M o il .

r-W'lct = ~ 6. * VoMo.J..rl_,

Co,+-1'.X. N ~ kM
~ ~ f hwi .x. +•""(j 1 ~ .:u,,,,,/ Q
A ~ ~ 2. tN-

oJv.. 4u..J hA .J ..M ~ OJ)d A. -= Jl-v .

; z_ ~ c.' ~ ~ ~ ~ arn/ ~ ~ C.
1
o/ ft;-,_ ~(i'nQ po9,/-

Tk_ ~ t ~ i}'._ +..i G ~ ,)(_,--1 d tW-- s CMo/ ti} he....

~ (1 ~ ~ ~ ~ .
~ri~~,- o,= ~ -r vi. d~ , ~ .x., - J.. ~ , = ~ - -icJ.,
cn J:., -t ..:.
.x.., -t,,; ~1 ¥ ~ -t ,I\ ~ M L So,,,•o( h,
(ii) TVJO ~ lw :. . l'\, \,U 'Y) ~ e, h,

o/ oJ tNkn R( ~,; --" '1 ::.R( ~~ Tv \ij~) 1 ~ .xt ~~

bL )
1

J:_ (cl.,;- "'0 ,) :. l- L~ t ~~) J 1/'LJ if I =)J·!_ . V\.

(Iii) Swv:,, ol -~ et ., j: S ~ d - ~ 'V "~ .,; . ' °'1 hv ti <"avvth ·

tw.,rtW ,..ib ,i: k- ~ Cl ~ Y\,

W\')6Ji.
6w r n ~ f)1i gonc1 ~ ~"'O°""", ~ CBmf'i~ r'IN -m w. 2
1' ?.tfh-~~
:r:-,t C1-i, 0) tl.N.- ~ poirAJi d
hcj ~ ft i" ~ 'PC :c., O).
c..o11fY.l,:,o..hi ~ P, ~ [x..~ -r ~°' v'6 c.' d V-X
~t
9,_"'
~or,l,v.l-...b '1{ z. ~ "'6 ck.no"~ol bq /z.l • Also 0 ,,_ oi -M ~
t or.,,/ :.o oli.v,o fzo( bJ ~ 2. .
-c. J ltii: oa.a o.J/1,, oJ..Q .,._,.,.,,,_..J z.
tvtP.a VlO't) :W ,O ~~.x., z.. _c....-J h..._ ~~ OIi!,
V10 ·.

;?_ :: 1,_ (_ C.e7,$ (S) -t I/'. '~• V)&})

::: 'n eAefJ

>tf z_ ;;, :x. -t ,;,0 ~ ~ ~CJ

oJ. . .x. - .,; q ~ ~o t. . ,,( bJ ~
 (j ) R(.z) -=- j_ (2-;-
~
£) )
J:.(z.)-:=. L (_z. -
~~
z.)
Q_i ) I 2--\ ~ J R~Cz.) -r .I.--? Cz.) ::, Iz: I
\!_i,) 2-~ ~ \ z. t~

QV) Z.1 T Z., ==- 2i -\" ~

(_v) z.1¼ == Z::1• ¾
(:!_ i) ( z., / ~)==- z_, / z; lAIW>t- z~ +D-
~FUNCTION OF A COM~LEX VARIABLE . . .
If x andy ar6 real vanables, then z = ~ + iy 1s called a complex vanable. If correspond-
ing to each value of a con1plex variable z (= x + iy) in a given region R, there correspond one or
more values of another complex variable w (= u +iv), then u is called a function of the complex
variable z and is denoted by
"' =f( z) =u + iv
For example, if w = z 2, where z = x + iy and w = fiz) = u + iu
then u + iv = (x + iy) 2 = (x 2 - y 2 ) + i(2xy)
~ u = x2 - y 2 and u = 2xy
Thus u and. v, the real and imaginary parts of w, are functions of the real variables x and y.
:. w =fiz) =u(x, y) + iv(x, y)
· If to each value of z, there corresponds one and only one value of w, then u, is called a
single-val.ued function of z. If to each value of z, there correspond more than one values of w
then·w is called a multi-valued function of z. '

1
 2 A TE XT OOOK OF ENGINEE
RIN G MATHEMAT ICS
To rep rc~en t w = fi_z) graph
ically, we take two Ar ga n d d . 3 .
poi nt ;: a nd the · oth
· ,
e r t.o rep res en t w. Th e 1o
r d' iag r ms · on e to reph resent th e
nnd t lw lnt. tcr uov -pl a nc or rm cr · 11
iag ra m 1s ca e d the xoy - plane or t e z-p Ia ne
the w- pla ne .
~ t LIMIT OF f(z)
A fun ction fl z) ten ds to th e y
lim it l as z tends to z
nlnr11( nn_v pn th, if to ea ch 0
po sitive arb itr ary nu mb er £,
ev<' r ~mnll , the re cor respond ho w-
s a po sit ive nu mb er o, su ch
th at
I {Cz) - / I < E wh en ev er
O < I z - z0 I < o
i.e., l - £ </ fa) < l + £
wh ('n<'vcr z - o< z < z +
0 0 6, z -t:- z0
and we wr ite Lt {Cz) = l.
l -+ Zo

0
No te. In rea l var iab les , x X
➔ Xo im pli es tha t x app
J.,f\ or from ri ght . In com ple roa che s x alo ng thE nu mb
x var iab les , z ➔ z im pli es 0 er lin e, eit he r fro m
rnr vrr l, sincC' the two po int 0 tha t z app roa che s z along
s re- pre sen tin g z and z in 0 an y pa th, str aig ht or
nu mh rr of cur ves . 0 a com ple x pla ne can be joi
ne d by an inf ini te

l ;f CO NT IN UI TY OF f(z
.....,. )
A gin gle -va lue d fun cti on
fi..2) is sai d to be co nti nu ou
s at a po int 2 = z if Lt /{z
0 ) = /{z ).
A fun cti on {Cz) is sa id to Z-+ Zo 0
be co nti nu ou s in a reg ion
ev e ry po int of the reg ion R of the 2-p lan e if it is co
. nti nµ ou s at
1 . ➔ , DERIVATIVE OF f(z)
v I .ct w = ft z ) be a sin gle -va
d1ff1•rC'nti a l co-effi cie nt of lue d fun cti on of the va ria ble
z ( = x + iy ), the n the de
w = fi.z) is de fin ed as riv ati ve or
dw _ ., ( ) _ Lt f(z + &)
2 - f( z )
-!dz -& -+ o oz
provi dC' cl the lim it ex ist s,
ind ep en de nt of the ma nn er
in wh ich & ➔ O.
~ - ANALYTIC FUNCTIO
N
If a single -va lue d fun cti on
R. th" n (t.z ) is cal led an an aly /Cz) possesse~ a un iqu e de riv ati ve at evc::ry po int of a reg
tio n of z in R. tic fu nc tio n or a re gu lar ion
fu nc tio n or a ho lom or ph
·
ic fu nc -
A po int wh ere t h e fun cti
on ce ase s to be an aly tic
is cal led a sin gu lar po in
t.
1.7. NECESSARY AND SU
FFICIENT CO ND ITI ON S
FOR f(z) TO BE ANALYT
T ht> necessary an d su fficien t co IC
nd ition s for the fun ction
w = /Yz) = u (x, y) + iv (x, y )
to hr 0 11 0 /y tic in a region R
, a re
au av vu
. t i/ - , :l. , , ; - , -;- are con .
i)u
.Y ' dx r,y ox oy tin uo us fun cti on s of x an d
y ;,, thr re!!ion R.
 LEX VARIABLE
FUNCTIONS OF A. COMP

.I ,.,tfOU - ~ ~ = -~ . u at io n s or briefly
ax C au ch y- R ie m an n eq
.)KJ ~x .- dY, ay
'
i The co nd iti on s in (ii}
ar e kn ow n as
_ Rz ) = u( x, y) + iu(x, y) be analytic in a
region
.
J . .
equations. f. (a) Necessary Condition. Le t w - , \
Proo
gion.
un iq ue ly at every po in t of th at re rre-
R, then dw = f t ' and oz be th e co
is ts
'(z ) ex
t' I Le ou ov
in x an d Y re sp ec ive
y.
dz be th e in cr em en ts
Let & and 6y en ,
:m en ts in u, v an d z respectively. Th + iu )
spondi ng in cn + 8 u )+ i( v+ o v) -( u
f( + oz) - z = L t -f( ) (u &
) = Lt z
f '(z 6t-+0 OZ &- +0
•

&) ...
(1)
(Bu+
;
I = Lt i
( 6z 6z pe nd -
it (1 ) m us t ex is t in de
&- +O
J th e re gi on R, th e lim
f{z) is an al yt ic in
Since th e fu nc tio n w· = ev er pa th ox an d Oy
➔ 0.
I g w hi ch
hi ch oz ➔ 0, i.e ., al on
oz=&.
'
en t of th e m an ne r in w lle l to x- ax is so th at 6y = 0 an d
g a lin e pa ra
Fi rs t, le t & ➔ 0 al on ) an d oz_= &c: + iSy]
+ oz = (x + & ) + i(y + oy
[since z = x + iy, z
6u . ou) du . dv ... (2 )

:. From (l), f'(z) = &: (

Llo ox+" ox = dx + i dx
th at & = 0 an d & =
i oy.
pa ra lle l to y- ax is so
I ~o w , let _& ➔ Oalong a lin e
j
6u . 6v ) 1 iJu av
lo ioy + l. ioy = T d)I + d)I
:. From (1 ), f'{z) = ~L (
dv . du
= dy -L dy
... (3 ) 1-.. :=-i
du . av du . du
- i ay
ve dx + i dx = oy
Fr om (2) an d (3), we ha
dU
au av-
- =oy an d
dU
- -.
= -ox
im ag in ar y pa rt s, ax i)y
Eq ua tin g th e re al an d be
be an alytic is th at the C-R equations must
ition for f(z) -to
Hence the necessary cond
satisfied.
si ng le -v al ue d fu nc tio n po ss es si ng pa rt ia l
be a
(b) Su ff ic ie nt. C on
di ti on . Le t/t z) = u + iv . . .
. .
an d sa tis fy in g C-R eq
ua tio ns .
dU dU
t'
den.va 1ves dx , cJy, ox, av
av dy at ea ch po m t of a re gi on R

au av an d
au dV
--=-- .
-=- i)y ax
i.e., ax i'Jy R.
i.e., f '(z) ex is ts at ev er y po in t of th e re gi on
(z) is an al yt ic ,
We sh al l show th at f ria bl es , we ha ve , on omit t '1g second an d
two va
By Taylor's theQ rem for fu nc tio ns of
. &c: an d &y.
higher degree te nn a of
 {lz + &z) = u(x + ox, y + oy) + iv(x + &x, y + 6y)
= [u(x,y)+(;: 6x.+: )]++(x:y)+(: 6x+: OJ)]
Oy

au .au
= [u(x, y) + iu(x , y)] +
( i)x + l dX J OX+ (au .au)
oy + l oy 6y

(au av) (au .av) 6y

= fiz ) + dX + i OX OX + dy +
l oy

or . dX + .axav) OX + (au .au)

f{z + OZ) - /{_z ) = (au
oy + OJ
l l, oy
=(au + i ou)ox +(-au+ i ~u) oy Using C-R equations
dX ax OX uX
-(au +i av)ox+(au +i ov) ioy
- ax ax dX ax I ._. -1 = i2 ·

= (; ; +i !) (6x + i6y ) = (:>i !:) & 6x + iOJ = &

f (z + oz) - f(z ) au . av
----=--=-+£-
oz ax dX
f (z + oz) - f (z) au . OU
f '(z) = &z Ll o & = dx + l dX
,
Th us f (z. ) exi.sts , because dU dV .
ox , oxexi st.
Hence flz) is analytic.
1 flte 1. Th e rea l and -
T
ima gin ary par ts of an ana lyt ic
Thus, if f(z ) = u(x , y) + iv (x, y) is an fun ctio n are ca lle f co nju ga te
ana lyt ic fun ctio n, the n u(x , y) and fun cti on s.
rel ati on between two conjugate fun v(x, y) are conjugate functions.
ctions is given by C-R equ atio ns. Th e
No te 2. When a function /(z) is kno
as if z is a real variable. wn to be analytic, it can be dif
fer ent iat ed in the ord ina ry wa y
Tl: us, /fa )= z2 ⇒ f'( z)= 2z
f(.z) = sin z ⇒ f '(z) = cos z et.c.
Y · CAUCHY-RIEMANN EQUATIONS IN POLAR COORDIN
AT ES
· · Le t (r , 0) be the po lar coordinates
then of the po int whose ca rte sia n coo
rdinates are (x, y),
X :: r COS 8, y = r Sin
0,
z = X + iy = r (COS 0 + i Sin
8) = re i 8
u + iv = /(z) :: /(reiO)
Different iating (1) par tia lly w.r.t.
r, we have ... (1)
OU . vu
or + i -c)r
- = f' (reie)
. eie
... (2)
FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 5

Differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. e, we h ave

au 5o = f' (re10 ) • ire1'8 = ir (vu
ae + L. 'i>u . c.•u \)
y,: + ;j; I, I Us ing (2 )

=- r -
dU .
+ tr -
au
ar cJr
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get

-
au :.:;. - r au and -
au = r -au
ae i'Jr ae ar

or
au l Vll
- = --- and
au 1 au.
- =- - - which is the polar form of C-H equations.
ar r c)O ar r ae

~ARMONIC FUNCTIONS
2
Any solution of the Laplace's equation, a ~2 + cf <I>2 = o is called a harmonic function .
ax oy
Let f(z) = u + iv be analytic in some region of the z-plane, then u and L' t;a lis fy C-R
equations.
-
i)u
=-
av
...( 1)
ax cJy

and
au
- - = --
au
... (2)
i)y ax
Differentiating (1) portially w.r.t. x and (2) w.r.t. y, we get
i)'.!u av 2
... (3)
ax 2 = dXOj'

iJ'lu o2 v
and ey 2 =- ayax ... (4)

2 2
Assuming av = av and adding (3) and (4), we get
oxay oyax
a2
-+
u d2 u
-- 0 ... (5)
ox 2 2 cty -

Now , differentiating (1) partially w.r.t. y and (2) w.r.t. x, we get

a2 u a2 v
oydx = c)y 2 ...(6)

and
a2 u a2 v ... (7)
axay = - dx 2

Assuming -~-
cf u a2 u
= - - and subtracting (7) from (6), we get
c1yox axay
i) 2 v o2 u
- 2 + -? = 0 ... ( 8)
tlx c)y-
 Equations (5) and (8) show that the renl and imaginary parts u and v of an analytic.
funct.ion satisfy the Laplace•s equation.
Hence u and v are-known as harmonic functions.

~~ ORTHOGONAL SYSTEM
Et,cry analytic function {(z) = u. + iv defines two families of curves u(x, y) = c 1 and
l fx, yJ = c2 , which form an orthogonal system.
1

Consider the two famili-2s of curves

u(x, y) = c 1 ... (1)
and u(x, y) = c 2 ... (2)
Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x, we gf't
cJu
au au dy
Jx + ay· dx =O Or
dy
fh = -
ax
OU = m (say) Y
1
ay '
'
dU ' V (X, y) = C2

Similarly, from (2), WP- get dy ax .( .

;[;_. = - du = m2 say,
. Jy
..
au iJv
a;. a; u(x, y) = c,
ou dv ... (3)
0
i)y -~ X
Since f{z) is analytic, u and 9 satisfy C-R equations
au au au av
1.e . , -ax= Jy ao<l dy- = - a;
iJv iJv
- --
. cJy. ax l
From (3), m1m2 = at, av· =-
- a;· a;
Thus the product of the slopes of the curves (1) and (2) is -1. Hence the curves intersect
nt right angles, i.e., they form an orthogonal system.