9TH way
eRe 9 sy
For the lop atenas we sesine thal N= 200 nd A= Dem! a then
Sind! that Roose 101 We wit ato segume taal L= 30 uh an
= Im tovahichr= 4 fl any tad
Forth lop atten in our Example the thermal nie and antenna
ote ae compare For P=, Pee Wt Re aa sina se ato of
100, we wilequie
Spe 10K 3f (FP. 9Ta
10K Sf 9)
= wr 385 10 (4 3094 120% 10)
for A= HOAH. Hence the require incident power
pe APRA 24D
a Geopx sx 1B
hie cvresponde to eld erengy of 438m.
res digant ws
[AL LMI and with good ground conductivity (= 10 Sf, the
= 255917 Wnt
sume dace pe gen by
ate nd
So d= (7189p, 10a Fro Fg 626 me find that JA, = 10 |
Poi, 2 fora vange ol mime requhe
=709
Tis ta realistic power lve. we reduce the range by faior af 2 to
968 mi the poner requirements me reed by stator of (08/5)
825 hal ae Sew enue ofthe ge were nL
‘Under adverse atmoaperiscndton the alent femertine
increase the mene ower further, s0' tmnt omer of eet SOW
img be required Tor sisactery brodenting trie de hes
onions Power ttle fo WOKW ave gute ‘yseal for teny
twoademting ttions Ax shown by tis example a serves range >
200m woul be expected. Fors range of 28 | sama by 8 ac
{10 whe would gute hte an» Ie cee Wa er
Perfor only a modest mera in ane rom 193 to 2h my
ample 68 Ciew'ehand conemincaton Bok I this example we it
‘valine the pecormance of cizen cand eet peraing a 27 Nl
‘rural emionment asad that both ie wane al eel in
tthe sorfece wave. The follwing partmetere ne ssamed tool
‘Aston ein = arity
Crown parameters «= 12
= $310 Sin
Figure S18 shows th
“The marcia stance pic ven by ;
tn average vue forthe ntennvasne emperatins
na 4
ree 054 -araasa
vipa a, ford expres in meters. At the maxon rane SO = 5013 = 167
for nbch the fav-carth formule bold p= GO. Fr he ge mere
Aiuence [A =GI}x 10 RICO” The received power gen
P ppag Mh S2G38%10°7
od OA eae
Inthe ewan we wed didg=4p.-Te nite power the eco apt
ISiven hy (ve mare tat the wen efieney fs)
Kagtr, HFT
23m 19 Sx 40" ANIM = 75 IW
1s wise evel comida let than the received signal owe, so 2
ange lee elt The svi ati tt ance
39a beyond w tinge of I) ew the etc oe sper eae wel
Chase ihe rected ipa fo nents very rapid. For somurcaion
‘er toner stances is neeray fo us elevated antenna tent
ove tem .
Surface-Wave Attenuation fo Polarization
Ue=Foal 01
ete the numeric distance p mow gen by
sdigewe pvt
Pe 06 hate
inamesical distance p for 2 given range dis much Inger for horizontal
Dlrzaton than fo verte! plartion a low frequencies Beaute oth
vot poston generally aot wed when comutiaing by mens of
the soace wave
66 JONOSPHERIC PROPAGATION
‘he ionapheve tha egion ofthe stmorpheresurounding he earth that
Tenzed (primary by sar edition). uring hey he foited ayers ext
‘ineen about 9 and 1000 km thove the earth's surface. The ees deny
FRrowder 10" to 10% lcrone per cube mete. There ne pam thee
tayersin which he electron deny peaks up. Thewe ate called the B, and E
layers Ding the date the layer spits into ayers calle the FF,
‘tvtime ond nightie conditions "The D ter vanishes ipa
‘We wil show tht these Toned Injers wil ease vaio wives iy the
Faequeney range up to 0 Mt oe eect eBected hack earth, There
‘electing ayer thos allow ommutiation ty vad wave take place over
stant ever owt ms ese 639. One or mae ie
‘eason al oer perso several year i sccrdance wh sl ali The
‘Hfecive dielectric const a wil be shown, depends on fequeey av the
on concen: Tose en ton dey tei at
‘mom spperueflIequeney above which the vad wave penevates te
thelonopee The morphs propagrton pth nat acy ae nee
conser once of nal nig ocr Fr ih tale commton
sven iferen fequenie tied sinulancoy mst he mp
in sme quite Teme he ene’ of oer er ay be
explained as follows At great height the sla ection thal cates the
Initio tte gs melee ry inten, bt here evry ew moll:
tote lone, telecon concent i ta A Seah er
highs there wil be e much greater concemraen ot molecules, 20 enh
loniation deny cur. At sficenty Tow Bight mot the ening
tacoton bas heen absorbed so the eecron concentra nan Bem ery
own i aoe expec ohne 4 bad er fed psd th
free-electron deny a some Height above the earth's surface Se The
simosphere i compoted of several diferen! gnc. alhoughedomony
hitogen and onjgem nn thee poe hve diesen tweation wnree
bination characte, avert peaks ot lye fn the eect comcentaion
cxcur The Ean njere have x permanent ssa, cren hp the height
Sve oy bas These to yes he mow impo es en oe
‘communion’ inthe laguencysange sf to" 4OMINE, Abe sf MI he
A Yen
- My ‘Since fer rom he neh
serve wll penetrate through the foogpere, Inthe D layer the alison
Trequeney quite highs sa eventhough ower frequency mover RMP OF
tm) exe ete irom eye the aeception i ery Hpk At Bight
Ueqoence cisions have a sale set sine een teh higher.
Disecci Constant of lone Gan
1 a onze ps onl the mation of electrons i iportant under the ation of
"hipreqaeny lect Bald, sce the om are more tha THD Ties hese.
“Iherequatom of motion for a single lecron of make mi charge eh
‘locy sand st upon bya lc eld
nf we
jam =e (09
gee Ne 65)
Patt pet de c(t B (wee)
tho which we ind that te lei conan of he oie pt
eo Rea oa
were the pam fequene a ive byw = Vine
‘the lowe ats the letons sar nlaelylvge number ot
colitis tte neutral maleeis tad font Forth ete 6 (868) foe
toomentun conservation sees wclsonl dpi fore ~vore added on
The ahrhand de iv the tor ithe cc requeney NeW the
‘complex and i given by .
a i
1 fn ow ha tons wt ps ee hein
tre have n=O and for way we get he
operating an nd a i Bae poy
Tei thes whence wil be pa apy fo cee
the page wave wt bea evansen sd ety capone eh
Cosi feaplane wave el wowly anos nln ner in whch
the son daly ness with Rei shows in Re Whe he
sive recs the heght st witch he kon ray Sofie te make
{To nopnaton ete andthe wine tse ck owed tee
Comider nent the neo bie idence, sa shown In Pah ICN
inert height the dence wih gh ae the ty hem
£4) Hal ine 9 wae ot he ee 1) Oba eee 610 \Va=siny ext Tisbshvor aye ded y cake he er int
VERRY eigentnetcions Ovando ae
UNSER Wyn ihoon Py eae Sey Iw recs thn
saan: tin > Uitte. Tose ny Co»
Mend Sa ae Siento me hy oie th conn UE in 60) =
Tet ata fe yn er wr whet eure at
ees ina pn ne hast rae oy he quenert
eG oar fea atea guess her cecton Sealy tr ger
Ions, ince =a! Sete the Coen or 2 Ben
eeu mati maine tht a he
stoms tern ces han nee tether a ope
‘teeny whch sitet eae cng eed coh Te
ruled rotten sesvon ony oe Heqy =a A
‘see meee
Meman Sth
ane OE oo
For example if y= n/t and N=2% 10") hen fog = (110)
{We fe LEMME if aces oi then ge TRAD
‘When N iv given neletone per eee eter = 1 BIN/P). For normal
incidence he wave relumed to eanh or reflected i Nears vloe Ih
rates «= For given valve cf Nog the fequeny that makes « = aled
the ral frequeney J. a ven By
17 9VRen roy
From Ea, (549) we ean ite
Pa VRamee = feed on
This vale off called the masini wile feguney (MLE) when Se, has
inmanimum vale, The manna able frgoency gery eso exceed
{OMT During porind llow slr aetity the upper equ bn 2510
‘anit
I the incident and retuned ays ate eneapolted to veren they meet a
belzh he eled the ma! hopht of the ionseeTayer thats im
Etvumentl in etrning the wave to eath (ee op 641) Thi he apparent
gue of vetccton, "The ial height fhe Flyer tanec fom 250 (0
lium, white for the Fy lye ews eight Bes between 200 and 208m.
The lagers hs tstound Dh sual eight The ita eight of
The Eger stood 10k The va! eight epoca in determining
the imagem valve of the angle of inence 9 and the maximo ship
UTmonce, ss shown in fig, 42 For ration levig the ate
Sovowal trecton the skip ditance dis given by d=2% Va)". The
Chtespndng nou aie of en by
sae .
maa a
‘ie minum angle i hou 74 and when sed in Ea. (71 ges
MUP = fag = 36. wo
‘An electron concentration of 10 wil ge f= 9M a fog = 22481
{ie ee = hm then da appoint 20 i fer elon he
fe a of thle, e150 mi the dese sane es tha dee he
Sate and Tomer requney mas be sed onder lossy the eat
Ts fescedy whch mot bold a he pointe the fnosphere ete the toy
turned around Yo propagate tonsrd the earth. Fgare 64 pve pial vals
{tthe minum wate equency for #iterent ranges The data ped for
‘ater conditions a Washinton, DC, ding» posh peri insole at
ove tat daytime conn mst er the point of reflection Fe dy
etneen the transmitter tad receiver (ID) coresponds to 3 fine
ieenc) ithe pt 38 designed 9 the Dao daytime somone a he
innnaphere
Tore to determine the partes of ionepheis propagation pth tie
ecenary to Kaew the telatomhip between the sip tte the it
eit hand the angie of eidene Wat slerence tig 6A, tO He te
shale seeded by oneal the ip stone ay
4
wy
1 ofthe earth eqs S280 mi or RAPT kn, Te aw of nee ihe angle shown in Tig 644 an bo equals = 9 #, Wath hs
hicenen tor we persia gsi Bo 8) eos) ence
hese
oH MOLI gig 8 cord, c088
s I
(10 E-cora)acce= cot 6m
1 ay eaves ot a angle = 2 ative to the Taal horizon
wih, 0
these rseionips will he state in he following
ample 69 Determination of canton ale and regency for «short
‘uve rio sition this example we sme tht a sortnave Broa
coved Eaope. The pent ele nomial stance 00 mo 660 bt
For angles. pronaguion the tcRecang heh Ke gem by fr
(inna a uPeo tas 22% 1th or kms provided the raion is
‘etletion pont Het above the onoapers, and hence the seve svc
‘us be Be om a double ip ech tngth 21D the requ
Fetletion pint nom only 167 Shan hove the earth, The Fy and fy ayers
‘ive wires eights rnging vom 308 to stn al aay be wed atthe
tect, lyerse prided he tomenting enn deted abe the
(7a) and (673) we then fd thal y= ThA and w/2= 410 The
Anyi conditions 5 1s Te cil fequeney fa gven by F
{Gry and is 6.36 Me The mani weal eswency my be oar fm
Fg (671), nhc ger = 8 eee T48"= 1 EMI. Operation the
international shortwave Stem band (92 109.) wou he aeertae
fovnaas the sample easton ate An oversiplieton be eat
rolem tn practice ts necesenry to conider the te of ay Thal sevice
‘in e prove, the diference i oat te hecween the two een
Point, the time of years ad the ine wtih ss eye Agree of
[Eninical dat on econ concentrations aid vhs eights ase
{ervesatic path deine ton he cared vty pene er 24h sie
Flomeves th tenvenry shonid teat en 1 percent hetow the msl
table eucncy Gece of vst fr lection deny 8 sy
w= 7
fect of the Fatth's Matic Fil
In he sicosson upto hip the elect ofthe eath’s magnetic eld the
motion af the elections ha been neeted. Tis approximation reasonably
felon shine the car's magnetic et cases the lonospeie med to
cme anztropie, ad the eenive diese eostant mes be repre)
by a matin or dyaie I is now found tht there te eo dict meder
Propagation eat the evdinary and etopdinary mover” An neem pase
Nive entering the ionesphere ail st ita the sbove two meen, ard wien
"eve moves reemerge tom the anophere they recombine into «Sle plane Festal oa ss areday oto, Fara) rotation anh est
sesretn at in sewe los of spl power at the teeing tena, since 2
‘lnc secu wih rly lot or move ina Selon der
the ame ey magne eld Ry The aap Frequency. which
‘ied the yeanen Ferg. 8860 BY
Be
7%)
ihre ¢ is he eecvon charge am Is the mas ofthe lection. The eats
netic Bed in mound 310° Whim, ap a, around RAY Had The
ete egret 14M
ve le r= Ba be the acetic elf he ev hen unde he ston
cts iphincadeney a fed roms Me™ he free ating onan elton ven
Fe ety)
Since M is of order YA the force due to Hof order (le) smal than that
Skee cher el ard con Ne nepeced (s the eed fh 5
AIS cade ction! damping foe then the equation ef motion for the
(irs eynv == VER)
or eletons pr ele meter the a une is
iy combining the above tno exuatons ee Bnd tht J is determined by she
ne,
Got nt om
Eo aie
Ins apt wanted rom (62, We an emi (7)
oe
“This equation is ely inverted toe
os heey m0 TIE :
1, o intr 0 [lel ors
4, 00 pte) ow
The presence ofa tic meget eld ten a elsonslp between 9 and
‘hat nota simple seo eomstant. The condotiy lemon rected hy
‘he matic in Ea (629) Tt eonvenint te awe sy ot eects ah
‘ch element ofthe miso ast ohne ewig shade
Oo AT ga llle han laa, ane na)
way
The equation
door way
thee the salar pdt between ui eon on adcen ies of the dot i
Tako the same othe matin pedac in Ea (028) From Mel eqn
Det jon a
mel or
here Tis the wit dyaie 4 F485 +4; See thatthe tense eee
Conta fo he once nt & given by
ene aa
Note hat T= E
“The ston for plane waves popsentig in ier ionosphere an be
found wsng Matus equatons and ths elctc content tenor, For tis
psc convenient exes in the form
a
beatt (Rm)
(am
‘When the ction fequeney zr, hh nd a ae the fegvony
is such that w= w+» both ny apd xy will hive lg Haine. come
Froerts eh crate igh mension of a move eae ne
"othe ejcloiton teyuency (appeoniately 14M)
Planesnae ston to Maxwells equations ae ofthe form
abe x0)
We the® x9) tere aad Mh ate cone rangle conten ea vee
Ree eleplaced by fi Thus Maxwal's two cal equaions ge
Siok for
et foe Fe
sex aon do common propagation fet: Acros product the Sst
Toe hac) 6 = HR AP
Te) 68a)
ee 2B
‘sot soatin for fy wl ext nly i he determinant of the above
Same Shantan vansics By setting the determinant eal to seo, the
estan obtained forthe propagation constant hs ce the Appleton
Fea een We i nh om the clean for I most peer cae
Mees cenit cose thee spel eases oly. which wil, However, he
Seni nt the treo he soln
‘case Propagation perpendcalar 16 By By loot Ry Uet
Sithat eB, row tee te electron veto Ts pall to
Pee TEM iene and yw no eet The matric eqaaton
feat Ame oo [lo] =o
0 0 Kew
“The determinant vonishes when ky == Vi which iste same va
Tori cine yeas enpected. The plane wave i inesy pole with
{he clei ver slong ys shown ing, 645¢. This solution fel
the ondary wae :
Cage 2 Propagation pepenticlar
CAR Eo ant preva craig an fet B=,
Siu ing Fee some a flor thes case ur te Bnet
0h erin ett es
(aA nA 0
no EE om
nA esr
= By 0 he other ston i
For thi soltion Hd th
A 05
‘cw tip pin he peppery es in mtu mom The woe decid or hi se el he
or this a ea 10
cae Propagation slog By Fe perpendicular
"ond Tye Bie, Ey The ate equnion
mk meh 0 |
skh Kw 0 [fe 0 Gm)
° 0 «aio
po be BE sna)
wo ro)
‘uh th ax forms eng the sluions ahem». Tete ae emo cations
Forks Fo the by~ ky mition the lected
B= B(a,~ ia) ste)
since Fy “iB This sigh ealrpoeried wave. The oer slim
bab VR (6508)
fs
oh
Basset” sou)
ich keftcietr gland weve, ghar peed ware
TESS'SLESEGI tes Ie ection tata dion
‘dts apnre tt hs show op be stn fry
eens Wenn Senonnnn term on, Whe elon ae
Tena we te
betel Geta
snhich as alge nmagary part atthe cyto frequency vith
‘ecg high absorption ef fhe wave The leteceuay pried wave
ffevan sles tld that aves he else in setiom opps to
Murat diction nf tation, and ence hs w 4g 6 denominator
Factor which dacs nl exit resonance ele
Faraday Rotation
aapheri layer Yo thick long Le he ide! pane wave be
B-2Ea,e™
= Ee, deh Bsa,
