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Understanding Number Systems

The document introduces different types of number systems: 1. Natural numbers are positive whole numbers excluding zero. 2. Whole numbers include all natural numbers and zero. 3. Integers include all whole numbers and their negatives. 4. Rational numbers can be written as fractions of integers. 5. Irrational numbers cannot be written as fractions. 6. Real numbers include all rational and irrational numbers. The document then discusses representing real numbers on a number line and using exponents with real numbers.

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315 views5 pages

Understanding Number Systems

The document introduces different types of number systems: 1. Natural numbers are positive whole numbers excluding zero. 2. Whole numbers include all natural numbers and zero. 3. Integers include all whole numbers and their negatives. 4. Rational numbers can be written as fractions of integers. 5. Irrational numbers cannot be written as fractions. 6. Real numbers include all rational and irrational numbers. The document then discusses representing real numbers on a number line and using exponents with real numbers.

Uploaded by

Pradhosh On Air
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Notes on Number Systems

Introduction to Natural Numbers


Non-negative counting numbers excluding zero are called Natural Numbers.

N = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……….

Whole Numbers

All natural numbers including zero are called Whole Numbers.

W = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …………….

Integers

All natural numbers, negative numbers and 0, together are called Integers.

Z = – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …………..

Rational Numbers

The number ‘a’ is called Rational if it can be written in the form of r/s where ‘r’ and ‘s’ are
integers and s ≠ 0,

Q = 2/3, 3/5, etc. all are rational numbers.

How to find a rational number between two given


numbers?
To find the rational number between two given numbers ‘a’ and ‘b’.

Example:

Find 2 rational numbers between 4 and 5.

Solution:

To find the rational number between 4 and 5


To find another number we will follow the same process again.

Hence the two rational numbers between 4 and 5 are 9/2 and 17/4.

Remark: There could be unlimited rational numbers between any two rational numbers.

Irrational Numbers
The number ‘a’ which cannot be written in the form of p/q is called irrational, where p and q
are integers and q ≠ 0 or you can say that the numbers which are not rational are called
Irrational Numbers.

Example - √7, √11 etc.

Real Numbers
All numbers including both rational and irrational numbers are called Real Numbers.

R = – 2, – (2/3), 0, 3 and √2

Real Numbers and their Decimal Expansions

1. Rational Numbers

If the rational number is in the form of a/b then by dividing a by b we can get two situations.

a. If the remainder becomes zero

While dividing if we get zero as the remainder after some steps then the decimal
expansion of such number is called terminating.

Example:

7/8 = 0.875
b. If the remainder does not become zero

While dividing if the decimal expansion continues and not becomes zero then it is
called non-terminating or repeating expansion.

Example:

1/3 = 0.3333….

Hence, the decimal expansion of rational numbers could be terminating or non-


terminating recurring and vice-versa.

2. Irrational Numbers

If we do the decimal expansion of an irrational number then it would be non –terminating


non-recurring and vice-versa. i. e. the remainder does not become zero and also not
repeated.

Example:

π = 3.141592653589793238……

Representing Real Numbers on the Number Line

To represent the real numbers on the number line we use the process of successive
magnification in which we visualize the numbers through a magnifying glass on the number
line.

Example:
Finding Roots of a Positive Real Number ‘x’ geometrically and mark it on the
Number Line

To find √x geometrically

1. First of all, mark the distance x unit from point A on the line so that AB = x unit.

2. From B mark a point C with the distance of 1 unit, so that BC = 1 unit.

3. Take the midpoint of AC and mark it as O. Then take OC as the radius and draw a
semicircle.

4. From the point B draw a perpendicular BD which intersects the semicircle at point D.

Now E is √x on the number line.

Rationalizing the Denominator


Example:

Rationalize the denominator of 7/(7- √3).

Solution:

We will use the identity here.


Laws of Exponents for Real Numbers
If we have a and b as the base and m and n as the exponents, then

1. am × an =am+n

2. (am)n = amn

4. am bm = (ab)m

5. a0 = 1

6. a1 = a

7. 1/an = a-n

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