COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

Presented by Pratik Nayak

ABOUT ME

● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6 YEARS
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 UNDERSTANDING THEMATICALLY
1192

Delhi Entry of Europeans

1526 Sultanate
Establishment of Empire

1707 Mughals

The rise of the Struggle for

Marathas European Feudal States
1761 (1628-58, 1707-1761) Supremacy

The British
Conquest of India
1857 Political Integration

Indian Response Age of

1900 Revolts & Enlightenment

1947 Freedom Struggle

2019 We the People of India Indian Nation

 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
LECTURE 1- THEME

ENTRY OF EUROPEANS THEMATIC COVERAGE OF THE

CAUSES, THEMES MUGHALS (RISE & FALL)
PORTUGUESE (ORIGIN & END)
POLITICAL CONDITIONS IN INDIA
 1206 1498 1526 1707 1761 1947 2019

Delhi sultanate Entry of Marathas

Mughals Later EIC-Crown We the People
Europeans
Mughals
 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
Modern Indian History

British conquest of India Indian reaction

(1757-1857) (1857-1947)

Q. How? Portuguese, Dutch, English, French

1206 1498 1526 1707 1761 1947 2019

Delhi sultanate Entry of Marathas

Mughals Later EIC-Crown We the People
Europeans
Mughals
 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
Q. How the British conquest took place?
केक कटे गा सबमे ऐसा कैसे
बाटे गा

Europeans Princely states

Later Mughals Deccan Awadh Sikh Mysore Marathas

Others (Delhi)
Portuguese Dutch French
कभी नही ीं

1612 1759 1760

 Entry of Europeans
Contemporary times

India Delhi sultanate

Q. To understand British conquest of India, we need to
See the entry of Europeans in India.
Lodhi (1451-1526)-
Q. Why the Europeans came to India Rajput Kingdoms

Q. Route to globalisation, colonisation

Map

Vijaynagar
 Entry of Europeans
Entry of Europeans

Catalyst Ancient- Medieval times

Trade

Sea & land route

(Eg. G sangam age)
Gupta age

Sea route blocked by the ottomans

 Entry of Europeans
Contemporary times
Contemporary Europe (15th century onwards) Blocking of trade
Routes Arabs & ottoman
The rise of Caliphate

Feudalism Renaissance Strong monarchs

Religion Nation- states

Eq. Dominating Reformation
The way of life Imperialism

Catholic Protestant
- God
- Glory
Reformation - Gold

Q. Scientific discovery Adventurist traders

Discovering new routes Colonisation

Process

Mercantilism
Adventurist traders Started seeking out Route
 Entry of Europeans Map

1. Portuguese 21 may 1498

(1st to arrive, last to leave (1962) of Vijay)
Economic
- Why they came
Religion Pepper (g Trade Route)
(MDH masala)

- King henry (aka navigator)

- King also provides impetus - Wanted to find new sea route
- Patronized & encouraged sailors

I sailed till
cape

Bartholomew Diaz – reached cape of storms in 1488

1st European - renamed cape of good hope
 Entry of Europeans
(I) Portuguese – Colonisation

1. Entry of Vasco de Gama, 21 may 1498

- Reached cape of good hope
- Helped by a Guajarati businessman (Abdul Majid)
- 21 may 1498, reached Calicut, welcomed by
Zamorin manna vikrama
- Portuguese – arab conflict
- Made good profit 60 times

(II) Pedro Alverez Cabral (1500)

- Came into conflict with Arabs
- Thought of establishing factory
 Portuguese
I was the one
who discovered
(III) Vasco de Gama (2nd visit) India
(1502)
Spices
- Expanded trade
Cinnamon, pepper
Fietorias(factories)

- 1st factory – cochin (early capital)

- 2nd factory – cannore, kollam (later)
- Will come to India 3rd time in 1524-26
- By 1503 – the king of Portugal declared direct control
Over Portuguese areas in India.
- Hence new viceroys were sent.
 Portuguese

Important Portuguese governors (helped in expansion)

1. Francisco de almeida (1505-09)

- Initially sent for three years

- Aim to build forts & factories
- Expansion of navy (coastal india)
- Capture of Anjediva
- 1508 battle of chaul & dabul (Diu)
- Lost his son.
- Went back.
 Portuguese

2. Alfonso De Alburquerque (1509-1515)

Social Consolidation
- Marry Indian women
- Real founder - Make them Portuguese
- Came to India in 1503 as commander - Sati abolishing
- Became 2nd government in 1509
- Blue water policy Diplomacy
- Captured goa from Bijapur (1510) - Good relations with
- Expanded navy Strait of Hormoz Vijayanagar
- Straits of Malacca - Krishna dev raya
- Spices islands - Sent embassies
- Bengal Hoogly, balsore, captured - Friar Luis
- Died in 1515. - Both had common
enemies- Deccani
Sultanante
- European Horses
supplied to Vijaynagar
 Portuguese

Expansion of Blue Water Navy

The Portuguese Armada

 Portuguese
(1515-1529) India (map)
1526- 1st Panipat
Babur defeated Ibrahim
Vacuum Period Lodhi
- Total six Government came Mughals Come to Power
- Important - Vasco da gama was
- Appointed viceroy in 1524 1529- Death of Krishnadev
- Died @ cochin (shifted to goa) Raya
- Total 3 voyages Weakening of Vijaynagar

1529-38 Nino De Cunha

- Expansion of Portuguese colonies

- Bombay, Bassien, Diu
- Shifting of capital to Goa.

After him Not Important, WRT Governors

1962 – Last one Manuel Antonio Silva

 Portuguese

Q. Features of Portuguese Rule in 16th & 17th Century ?

- Monopoly over trade for 100 years.
- Naval supremacy (Armada)
- By 1540, weak Portuguese governors hence couldn’t Expand
- Good relations with Akbar, but couldn’t continue with other Mughal Kings
- By 1600s, new European companies also entered India, Dutch & British
- Struggle for supremacy – Decline
- Trade or pirates – Discovery of brazil
- Religious conversions – Economic backwardness
 Portuguese
Q. How did the decline of Portuguese took place?

3 Phases
Post
1947

1612 1630 1741 1961-1962

Lost against Lost against Lost against - op. Vijay
British Shahjahan (Peshwa)
Marathas

- Swally hole Bengal (Hoogly)

(1612) - Bassein
- Later on gave - Salcette
Bombay to
British(1662)
 Portuguese
Q. Impact of Portuguese on India?

Political Economic Socio- Cultural

- Political System - Trade & - Sati abolishing

- Viceroy Commerce - Indo- Portuguese
- Goa(Way)@ - Printing Press culture
Capital - Bible Translation - Christianism-
- Naval Supremacy - Cash crops - St. Francis Xavier
over Indian ocean - Convent Schools
- Architecture-
Iberian style
Tobacco Potato Corn Tomato
 India in 17th Century
I am the
Jahanpanah

1600 onwards Period of Mughal Consolidation & Conquest

Expansion of Mughal Empire

Mercantilism Phase
Submission of European जहााँपनाह
Regional States ऐसा कैसे तुसी ग्रेट
हो...

- Let us first understand the role of later Mughals & Rise of regional states.
- That eventually helped the British.
 India in 17th Century
(II) The rise & fall of Mughals

- Establishment of Mughals – Phase(I) (1562-1707)

(1526-1530) - Babar

(1530-1540) - Humayun

(1540-1555) – Afghans - Suri

1556 – 2nd Panipat

(1556-1605) - Akbar

(1605-1628) - Jehangir

(1628-1658) - Shahjahan
- Entry of Europeans
- Portuguese (1498)
(1658-1707) - Aurangzeb
- Dutch (1605)
- English (1608)
Q. Features – All India expansion - French (1668)
- Policy of akbar & Aurangzeb
 India in 18th Century
By 1707 Later Mughals came to power

1707 onwards Later Mughals

1857

Provincial Autonomy – Subahdars

Regional States European supremacy

British French

- Let us first understand the role of later Mughals & Rise of regional states.
- That eventually helped the British.
 India in 18th Century
Struggle for Growth of
Later Mughals
European Maratha
(1707-1857)
Supremacy Empire

1. 1707-1712 Bahadur Shah-I

(Shah Alam-I)
- Killed own bro came to power
Jats
- Weak ruler Regional states Marathas

- Shah E palam Rajput

Sikh
(Shah-I-Bekhabar)
- Constant infighiting
- 1712- Jahandar came to power
 Later Mughals
India in 18th Century
(1707-1857)
Growth of
2. Jahandar Shah (1712-13) Maratha
Empire
- Came to power- fight with bro’s
- Helped by zulfiqar khan (wazir) Balaji Vishwanath
- Toppled by nephew- Farruk Siyar

Chhatrapati Shahu
3. Farrukhsiyar (1713-19)

- Played big role in british conquest - Europeans

- Came to power with help of sayyid
brothers(2 bro- Abdullah, Hussain ali)

Wazir Mir Bakshi

Dutch French English
- Real rulers- sayyid- abolished jaziya
- Pacifist policy
 India in 18th Century
- British help to Farruk siyar
- John sermon(fort William
3. Farruk Siyar (1713- 19) Governor)
- Doctor William hamilton

- 1715- Farruk Siyar- Medical Treatment Needed

- Helped by British official
- 1717- Granted Farman

EIC - Subahdar will be called nawabs.

- Trade permits (Dastak) - Hence Enlarged post
- Coins, Fortifying
- Put trade by officials
- Farman- Source of conflict
between Bengal & EIC

By 1719- Farruk Killed by sayyid Bros.

 India in 18th Century
4. 1719-1748 Muhammad shah - Aka India
Rangeela - Marathas(1737)- basi rao-I
- Bengal(1717)- Murshid ruli khan
- Awadh(1722)- Saadat khan
- The kingmakers time (Sayyid Bros) - Hyderabad(1724)- Nizam ul mulk
- Weak kings- Puppets into the role of - Invasion of nadir shah(1740)
sayyid bro’s. - Europeans
- Weakening of Mughal empire
- Muhammad shah (1719-48)- Aka
Rangeela
British French
 India in 18th Century
India
British Conquest
5. 1748- 1857- Power- Red fort to Raisina
- Battle of Plassey (1757)
- Very weak later Mughals Hence decline - 3rd Panipat (1761) (Downfall of
Marathas)
1. Ahmad shah (1748-54) - Battle of Buxar (1764) (English
2. Almgir II (1754-59) Victory)
3. Shah Alam II (1759-1806)- Palamwala - Carnatic wars (1744-1760)
(Fugitive Mughal) - (English vs. French)
4. Akbar II (1806-1837)
5. Bahadur shah II (1837-57)
- Last king
- Took part in 1857 revolt
- Sent to exile
 India in 18th Century

Q. Decline of the Mughals & its outcome

Internal External
- War state – Economic reasons - Constant Invasions
- Rajput & Religion Policy
- Aurangzeb – Deccan Ulcer
- Weak Successors
- No clears line of succession
Afghans Iranian
- Jaghirdari crisis
- Feudalism
- Rise of Marathas
- European Ascendancy(Blessing in
disguise)
THANK YOU
COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

British Conquest of India

Presented by Pratik Nayak

ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6
YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT
 UNDERSTANDING THEMATICALLY
1192

Delhi Entry of Europeans

1526 Sultanate
Establishment of Empire

1707 Mughals

The rise of the Struggle for

Marathas European Feudal States
1761 (1628-58, 1707-1761) Supremacy

The British
Conquest of India
1857 Political Integration

Indian Response Age of

1900 Revolts & Enlightenment

1947 Freedom Struggle

2019 We the People of India Indian Nation

 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
Q. How the British conquest took place?
केक कटे गा सबमे ऐसा कैसे
बाटे गा

Europeans Princely states

Later Mughals Deccan Awadh Sikh Mysore Marathas

Others (Delhi)
Portuguese Dutch French
कभी नही ीं

1612 1759 1760

 Entry of Europeans
Contemporary times
Contemporary Europe (15th century onwards) Blocking of trade
Routes Arabs & ottoman
The rise of Caliphate

Feudalism Renaissance Strong monarchs

Religion Nation- states

Eq. Dominating Reformation
The way of life Imperialism

Catholic Protestant
- God
- Glory
Reformation - Gold

Q. Scientific discovery Adventurist traders

Discovering new routes Colonisation

Process

Mercantilism
Adventurist traders Started seeking out Route
 Entry of Europeans

Struggle for European

supremacy

British - Portuguese (1612, 1631, 1740)

- Dutch (1759)
- French (1760)
 Entry of Europeans
Jehangir-
I am the
Jahanpanah

1605 onwards Period of Mughal Consolidation & Conquest

Expansion of Mughal Empire

Mercantilism Phase
Submission of European
Regional States
जहााँपनाह
ऐसा कैसे तुसी ग्रेट
हो... Portuguese- 1498
Onwards
Dutch – 1605
English- 1608
 Entry of Europeans
Portuguese- 1498 Trading Pattern
Onwards Establishing Factories
Dutch – 1605
English- 1608
 British Conquest- Portuguese India - Map

Phase- I Entry of British & conflict with Portuguese?

1. Entry of British

- Information of trading group -1599

- The merchant adventures – EIC – John Company
- Mughals – Jahangir (1605-28)
- Went to the monarch for trading rights
- Portuguese already Trading
- 1600- Royal charter- given for 9 Years. (Renewed later on)
- Hence captain William
- But co EIC
Hawkins was sent to India in
(1608)

Focused on Indonesia &

24 court of
India.
Directors

- 1608 – Tranding point @ Surat

- Wanted to expand base.
 British Conquest- Portuguese
Jahangir @ Agra – Portuguese had good
24 Aug 1608 - Entry of William Hawkins – Hector ship relations.
- @ Court of jahangir
- Hawkins went to Agra @ 1609
- Was given title English Khan by Jehangir
- Lived @ Agra till 1611
- Seek permission to open factory
- Initially denied, but turkish language helped Hawkins to
convince Mughal Emperor.
1609
- Permission given to open factory @ West coast
- Not liked by Portuguese
- Hence Portuguese vs. British conflict started
 British Conquest- Portuguese
India
1611
The Battle of Swally (near surat) Portuguese vs. British
- Jahangir – Realised Importance of
Swally
- Gave permission to EIC to set up
They lost permanent base @ Surat in 1613.

1613 - 1st factory @ Surat

- Hence and of Portuguese European power
 British Conquest- Portuguese
India
1611
The Battle of Swally (near surat) Portuguese vs. British
- Jahangir – Realised Importance of
Swally
- Gave permission to EIC to set up
They lost permanent base @ Surat in 1613.

Q. Background to Battle of Swally ?

1583- Arrest of Ralph Fitch by the Portuguese @ Iraq,

Captured in Goa, Escaped, Roamed India for few
years,
1591- Ralph Fitch went to England, gave important
information

1583- Entry of Dutch Priest-

Jan Huyghens van Linschoten, Stayed in goa till 1588
Wrote important details in his book
 British Conquest- Portuguese

1611
The Battle of Swally (near Surat) Portuguese vs. British

They lost

Q. Background to Battle of Swally ?

1609- Entry of William Hawkins
Came with 250000 gold coins, personal letter from king
James addressed to Jahangir
Couldn’t convince Jahangir
Sept 1612 -
squadron of 16
By 1612- Many EIC Voyages came to India
Portuguese barks
10th Voyage led by Captain Thomas Best
sailed into Surat
Sept 1612- Entry @ Surat, wanted to get Jehangir’s
permission
Not liked by Gujarat governor- hence he captured many
Englishmen
 British Conquest- Portuguese
English

Portuguese Gujarat Governor – Sardar Khan

The Battle continues between

September to December 1612
January 1613, Captain Best
received a letter from the
Emperor Jehangir

- Jahangir – Realised Importance of

Swally
- Gave permission to EIC to set up
permanent base @ Surat-1613
 British Conquest- Expansion
Phase – II Expansion Of British Trade in India (1612 to 1662)

1611- Swally

1611- 1st factory in S. India Masulipatnam Jahangir (1605-28)

1612 - James I sends Sir Thomas roe

Able to get trading rights in all parts of Mughal empire

1625 British vs. Mughal conflict @ surat.

EIC – Punished by Mughals

EIC Now Shifted focus on S. India

 British Conquest- Expansion
- Shah Jahan (1628-58)
- Expansion of Mughals
1632 Onwards - End of Portuguese in Bengal
S. India focus.
Golconda The trade for annual
payment of 500 pagoda

1639 - Got Madras on lease Francis Day

- Local king of chandragiri
- Creation of fort St. George. (1st Fort)

1651
- Got Hugli @ Bengal (Sultan Shuja)

1658 - Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Coromandel

coast under fort St. George
1662 - Dowry Gift of Bombay from Portuguese
transferred to EIC in 1668.
 French Entry

Phase III – The Entry of French in India & new Chapter of Anglo-French rivalry
- Aurangzeb
(1658-1707)
1664 Colbert (Minister Of French king Louis 14th)

1667 Surat – Francis caron

1669 Masulipatnam

1672-1674 Expansion Phase

1673 Francios Martin – Estabcishes Pundicherry

1674 Got A site in Bengal

 Anglo-French Rivalry- Origin
Q. 1690 onward struggle for supremacy between - Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
French & English - Iron Hand policy
- 1690 – Came to known about British
Map EIC Base – French rivalry
- Punished both of them.
- Surat French Bases
- Madras Pondicherry
- Masulipanam Trading Posts @ Surat,
- Bengal Masulipatnam
- Conflict of interest
1690

- British - French
- Sutanati – Job - Town of
Chavnock fort Chandranagore
William @ Bengal

Fighiting Started
 Anglo-French Rivalry- Origin

1690-1707 Passive period because of Aurangzeb Map

1707 Onwards – Death of Aurangzeb

Political Declaration

Later Mughals Marathas European

– Regional Expansion supremacy
Kingdoms Phase

Foundation for British

1717 Farruk siyars farmaan – Advantage for the British

 Anglo-French Rivalry- Origin

Map
Phase IV – (1720-1740) - Sphere of influence
- Period of Regional Kingdom
- French vs. British

- Lord Dupleix – 1 & only goal expansion of

1742 French in India
- EIC - ?
Start of Carnatic wars

I won’t
allow that
 Carnatic Wars
Carnatic Region ?
- Subah of Mughals
- Part of Nizam’s Area
- Coromandel coast area
Phase V Carnatic wars (1740- 1763)
- Become Independent under
Nawab
3 wars

1. 1744-48 2. 1749-54 3. 1756-63

Q. Type of Questions

- Names
- Timeline
- Location
- Treaties
- Battles
 Carnatic Wars

Map
1st Carnatic wars (1744-48)
Reason – Economic Conflict
- Austria – war of succession

Prussia

- Initially no impact on India

- By 1746 British navy official Barnet seized French ships @ TN
Coast
- Duplex seeking help from Maurititus (La Bourdonnais)
- Madras Captured, Robert chive – prisoner
- EIC – Help from Carnatic Nawab – Anawaruddin
- Anawaruddin – Ordered French & British to maintain normalcy
Battle of st. thome(1746)- French Victory took place
- How?
 Carnatic Wars

1st Carnatic war

Battle of st. Thome

French vs. Carnatic

- Capt. paradise - Mahfuzkhan

- 230 Europeans 700 - 1000+ Soldiers
Indians - Still lost
- Discipline of
Europeans

Treaty of Aix La Chappelle (1748)

- Madras given back to British

- Quebec (Louisburg) to French in Canada.
- Dupleix superior skills, British Weakness
- Decided not to fight but hostilities started by 1749
 Carnatic Wars

2nd Carnatic war (1749-54)

Why? - Proxy fight

Hyderabad Carnatic
- Origin – Subah of Mughals - Nawad Annaruddin
Challenged by Chanda
- After 1724 Asaf jah - Part of Hyderabad,
sahib (S|L of 1st nawab
established himself as Became free
Dost ali)
Nizam-ul-mulk.
- Died in 1748
War of succession

Nasir jung Muzzafar

(1748-50) jung
 Carnatic Wars

Carnatic
2nd Carnatic war- 2 Proxy Wars

Hyderabad EIC Anawaruddin Chanosahib French

Killed in 1749 Became Nawab In 1751

EIC Nasir Jung French (Battle of Ambur)
Muzaffar Jung
Support Support
Killed in 1750
- Became Nizam
- French
Rewarded
- Northern circars
- Bussy stationed

By 1751 – Duplex – 1& only person. …….

But by end of 1751, situation changed. ……
 Carnatic Wars

2nd Carnatic war

1751- Entry of Robert Clive (Failed in 1st war)

Carnatic
Supported by
French Chandasahib Mohammed Ali Clive
Son of
Ananaruddin

Hyderabad
1751-52 1751- Muzzafar Jung Killed
- Bussy becomes strong
- Siege of arcot by Clive - 1754 Godeheu replaces duplex
- Chandasahib killed - 1755- provisionar treaty signed @
- Stringer lawrence role. pondicherry
- Duplex Defeated
 Carnatic Wars

- (1757) Battle of plassey EIC won

3rd Carnatic war (1757-63)
Bengal
- (1758) Recalling of bussy vaccum
in Hyderabad
- Why – 7 years war in north America
- EIC signing treaty with nizam
- Impact on India
Sacabat Jung
- 1758 – Count De Lally sent to India
- (1759) Defeat of Dutch @
Bedarea
- Arrogant

- Captured st. david

- Tried over madras but failed
- Because of financial issues
- Also recalled bussy from Hyderabad
 Carnatic Wars

3rd Carnatic war (1757-63)

22 Jan 1760 – Battle of vandvasi (Wandiwash)

British French

- Gen. Eyre coot Lally & Bussy – Seek help from Mysore(Hyder Ali)
- 26 Jan 1761
- For of Poundicherry - Got defeated
- Mahe & jingle - Taken as Prisoners
Surrenders.
Treaty of Paris
1763 Treaty of Paris
- End of 7 years war
- Pondicherry given to French
End of the French - No Fortification
- Lally jailed, released, went
1954 left Pondicherry- UT in 1962
to France
- Got executed
 Carnatic Wars
Q. Why the French lost in India?

Monarchy EIC Financial Trouble Rules of British Conquest

- French Co @ loss duplex @ Plassey &
France Co.
- Over Ambitious - Put Co. Bedara (1757)
- Govt Co.
- Too Much wars - System of Gout (1759)
- Bureaucracy
- Opening of - Autonomy
- Centralization
Different fronts

Q. Impact of French Rule in India ?

 British Conquest- Dutch

Phase 6 – The British Conquest over Dutch

1596 Entry of Cornelius Houtman

1602 - Dutch East India Co. formed

- Fough against Portuguese in malay peninsula

1606 - 1st factory @ Masolipatnam

- 2nd Factory @ Nizampatnam
1610 - H Q @ Pulicst, Gold coins – Pagoda.
- Expansion @ Surat, Bharuch, Ahemdabad, Cambay

1623 - Aboyna Fight @ Indonesia

1690 - Shifiting Capital @ Nagapatnam

- Remained Passive t
1759 - Bedara battle @ Bengal
- Lost against British
- Focused on SE Asia
 British Conquest- Dutch
- Shifted to Nagapatnam
1690 - Dutch Factories:
- Factores - Mughals- Aurangzeb
- Cartel System - EIC Trading posts
- Textile trade - French vs. British (1690
- 1st Co. to issue Shar

- Bedara battle @ Bengal

By 1759
- Lost against British
- Focused on SE Asia

Q. Why the Battle of Bedara took place?

 British Conquest- Dutch

25 Nov, 1759- Battle of Bedara (Chinsurah)

- Also known as Battle of Hoogly

- EIC- Conquest @ Plassey

British Fighting against French - Mir Jafar was made puppet
during this time - He invited the Dutch to Bengal

Colonel Francis Forde, defeated the Dutch,

forcing them to withdraw
 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
Q. How the British conquest took place?
केक कटे गा सबमे ऐसा कैसे
बाटे गा

Europeans Princely states

Later Mughals Deccan Awadh Sikh Mysore Marathas

Others (Delhi)
Portuguese Dutch French
कभी नही ीं

1612 1759 1760

THANK YOU
COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

British Conquest- Bengal & Mysore

Presented by Pratik Nayak

ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6 YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT
 UNDERSTANDING THEMATICALLY
1192

Delhi Entry of Europeans

1526 Sultanate
Establishment of Empire

1707 Mughals

The rise of the Struggle for

Marathas European Feudal States
1761 (1628-58, 1707-1761) Supremacy

The British
Conquest of India
1857 Political Integration

Indian Response Age of

1900 Revolts & Enlightenment

1947 Freedom Struggle

2019 We the People of India Indian Nation

 Entry of Europeans
I am the
Jahanpanah

1605 onwards Period of Mughal Consolidation & Conquest

Expansion of Mughal Empire

Mercantilism Phase
Submission of European
Regional States
जहााँपनाह
ऐसा कैसे तुसी ग्रेट
हो... Portuguese- 1498
Onwards
Dutch – 1605
English- 1608
 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
Q. How the British conquest took place?
केक कटे गा सबमे ऐसा कैसे
बाटे गा

Europeans Princely states

Later Mughals Deccan Awadh Sikh Mysore Marathas

Others (Delhi)
Portuguese Dutch French
कभी नही ीं

1612 1759 1760

 British Conquest

1690-1707 Passive period because of Aurangzeb

1707 Onwards – Death of Aurangzeb

Political Declaration

Later Mughals Marathas European

– Regional Expansion supremacy
Kingdoms Phase

Foundation for British

1717 Farruk siyars farmaan – Advantage for the British

 British Conquest

Q. How the rise of princely states took place?

- Mughal Empire – Weak by 1707

18th Century political fragmentation

- Later Mughals very weak

- Hence emergence of regional kingdoms

Successor Independent New states

states
- Marathas - Mysore
Originally part - Sikhs - Kerala
of Mughal - Afghans - Rajput
- Hyderabad
- Carnatic
- Bengal
- Awadh
 British Conquest

British Conquest of India

Conspiracy or coincidence ?

Europeans Princely States

1. Bengal (1757-1764) – (Awadh)
2. Mysore (1766-1799)
3. Marathas (1775-1818)
4. Gurkha-Nepal (1816)
5. Assam-Burma (1824-26)
6. Sindh-Punjab (1844-48)
(1836-42)
 British Conquest- Bengal
- The British conquest of Bengal (1650-1717) Map
Phase I - Origin of Bengal – Captured by Shuja 1631-
Drove out Portuguese
(S/O Shahjahan) Made Subahdar

Shuja Gave permission to EIC, trade permits

1631-1651 ₹3000/ Year – Shuja gave free trade in Bengal, Bihar &
Odissa.
Why so  Mr. Boughton role (British Official)

1690 - Establishment of fort William (Sutanati) by jobcharnock

- 1690 Frenchbase @ chandranager
- Conflict started
- Aurangzeb intervenes. (English & French got punished)

1698
- Establishment of factories @ Kasimbazar, Patna
 British Conquest- Bengal
1707 Onwards Death of Aurangzeb –
-Murshid Qulikhan appointed as Governor of Bengal Map
- Becomes Free
- Establishes control
- Dynasty comes up (Role of 1717 Farmaan-)
1. Murshid Qulikhan
2. Shuja ud din
3. Sarfaraz khan 1717-1756
4. Alvar di khan April 1756 death
5. Siraj ud daula

1717 Farruk Siyars

Farmaan
EIC
- Trade permits (Dastak)
+ve for EIC Murshid Quli khan made Nawab - Coins, Fortifying
Hence Dynasty Becomes strong - Put trade by officials
- Farman- Source of conflict
1717-1756 between Bengal & EIC
- Carnatic wars Against French - Subahdar will be called
- Fortified fort William nawabs.
- Got strong because of farmaan. - Hence Enlarged post
 British Conquest- Bengal
Q. Role of Murshid Qulikhan-
Development of Bengal (1717-1756)

Murshidabad
Geography
Natural Wealth
Textiles
Handicraft

Q. British-French fight in Bengal (1750 onwards)

Q. Why Bengal ?
 British Conquest- Bengal

Between 1717-1756- Different Nawabs

1756 - Onwards

- Siraj ud daula comes to power-Murshidabad

(Grand son of Alavardi)
- Siraj vs. 2 others

Shaukat Jung Ghaseti Begum Supported by British

(Faujdar) (Daughter of alavardi)
@ Dacca

- Siraj – Conspiracy going on

- 17 June 1756 – Attacked fort William Sieze of Calcutta.

- Capturing of prisoners (20 June 1756)
- The black hole tragedy (Myth/Reality)
- Nawab Goes back to Murshidabad
- Calcutta charged under Manikchand
- Renamed as Alinagar
 British Conquest- Bengal

1756 June Onwards

- Message reached Madras (St George)

- Clive given task for Bengal
- Dec. 1756 – Reached Calcutta Bribed Manikchand
- Feb. 1757 – Treaty of Alinagar
- Restoring old privileges
- Fortifying Allowed
- Compensation given to EIC
Feb. 1757 – Conspiracy – All acted as traitors

Manikchand Mir Jafar Jagat Seth Rai Durlabh Amirchand

(Mir Bakshi) (Banker) (Merchant)
Official
 British Conquest- Bengal

March 1757 EIC Offensive

French Bengal

23 June 1757 Battle of Plassey

EIC Nawab
- Robert Clive - Siraj ud daula
- Minimum Soldlers - Army chief
- 3000 Total Mir Jafar Sent Nawab back to Murshidabad
- Clive killed the loyal - 5000+ army
officials - Mir Madan & Mohanlal
Fought Bravely
Nawab Got Killed by Mir
Miran.
 British Conquest- Bengal

Q. The Battle of Plassey?

- It was never Fought

EIC – 65 lost.
Nawab – 500 lost.
- Treason won over military superiority.
- EIC – Became kingmakers – Mir jafar was made Nawab.
- Defeated Dutch @ Bedara (1759)
 British Conquest- Bengal

Mir Jafar (June 1757- Oct. 1760) Map

- Was installed as Nawab by Clive

- Hence – Role of Clive’s jackal
- Initially not accepted by local zamindars
- 6000 army of EIC to help Jafar
- EIC Plunder started - ₹ 8 lakh in silver coins
- Zamindari rights given - ₹ 5- 6 lakh/ year
- By 1760 – Mir Jafar – Debt. ₹ 25 lakhs.
- Jafar removed on the pretext of anti British Activities.
- (Battle of Bedara-Dutch Nov 1759)
Sep 1760

- Mir Qasim was made Nawab by EIC

Oct 1760 Mir Jafar not liking this

Thought of revolting against EIC
Was made to surrender after a gherao by the EIC
After this Mir Qasim was made Nawab
 British Conquest- Bengal

Oct 1760

- Mir Qasim became nawab (Already a faijdar)

- Territories Ceded to EIC Burdwan, Midnapore, Burdwan
- ½ Share in Slyhet.
- Bribe given to EIC officials ₹ 29 lakhs.

Reform Phase (1760-63)

- Shifting capital of (Murshidabad to Monghyr)

- Admin reforms
- Army modernize
- Financial reforms
- Stopped Dastak given to EIC
 British Conquest- Bengal

Map
By 1763 – Hostilities increased
- Mir Qasim escaped to Awadh | Replaced by Mir Jafar died shortly –
Replaced by Nasim-Ud-Daula (Last Nawab)
- Looked for help
- Organized confideracy – 22 Oct 1764 @ Buxar
- Mr Qasim + Shuja-Ud-Daula(Awadh) Vs. EIC – major Munro
+ Shah Alam II(Mughal Emporer)
- 6000 + soldiers vs. 7000 soldiers – Military
superiority

- Buxar confirmed Plassey

- Post Buxar – Bengal made the way for British conquest of India.
 British Conquest- Bengal

Q. Battle of Buxar- Significance ?

 British Conquest- Bengal

- Allahabad given to him

Q. Out come of Buxar
- Lived in fort for 6 years (prisoner of
- EIC – overload, defeated 3 states Treaty of Alllahabad(1765)
EIC)
Bengal – Awadh – Mughal Emporer
- Diwani rights issues
- Clive made governor
- Dyarchy/ Dual Gout. Bengal Odissa
Bihar
- Najim ud daula – Admin
- Clive – Revenue, defence foreign affairs
- Dyarchy Nawab - Judicial & Revenue rights.

- Appointed by EIC Naib Nawab

- Power W|O responsibility
- War indemnity ₹ 50 lakhs
- EIC – Security to Nawab
- Buffer state
- Nawab to pay for protection from EIC
- Allahabad given to EIC as zamindari rights- Passed on
to local feudal lords
 British Conquest- Bengal

Q. Dual System (1764-1773)

Allahabad Treaty

Diwani rights Revenue collection to EIC

Nawab
Q. Impact of Dual system
Nizamat Rights
- Administrative Breakdown
- Agricultural decline
- Trade & commerce decline
- Defence, law & - Industrial & artisan loss
order, justice - Moral degradation.
- But Nawab
(Nizam ud daula)

Real Niab
Ruler Nawab
British Conquest- Mysore
 British Conquest- Mysore

British conquest of Mysore

- Origin – Mysore ruled by Wadeyar dynasty

Chika Krishna Raj (1731-34)

Nanji Raj Dev Raj

(Revenue) (Army)

- 1721 – Hyder ali birth, became Millitary head of Mysore by 1760.

- 1761-63 – Hyder ali conquered many areas subjugated poligars
- Constant Maratha raid 1764-66
- Conflict with Nizam over terrtories
- Also with Carnatic Nawab (Arcot)
British Conquest- Mysore

Deccan Quadrangular conflict

EIC

Marathas My French

Nizam

EIC – Success in Bengal Went to challenge hyder ali.

 British Conquest- Mysore

Anglo – Mysore wars (1766-1799) Q. Why ????

1. 1766 – 1769
2. 1780 – 1784
3. 1790 – 1792
4. 1799.

- How ?
- Who ?
- Why ?
 British Conquest- Mysore

Map
1st Anglo- Mysore war (1766-1769)

How? – EIC treaty with Nizam(1760)

Went to Marathas

Carnatic already on side

3 side attack Vs. Hyder Ali

- Use of Diplomacy – brought Marathas & Nizam on side
- April 1769 – Hyder reached Madras- forceful & humiliating treaty for EIC.

Treaty of Madras
- Giving back territories
- Defensive alliance
- Help each other in case of attack.
 British Conquest- Mysore

Map
Period between 1770 to 1780

1771 - Marathas rated Mysore

- Haider asked for help from EIC
- EIC didn’t came to rescue
- Haider looked for French support
- Modernised army ,Mahe port.

1775 - Maratha vs. EIC 1st war

1776 - American resolution (French support to americans)

By 1780 - Warren Hastings captured Mahe.

- Mahe important for Mysore & French
- Hyder Ali’s supplies and trade dependent on Mahe
 British Conquest- Mysore
These Hostilities resulted into war Map
By July 1780 - 2nd Carnatic war
- Haridar attack on Arcot

1781 - Got Defeated @ Porto Novo

1782 - Haider recovered, back areas

- Dec. 1782, Haider passed away Tipu comes to power

March 1784 - Treaty of Mangalore

- Peace & Status Quo.
 British Conquest- Mysore

Period From 1780-1790

- Pitts India Act, 1784

- Cornwallis came to power
Tipu – Help from
- American revolution – British defeat
turkey(1785) &
- Cornwallis Anti- Tipu Alliance
French (1787)

Marathas Nizam

By 1790 - Tipu differences with Travancore state emerged.

April 1790 - Attack on Travancore by Tipu

- Travancore sought EIC help.
 British Conquest- Mysore

Map
3rd Anglo – Mysore war

- 1790-1792
- 3 Alliance
EIC + Marathas + Nizam vs. Tipu

Lost @ Seringapatam

March 1792 - Treaty of Seringpatnam

- Half Territory to be ceded to 3 alliance
- War Indemnity ₹ 3 crore
- Children Taken into custody by Cornwallis
- Defeated & Humiliated.
 British Conquest- Mysore

Map
Period From 1792-1799 & 4th Mysore war
4th Anglo Mysore war May 1799 –
- Peace period Fall of Seringpatanam
- Gov. General John Shore (1793-98) - Tipu Died.
- By 1798 Lord Wellesley came to India. - Territories divided
- Wadeyar Dynasty reinstalled

- Sent letter to Tipu

- Subsidiary alliance
- Charges of sending embassies to Afghanisthan, Turkey, French (Anti-British
Alliance)

- Wellsesley Asked Tipu for submission

- Tipu – It’s better to Clive one day as lion, rather than living whole life as Bakri
 Q. Tipu as a ruler ?

Introduced new calendar, coins, weight & measures

Improvisation in field of agriculture, trade & Commerce

Abonded the custom of giving Jagirs

Reduced the power of polygars

Organising & training army on European lines

Supported the French in setting up Jacobin Clubs

Plantation of Tree of Liberty @ Serringpatnam

Grant of funds for the repair of Sringeri Temple and installation of the image of Godess Sharda
THANK YOU
COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

British Conquest- Bengal & Mysore

Presented by Pratik Nayak

ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6 YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT
 UNDERSTANDING THEMATICALLY
1192

Delhi Entry of Europeans

1526 Sultanate
Establishment of Empire

1707 Mughals

The rise of the Struggle for

Marathas European Feudal States
1761 (1628-58, 1707-1761) Supremacy

The British
Conquest of India
1857 Political Integration

Indian Response Age of

1900 Revolts & Enlightenment

1947 Freedom Struggle

2019 We the People of India Indian Nation

 Entry of Europeans
I am the
Jahanpanah

1605 onwards Period of Mughal Consolidation & Conquest

Expansion of Mughal Empire

Mercantilism Phase
Submission of European
Regional States
जहााँपनाह
ऐसा कैसे तुसी ग्रेट
हो... Portuguese- 1498
Onwards
Dutch – 1605
English- 1608
 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
Q. How the British conquest took place?
केक कटे गा सबमे ऐसा कैसे
बाटे गा

Europeans Princely states

Later Mughals Deccan Awadh Sikh Mysore Marathas

Others (Delhi)
Portuguese Dutch French
कभी नही ीं

1612 1759 1760

 British Conquest

Q. How the rise of princely states took place?

- Mughal Empire – Weak by 1707

18th Century political fragmentation

- Later Mughals very weak

- Hence emergence of regional kingdoms

Successor Independent New states

states
- Marathas - Mysore
Originally part - Sikhs - Kerala
of Mughal - Afghans - Rajput
- Hyderabad
- Carnatic
- Bengal
- Awadh
 British Conquest

British Conquest of India

Conspiracy or coincidence ?

Europeans Princely States

1. Bengal (1757-1764) – (Awadh)
2. Mysore (1766-1799)
3. Marathas (1775-1818)
4. Gurkha-Nepal (1816)
5. Assam-Burma (1824-26)
6. Sindh-Punjab (1844-48)
(1836-42)
British Conquest- Mysore
 British Conquest- Mysore

British conquest of Mysore

- Origin – Mysore ruled by Wadeyar dynasty

Chika Krishna Raj (1731-34)

Nanji Raj Dev Raj

(Revenue) (Army)

- 1721 – Hyder ali birth, became Millitary head of Mysore by 1760.

- 1761-63 – Hyder ali conquered many areas subjugated poligars
- Constant Maratha raid 1764-66
- Conflict with Nizam over terrtories
- Also with Carnatic Nawab (Arcot)
British Conquest- Mysore

Deccan Quadrangular conflict

EIC

Marathas My French

Nizam

EIC – Success in Bengal Went to challenge hyder ali.

 British Conquest- Mysore

Anglo – Mysore wars (1766-1799) Q. Why ????

1. 1766 – 1769
2. 1780 – 1784
3. 1790 – 1792
4. 1799.

- How ?
- Who ?
- Why ?
 British Conquest- Mysore

Map
1st Anglo- Mysore war (1766-1769)

How? – EIC treaty with Nizam(1760)

Went to Marathas

Carnatic already on side

3 side attack Vs. Hyder Ali

- Use of Diplomacy – brought Marathas & Nizam on side
- April 1769 – Hyder reached Madras- forceful & humiliating treaty for EIC.

Treaty of Madras
- Giving back territories
- Defensive alliance
- Help each other in case of attack.
 British Conquest- Mysore

Map
Period between 1770 to 1780

1771 - Marathas rated Mysore

- Haider asked for help from EIC
- EIC didn’t came to rescue
- Haider looked for French support
- Modernised army ,Mahe port.

1775 - Maratha vs. EIC 1st war

1776 - American resolution (French support to americans)

By 1780 - Warren Hastings captured Mahe.

- Mahe important for Mysore & French
- Hyder Ali’s supplies and trade dependent on Mahe
 British Conquest- Mysore
These Hostilities resulted into war Map
By July 1780 - 2nd Carnatic war
- Haridar attack on Arcot

1781 - Got Defeated @ Porto Novo

1782 - Haider recovered, back areas

- Dec. 1782, Haider passed away Tipu comes to power

March 1784 - Treaty of Mangalore

- Peace & Status Quo.
 British Conquest- Mysore

Period From 1780-1790

- Pitts India Act, 1784

- Cornwallis came to power
Tipu – Help from
- American revolution – British defeat
turkey(1785) &
- Cornwallis Anti- Tipu Alliance
French (1787)

Marathas Nizam

By 1790 - Tipu differences with Travancore state emerged.

April 1790 - Attack on Travancore by Tipu

- Travancore sought EIC help.
 British Conquest- Mysore

Map
3rd Anglo – Mysore war

- 1790-1792
- 3 Alliance
EIC + Marathas + Nizam vs. Tipu

Lost @ Seringapatam

March 1792 - Treaty of Seringpatnam

- Half Territory to be ceded to 3 alliance
- War Indemnity ₹ 3 crore
- Children Taken into custody by Cornwallis
- Defeated & Humiliated.
 British Conquest- Mysore

Map
Period From 1792-1799 & 4th Mysore war
4th Anglo Mysore war May 1799 –
- Peace period Fall of Seringpatanam
- Gov. General John Shore (1793-98) - Tipu Died.
- By 1798 Lord Wellesley came to India. - Territories divided
- Wadeyar Dynasty reinstalled

- Sent letter to Tipu

- Subsidiary alliance
- Charges of sending embassies to Afghanisthan, Turkey, French (Anti-British
Alliance)

- Wellsesley Asked Tipu for submission

- Tipu – It’s better to Clive one day as lion, rather than living whole life as Bakri
British Conquest- Mysore
 British Conquest- Mysore
Q. Tipu as a ruler ?

Introduced new calendar, coins, weight & measures

Improvisation in field of agriculture, trade & Commerce

Abonded the custom of giving Jagirs

Reduced the power of polygars

Organising & training army on European lines

Supported the French in setting up Jacobin Clubs

Plantation of Tree of Liberty @ Serringpatnam

Grant of funds for the repair of Sringeri Temple and installation of the image of Godess Sharda
Previous Years Questions
CS Prelims
QUESTION UPSC PRE 2012
Q. Consider the following
1. Assessment of land revenue on the basis of nature of the soil
and the quality of crops.
2. Use of mobile canons in warfare.
3. Cultivation of tobacco and red chillies.
Which of the above was/were introduced into India by the English?
a. 1 Only
b. 1 and 2
c. 2 and 3
d. None of the above
QUESTION UPSC PRE 2008
Q. During the time of which Mughal emperor did the East India Company
establish its first factory in India?

a. Akbar

b. Jahangir

C. Shahjahan

D. Aurangzeb
QUESTION UPSC PRE 2007
Q. Which one of the following was the first fort constructed
by the British in India?
a. Fort William
b. Fort St. George
C. Fort St. David
D. Fort St. Angelo
QUESTION UPSC PRE 2006
Q. In the year 1613, where was the East India Company
given permission to set up a factory (trading post) ?
a. Bangalore
b. Madras
C. Masulipatnam
D. Surat
QUESTION UPSC PRE 2010
Q. With reference to the Pondicherry (Puducherry), consider
the following statements
1. The first European power to occupy Pondicherry were the Portuguese
2. The second European power to occupy Pondicherry were the French
3. The English never occupied Pondicherry
Which of the following statement(s) given above is/are correct?

a. Only 1
b. 2 and 3
c. Only 3
d. 1,2 and 3
QUESTION UPSC PRE 2003
Q. With reference to the entry of European powers into
India, which one of the following statements is not correct?
a. The Portuguese captured Goa in 1499
b. The English opened their first factory in South India at Masulipatnam
c. In Eastern India, the English Company opened its first factory
in Orissa in 1663
d.Under the leadership of Dupleix, the French occupied Madras in
1746
Mains Questions
Question- Answer

1. Intro
2. Masala
3. Conclusion

4. Suffixes in Questions
Give an account
Comment Trace
Critically Analyse
Review
Highlight
Evaluate Illustrate with examples
Examine Give your Views
Describe Discuss
Determine
Evaluate
Do you agree
Elaborate
Explain
Q. 1 Clarify that mid eighteenth century India was going
through a fragmented Polity ?

Q. 2 What were factors were responsible behind the

entry of Europeans in India? Discuss.

Q. 3 The weak nature of later Mughal polity paved the

way for the British conquest of India. Do you agree ?

Q. 4 The struggle for European supremacy over India,

resulted into the Carnatic wars. Analyse the reasons
and the outcome of the Carnatic wars.
THANK YOU
COMPREHENSIVE COURSE ON MODERN INDIAN HISTORY

British Conquest- Marathas

Presented by Pratik Nayak

ABOUT ME
● NATIONALLY RECOGNISED
● TEACHING FOR UPSC CIVIL
SERVICES SINCE LAST 6
YEARS
● TAUGHT MORE THAN 10000
STUDENTS AT VARIOUS
INSTITUTES
● GPSC CLEARED, WORKED AT
GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT
 UNDERSTANDING THEMATICALLY
1192

Delhi Entry of Europeans

1526 Sultanate
Establishment of Empire

1707 Mughals

The rise of the Struggle for

Marathas European Feudal States
1761 (1628-58, 1707-1761) Supremacy

The British
Conquest of India
1857 Political Integration

Indian Response Age of

1900 Revolts & Enlightenment

1947 Freedom Struggle

2019 We the People of India Indian Nation

 Entry of Europeans
I am the
Jahanpanah

1605 onwards Period of Mughal Consolidation & Conquest

Expansion of Mughal Empire

Mercantilism Phase
Submission of European
Regional States
जहााँपनाह
ऐसा कैसे तुसी ग्रेट
हो... Portuguese- 1498
Onwards
Dutch – 1605
English- 1608
 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY
Q. How the British conquest took place?
केक कटे गा सबमे ऐसा कैसे
बाटे गा

Europeans Princely states

Later Mughals Deccan Awadh Sikh Mysore Marathas

Others (Delhi)
Portuguese Dutch French
कभी नही ीं

1612 1759 1760

 British Conquest

Q. How the rise of princely states took place?

- Mughal Empire – Weak by 1707

18th Century political fragmentation

- Later Mughals very weak

- Hence emergence of regional kingdoms

Successor Independent New states

states
- Marathas - Mysore
Originally part - Sikhs - Kerala
of Mughal - Afghans - Rajput
- Hyderabad
- Carnatic
- Bengal
- Awadh
 British Conquest

British Conquest of India

Conspiracy or coincidence ?

Europeans Princely States

1. Bengal (1757-1764) – (Awadh)
2. Mysore (1766-1799)
3. Marathas (1775-1818)
4. Gurkha-Nepal (1816)
5. Assam-Burma (1824-26)
6. Sindh-Punjab (1844-48)
(1836-42)
 British Conquest -Marathas

The Rise Of Marathas

Map

- Who were they?

- When they came to power?
- Factors for unification
- Phases of Growth
Mughals EIC

16th Century 17th Century 18th Century

Scattered Unification Conflict

Sardars
 British Conquest -Marathas

Phase I 10th Century Map

- Delhi Sultanate ( Lodhi)

- Origin – Who were the Marathas?
- Deccani Sultanate shahi total 5
- Historical Mention @ Albiruini
states
@ Ibnbatuta

Khandoba
Adil Shahi Nizam Shahi
- Totemic Chief Dieties Blipur Ahemdnagar
Bhavani

- Marathas made Jagirdars (sardar) –

Rise of Different Sardar Called himself Raja

Bhonsale Jadhav Nimbakkar More Jadhav

Mane Shirke Mahadik Mohite
Feudal lords of Bahmani sultans & Deccani sultanate
British Conquest

Map

- Delhi Sultanate ( Lodhi)

- Deccani Sultanate shahi total 5
states

Adil Shahi Nizam Shahi

Blipur Ahemdnagar

- Marathas made Jagirdars (sardar) –

Called himself Raja
 British Conquest -Marathas

Major Marathas Sardar

- Jadhav (Sindkhed) - Bhonsale (Verul)

- Nimbalkar (Phaltan) - Ghorpade (Mudhol)
- All were sworn enemies of each other.
- Jijabai (Shivaji’s Mother was from Sindkhed)

Q. How Bhosale came to power ?

Babaji

Maloji Bros Vithoji

- Both served under Nizamsah (Ahemdnagar)

- Attack on Nizam Shahi by Mughals
- Both helped malik Amber (cm of NizamShahi)
- Maloji & Vithoji Both given Jagir near pune
 British Conquest -Marathas

Later on after death of Maloji

Son

Was Looked by Vithoji - Shahuji came to power - Fought Against

(1599-1664) Mughals
- Got married to Jijabai - Served Bijapur &
(Phaltan) Ahmednagar
- Shivaji’s birth(1630) Both
@ Shivner

Q. Shivaji’s Birth, Unification, Conflict with Mughals?

- Shahjahan

Deccan Bengal

Aurangazeb Shuja
 British Conquest -Marathas

Q. Shivaji’s Birth, Unification, Conflict with Mughals?

1637 Inherited Poona

1647 Death of Guardian Dadaji Kondadeo.

Assumed full charge
Capture raigarh, Kondana, Toma, Khandesh, Malva Region.
Building of Forts
1657
- Fought Against Afzal khan sent by Adil Shahis.

- Shahjahan

- EIC – Chill Mode

Deccan Bengal - By 1660 –
Aurangzeb sent
Aurangazeb Shuja shaista khan
 British Conquest -Marathas

Shivaji vs. Aurangzeb

1660 to 1663
1664 Surat plundered ahmednagar

1665 - Mansabdar Jai singh sent by Aurangzeb

- Attack on purandhar
- Finally treaty of Purandhar
- Shivaji to surrender 23/35 forts
- Sambhaji given mansab of 5000
- Recognised as ruler of deccan

1665-1670 - Called by Aurangzeb to Agra

- Captured by Him - EIC forts
- Escaped from there - French entry
- Remained silent, got strong
 British Conquest -Marathas

1670-1680 Renewing of conflict

1670 Surat plundured

By 1674 Recaptured all territories & forts

Coronation @ Raigarh - Chatrapati

By 1680 - Death
- Political vaccum
- Sambaji comes to power
- End of Phase I
- Before we proceed, let’s understand
Shivaji as a ruler.
 British Conquest -Marathas
Q. Shivaji’s role in the formation of Maratha State

Q. Shivaji(1630-1680)

- Political unifier - Geography - Bhakti Saints - Economy - Marathas Valour

- Misrule of - Forts (Durga) - Tukaram - Land revenue - Guirella warfare
Deccani - Ramdas - Gold coins
sultans

Conducive atmoshpere

- Revenue administration – state/ swarajya Tax not connected on these land

- Reducing power of traditional
Official (subahdar karkun)
Prants Prants
- Deshmukh - Patil
- Deshpande - Kulkarni
 British Conquest -Marathas
Q. Shivaj’s Administration ?

- Revenue Types Military

Chauth Sardeshmukhi - Sar-E-Nauhat - Mavali – Foot

- (¼) to be paid so - Additional 10% on land which - Panch Halari officials - Barig - Lavacry & Silhadar
as to avoid raid. was herditery claimed by the - Naik - Navy
Marathas - Qilhadar (Fort incharge)
(But now part of Mughals)

Central Administration

Ashta Pradhan (8)

Peshwa Sar-E-Naubat Majumdar Waqenavis Sachiv/ Chitnis Dabir Nyaydhis Pandit rao
- Finance - Military - Revenue A|c - Intelligence - Corres - Ceremony - Justice - Charity
- Admin (Honorary) pondence - Religion
- PM
Post Shivaji- The rise of Peshwa
 British Conquest -Marathas
Phase-2 1680-1707 Shivaji
Shahuji- Jijabai

Rajaram Sambaji
(Wife Tarabai)
Shivaji(1630-80)

Shiva-II
War of Sucession

By 1707
Rajaram (1689-1700) Sambhaji(1680-89)
- Came to power @ - Imprisoned Rajaram
Raigarh - Supported akbar- the son of - Aurangzebs death
- Constantly under Aurangzeb - Shahu Released by
Mughal attack - Got executed - Shah Alam-I(Later Mughals)
- Died @ satara - Son shahu captured by
aurangzeb
By 1700-1707 Political vaccum – Tarabai
Assume power minor son
shivaji- II
- Ruled With the help of
Peshwa
 British Conquest -Marathas

Map
Phase- 3 (1707-1714)

- Rise of Peshwa
- Civil war within Marathas
- Shahu claims power vs. Tarabai reluctant
- 1707 – Battle of Khed
- Shahu occupies satara
- 1714 – Tarabai jailed
- Rajaram-II/ Shivaji-II settled @ Kolhapur
- 2 power centres Weakening of bhonsale dynesty

Satara Kolhapur

- Weakening of later Mughals

- European Supremacy
 British Conquest -Marathas

Phase - 4
The rise of the Peshwa (1713-1761)

1. Balaji Vishvanath (1696, 1707, 1713-1720)

- Konkasastha Brahmin
- Deshmukh Heredity
- Aptd as Subahdar of Poona
- Came to prominence in battle of Khed
- Helped Chatrapati shahu when his senapati deserted him
- Defeated chadrasen jadav
- Diplomacy – Kanoji Angria (Navy)

1713 - Marathas allowed chauth & sardeshmukhi over deccan

- Full possession over Swarajya
- Later Mughals-Conflict
- Farruk siyar (sayyid brother)
- EIC 1717 Farmaan
- Toppled Farruk siyar (sayyid bros conspiracy)
 British Conquest -Marathas

Map
2. Baji rao-1 (1720-1740)

- Appointed @ 19 years
- Real founder - Expansion of empire From Poona to Delhi
- Defeated Nizam (1728)
- Kolhapur – Sambhaji(Warna-1731)
- Gujarat & Malwa(By 1735)
- Budelkhand(1728) (Mohd bangash vs. chatarsal)
- 1737 – Battle of Bhopal - 1733 salsette & bassein (portuguese)

- Rise of Confederacy
- Damji Gaekwad - Malhar Rao Holkar - Peshwa
- Ramoji scindia - Shahu Chatrapati - Raghuji Bhonsale

@ Delhi
- Later Mughals – Rangeela
- Nadir Shah’s invasion (1739) – looting of Delhi
 British Conquest -Marathas

3. Balaji Baji Rao (1740-1761)

- Nanasaheb (Age of 20)

- 1749 Death of shahu(died childless) – Nominated ramrajya(captured by
Nanasaheb)
- Sangola revolution(1750)
- Expanded Maratha power till Delhi

1752

- Treaty with Mughal king Aahmedshah

- Maratha to protect Mughals in case of foreign invasion
- Maratha – Revenue from Agra, Alwar
- Outcome – Any attack on delhi, marathas indirect conflict with Afghans.
- Later Mughals
- European supremacy
- Plassey (1757)
- Bedara (1759) EIC conquest
- Wandiwash (1760)
 British Conquest -Marathas

1761 - Attack on Delhi by Ahmed shah Abdali 3rd Panipat

- Sadashiv Bhauji Rao
- Vishvas Rao Sent to fight
(son of Nanasaheb)

14 Jan. 1761 - Marathas lost both leaders killed

- Shocked Nanasaheb passed away
- Weakening of Peswaship – now Peshwa more
dependent on Maratha sardar
- Advantage for EIC.
 British Conquest -Marathas
Q. Panipat – Causes for Defeat & its significance.
Q. Panipat – Causes for Defeat & its significance.

- Abdali Huge Army

- Lost of Prestige
- Maratha no Food | Famine condition Why? Road to Delhi cut off by Afghans
“On Air” - Humiliating
- Muslim Powers of N.India helped Abdali Marathas alone. (Not helped by Rajputs & - Emotional call
Jats) Sikhs - Recovered delhi in 1772 but
- Jealousy among sardar no discipline, - Role/ Arrogance of Bhauji late….
Cordination
- Weapons, Artillery use by Afghans - Method of Warfare
Post Panipat- The loss of Maratha Pride & Rise of the EIC
 British Conquest -Marathas

Post panipat – Struggle for Peshwaship

Balaji Vishvanath
(1761-1775)
Baji rao-I
Q. Situation leading to Anglo-Maratha war
Raghunath Balaji baji rao (Nana saheb)
Rao

- Very ambitious
- Wanted to become Peshwa Vishvas rao Madhav Rao Narayan Rao
- Hence Raghunath rao – (Died @
Revolted Panipat)1761 - Was made 5th
- Became 4th
- When the wasn’t given Peshwa after Peshwa
Peshwaship death of Nana - Killed by
- Went to Surat in search of help sahib Raghunath rao
- Signed Treaty of Surat,1775 @ - 1772 – Death - His son whose
EIC. got killed by posthumously
Raghunath was made
rao peshwa
- Name madhav
Narayan rao
 British Conquest -Marathas

By 1775

- The struggle for Peshwaship resulted into EIC intervention leading

to Anglo- Maratha wars – 3
1. 1775 – 1782
2. 1803 – 1806
3. 1817 – 1818

- What reasons were responsible behind Anglo- Maratha wars?

- Contemporary times
- Regulating Act(1773)
- Gov. general of Bengal
- Supervisory power
- st
1 Anglo-mysore war(1766-69)
- Anglo-Maratha alliance
 British Conquest -Marathas

1775-1782 1st Anglo-Maratha war

Why? Claim of Raghunath Rao

- For Peshawaship
- Maratha sardar maning madhav Narayan rao as Peshawa.
- Raghunath Rao – Frindship with EIC @ Surat (Bombay Gout)

1775 - Trreaty of Surat

- EIC to help Raghunath Rao – 2500 Soldiers
- Raghunath Rao Salsette & Bassin to
EIC (Also Surat & Bharuch)

Security Deposit (₹ 6 Lakhs)

- Marathas No raid in Bengal & Carnatic
But Problem,
- Regulating Act(1773)
- Warren Hastings disapproved this treaty
- Sent official Lt.Upton to Conlcude A new Treaty @ Purandhar
 British Conquest -Marathas

1st Anglo- Mysore war

1775 - Treaty of Surat - Rejected

1776 - Treaty of Purandhar – Done by Lt. Upton

- Peace Maintain
- Raghunath Rao – Surat
- Poone to give him pension

1779 - Treaty of Wadgaon

- Warren Hastings Not Liked it.
- Not Liked by Bombay & Poone
- Sent Officer Godard from Bengal
- Rejected by them
- In Between EIC Co. Defeated by Poone
- Hence New Treaty
Ahemdabad Bassein

1May 1782 Treaty of Salbai

Capt. Popham Attacked Gavalior
- Scindia got defeated
- Acted as mediator
 British Conquest -Marathas
Treaty Of Salbai (1782)
Map
- Peace | Stability
- Returning of areas
- Salsette, Elephanta – EIC
- Raghunath Rao (Pensioned off)
- Focus on Common Enemy
- From 1782-1803 – 20 Years no war. But Weakening of internal
confederacy
- Nana Phadnis Controlled Madhav Narayan Rao (Peshawa)
(Ring Leader)
- Thought he will rule empire - Committed Suicide in 1795
- 1800 passed away - Baji Rao II Becomes peshwa
(1796-1818) Last one.
1780-84 - 1780-84 2nd Anglo Mysore war
- Joint alliance
 British Conquest -Marathas

By (Around) 1800-1803

1796 - Baji rao I becomes peshwa

- Wanted to regain power
- Struggle within Maratha sardars
- Baji rao –II + Daulat Rao scindia Vs. Yahwant rao Holkar
Lord Wellesley
- 1798 – Came to power
- Tipu defeated (1799)
- Killed Holkar’s Brother defeated - Subsidiary Alliance
Peshwa & scindia. Attacked Pune &
- Baji rao ran away to basin Captured it.
- Seeked help from EIC
- Subsidiary alliance

Dec. 1802 - Subsidiary Alliance Treaty of Bassein

 British Conquest -Marathas
Treaty of Bassein (Dec. 1802)

- Peshwa Help from EIC

Territories worth ₹ 26 Lakhs To be given to EIC (Gujarat, Tapi, Narmada, Tundbhadra)

- Surat given to EIC
- No Foreigners expert English
- Dispute settlement with any state via EIC mediation

- Reaction from Maratha sardars

- Insulting & humiliating for them
- Daulat rao scindia + Raghuji Bhonsale
- War started – Lord Wellesley order

Arthur Wellsley (Deccan) Gener calle (north)

- Defeat of Raghuji Bhonsale - Defeat of scindia
- Dec.1803 – Treaty of Deo - Dec. 1803 – Treaty
Gaon of Surji - Arjangaon

By Dec. 1805 - Holkar made treaty with EIC Treaty of Rajpurghat

- Signed during George barlow
 British Conquest -Marathas
3rd Anglo-Maratha War

Period between 1805-1818- Passive Period-

1805 - Lord Cornwallis

1805 - George Barlow

1808 - Lord Minto - Charter Act of 1813

1813 - Lord Hastings

- Wanted Annexations of Indian territories.

- Market, Raw materials
- Wanted to end Maratha Sardar
May 1816 - Bhonsale were pressurised to sign
subsidiary alliance
- Controlled Pindharis, Hence Maratha foot
soldiers were controlled.
British Conquest -Marathas

Marathas

- Insulted, humiliated, defeated

- Peshwa Baji Rao – II – Thought of
Getting powerful

- Negotiate with Maratha sardars

- Baroda Minister killed by Peshwa minister
(Gangadhar shastri) (Trimbauji)
- British Resident elphinstone intervened
- Peshwa revolted, Leading to 3rd Anglo-
Maratha war.
June 1817 Defeat of Peshwa Poona treaty

Nov. 1817 Defeat of Scindia @ Gwalior

treaty no more pindhari
 British Conquest -Marathas

Final Blow – January 1818

EIC

Peshwa Holkar

- Tried to reassert - 6 Jan. 1818

- 1 Jan. 1818, defeated - Treaty of Mandsaur
@ Bhima Koregaon - Last one to surrender
- Surrendures @ john
Malcom.
- No more Peshwaship & Confederacy abolished
EIC – Appoints Pratap singh @ small kingdom
By 1818 Except Punjab & Sindh All under British empire of satara
- Subsidiary alliance
- Satara 1848 Dalhousie will annex on the
pretext of Doctrine of lapse.
- Nana sahib dislodged
- Will revolt in 1857.
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