BS Nursing 1B
Yanson, Julinka Beyla
Suarez, Farrah Faye
Sy, Verriane Lorelle
Vilbar, Mauvelle Louize
Experiment No.1
Ionic and Covalent Bonding
I. OBJECTIVE:
● To classify atoms based on their bonding properties - Ionic and covalent bonding.
● To determine the differences between Ionic and Covalent molecules based on their physical
and chemical properties - namely solubility, melting and points, and conductivity.
II. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE PROCEDURE:
For Activity A:
Materials Reagents
Beakers 250 mL (6) 𝐾𝐼 (potassium iodide)
Containers (6) 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙2 (magnesium chloride)
Test tube rack (1) 𝐶𝑢(𝑁𝑂3 )2 (Copper (II) nitrate)
Test tubes (6) 𝐶12 𝐻22 𝑂11 (sucrose)
𝐶6 𝐻4 𝐶𝑙2 (p-dichlorobenzene)
Tape (1)
𝐶25 𝐻52 (wax)
Conductivity Tester(1)
For Activity B:
Materials Reagents
Hotplate (1) 𝐶"# 𝐻## 𝑂"" (sucrose)
Bunsen burner (1) 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 (sodium chloride)
Match or lighter 𝐶# 𝐻# 𝑂$ (oxalic acid )
Transparent mixing palette(1) 𝐶𝑂𝑆𝑂$ (cobalt(II) sulfate)
𝑁𝑖𝐶𝑙# (nickel)
Glass stirring rod(1)
𝐶% 𝐻"& 𝑂' (starch)
Conductivity Tester(1)
Ring stand
Iron ring
Wash bottle
Beakers 100 mL(6)
III. DATA AND RESULTS
For Activity A
Compound Bonding Solubility (in Melting point Electrical
(Ionic and water) ( ͒C) Conductivity
Covalent)
1. 𝑲𝑰 Ionic bond Soluble 686 ͒C Electrolyte
2. 𝑴𝒈𝑪𝒍𝟐 Ionic bond Soluble 116-188 ͒C Electrolyte
3. 𝑪𝒖(𝑵𝑶𝟑 )𝟐 Ionic bond Soluble 115 ͒C Electrolyte
4. 𝑪𝟏𝟐 𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝟏𝟏 Covalent bond Insoluble 185-187 ͒C Not an electrolyte
(denser;settled
at the bottom)
5. 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟒 𝑪𝒍𝟐 Covalent bond Insoluble 53.1 ͒C Not an electrolyte
(less dense;
floated)
6. 𝑪𝟐𝟓 𝑯𝟓𝟐 Covalent bond Soluble 50-57 ͒C Not an electrolyte
For Activity B
Compound Bonding (Ionic Solubility Melting point Electrical
or Covalent) (in water) (numbered based on Conductivity
what melted first
under specific
temperature)
7. 𝑪𝟏𝟐 𝑯𝟐𝟐 𝑶𝟏𝟏 Covalent bond Soluble Melted 2nd Not an
electrolyte
8. 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍𝟏 Ionic bond Soluble Didn't melt Electrolyte
9. 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟐 𝑶𝟒 Ionic bond Insoluble Melted 1st Electrolyte
(settled at the
bottom)
10. 𝑪𝑶𝑺𝑶𝟒 Ionic bond Soluble Didn’t melt Electrolyte
11. 𝑵𝒊𝑪𝒍𝟐 Ionic bond Soluble 4th, but didn’t really Electrolyte
melt and underwent
some funky change
12. 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟏𝟎 𝑶𝟓 Ionic bond Insoluble Melted 3rd Not an
(settled at the electrolyte
bottom)
IV. INTERPRETATION:
The data shows the difference between the physical and chemical properties of compounds
based on the bonding present between their molecules. The result shows that Ionic compounds
usually obtain high melting points and are likely to be soluble in water in specific conditions.
Furthermore, these compounds are considered as an electrolyte, if and only if, when dissolved in
water since its atoms are dissolved into ions (electrical-carrying atoms). On the other hand,
covalent or molecular compounds usually have low melting points compared to ionic compounds.
Most of these compounds are insoluble in water unless it is considered nonpolar molecules, which
are soluble in some cases. Also, these compounds do not conduct electricity since their molecules
remain as molecules even if dissolved in water.
In Activity A, the following compounds namely potassium iodide, magnesium chloride,
and copper (II) nitrate are classified as ionic compounds since they show certain properties to be
named as such. They are soluble in water, generally have a high melting point ranging from 115-
188 ͒C. They also conduct electricity when dissolved in water. On the other hand, the other three
compounds - sucrose, p-dichlorobenzene, and wax, are named as covalent compounds since they
are insoluble when soaking in water (but not in the case of wax which is considered a nonpolar
covalent). They usually have lower melting points and insulate electrical impulses when dissolved
in water.
In Activity B, the only covalent compound is sucrose. This compound is soluble in water,
the 2nd compound posed a melting reaction among the compounds and did not conduct electricity.
The rest compounds, namely sodium chloride, oxalic acid, cobalt (II) sulfate, nickel (II) chloride,
and starch, are all ionic compounds. Sodium chloride is soluble in water and is an electrolyte but
doesn't melt. The 1st compound that melted was oxalic acid, and it is insoluble in water due to
some particles that settled at the bottom, but it conducts electricity. Another is cobalt (II) sulfate.
It is soluble in water and also conducts electricity, but it doesn't melt. Next is nickel (II) chloride,
it is soluble in water and conducts electricity. It's the 4th compound that reacted, but it didn't melt
and underwent some funky change. The last ionic compound is starch. It is insoluble in water and
the 3rd compound that dissolves and does not conduct electricity.
V. CONCLUSION:
The overall conclusion is that this experiment’s purpose was to identify atoms and their
differences based on their physical and chemical properties such as bonding, solubility, melting
point, and electric conductivity. Ionic compounds are formed by the transfer of electrons that are
negatively and positively charged while covalent compounds are bound together and consist of
two electrons that are being shared between two atoms. Most ionic compounds showed high
melting points for they are being held together by electrostatic forces between the oppositely
charged ions. Most of them were soluble in water because of the energy given off when it interacts
with the water molecules satisfy the energy needed. These compounds are considered to be
electrolytes because they break apart into ions that conduct a current. On the other hand, covalent
compounds have low melting points because of the weak forces of attraction between the binding
molecules. Most of these compounds are insoluble in water because water is a polar solvent and
covalent compounds are nonpolar. Also, most covalent compounds do not conduct electricity
because they do not have charged particles that are able to transport electrons. This means that the
molecules in the covalent compound will remain as molecules if dissolved in the water and not all
atoms in the element of ionic compounds can be able to dissolve into ions. Lastly, they were able
to classify the differences between ionic and covalent compounds through conducting the
experiment and focusing on the compound’s physical and chemical properties so that they will be
able to achieve their objectives.
