N ADV OF

TENSES FORMULA EXAMPLE

O TIME
-Verb
(+) She steals book.
(+) S + VI (-s/es) + O
(-) She does not steal book.
(-) S + do/does + not + VI + O -Every day (?) Does she steal book?
(?) Do/does + S + VI + O -Every
1. PRESENT TENSE -To be (is, am, are) month
(+) S + to be + O (+) She  is a student
-Every year
(-) S + to be + not + O (-) She is  not  a student
-Every…….
(?) To be + S + O (?) Is she  a student?

-Verb (+) She  stole  book

(+) S + VII + O (-) She did not steal  book
(-) S + did + not + VI + O (?) Did she steal book?
- Yesterday
(?) Did + S +VI + O
2. PAST TENSE - Last week
To be (was, were)
- …….ago (+) She was a student.
(+) S + to be + O
(-) She  was not a student.
(-) S + to be + not + O
(?) Was she  a student?
(?) To be + s + O
Verb(Is, am, are )
(+) She is stealing book.
(+) S + to be + VI + ing + O
(-) She is not stealing book.
(-) S + to be + not + VI + ing + O
PRESENT (?) Is she stealing book?
(?) To be + S + VI + ing + O
3. CONTINUOUS - Now
BE (is, am, are)
TENSE (+) She  is being a student.
(+) S + to be + being + O
(-) She  is not being a student.
(-) S + to be + not + being + O
(?) Is she  being a student?
(?) To be + S + being + O
Verb
(+) She has stolen book.
(+) S + have/has + VIII + O
(-) She has not stolen book.
(-) S + have/has + not + VIII + O
(?) Has she stolen book?
PRESENT (?) Have/has + S + VIII + O - Since…….
4.
PERFECT TENSE Been - For………
(+) She has been a student.
(+) S + have/has + been + O
(-) She  has  not been a student.
(-) S + have/has + not + been + O
(?) Has she been  a student?
(?) Have/has + S + been + O
Verb
(+) She was stealing book.
(+) S + was/were + VI + ing + O
(-) She was not stealing book.
(-) S + Was/were + not + VI + ing + O
PAST (?) Was She  stealing book?
(?) Was/were + S + VI + ing + O
5. CONTINUOUS
Be
TENSE (+) She was being a student.
(+) S + was, were + being + O
(-) She was not being a student.
(-) S + was, were + not + being + O 
(?) Was she being a student?
(?) Was, were + S + being + O
Verb
(+) She had stolen book.
(+) S + had + VIII + O
(-) She had not stolen book.
(-) S + had + not + VIII + O
(?) Had she stolen book?
PAST PERFECT (?)  Had + S + VIII + O
6.
TENSE Been
(+) She had been a student.
(+) S + had + been + O
(-) She had  not been a student.
(-) S + had + not + been + O
(?) Had she been  a student?
(?)  Had + S + been + O
7. FUTURE TENSE Verb -Tomorrow (+) She will steal book.
 (+) S + shall/will + VI + O -Next year (-) She will not steal book.
 (-) S + shall/will + not + VI + O
(?) Will she  steal book?
(?) Shall/will + S + VI + O
Be going to (verb)
(+) She be going to steal book.
(+) S + be going to + VI + O
(-) She be not going to steal book.
(-) S + be + not+ going to + VI + O
(?) Be  she  going to steal book?
(?) Be + S + going to + VI + O
Be (shall, will) (+) She will  be a student
-Next…….
(+) S + shall, will + be + O (-) She will not be a student
(-) S + shall, will + not + be + O (?) Will she be a student?
(?) Shall, will + S + be + O
Be (be going to) (+) She be going to  be  a student
(+) S + be(is/am/are) + going to + be + O (-) She be not going  to be a student
(-) S + be(is/am/are) + not+ going to + be + O (?) Be  she  going to be a student?
(?) Be(is/am/are) + S + going to + be + O
Verb
(+) She would steal book.
(+) S + should/would + VI + O
(-) She would not steal book.
(-) S + should/would + not + VI + O
(?) Would she  steal book?
(?) Should/would + S + VI + O
Be going to (verb)
(+) She was going to steal book.
(+) S + be(was/were) + going to + VI + O
(-) She was not going to steal book.
(-) S + be(was/were) + not+ going to + VI + O
(?) Was she  going to steal book?
(?) Be(was/were) + S + going to + VI + O
PAST FUTURE
8. Be (should/would) (+) She would  be a student
TENSE
(+) S + should/would + be + O (-) She would not be a student
(-) S + should/would + not + be + O (?) Would she be a student?
(?) Should/would + S + be + O
(+) She was going to  be a student
Be (be going to)
(-) She was not going  to be a
(+) S + be(was/were) + going to + be + O
student
(-) S + be(was/were) + not+ going to + be + O
(?) Was she going to be a student?
(?) Be(was/were) + S + going to + be + O
PRESENT
(+) S + have/has + been + VI + ing + O (+) She has been stealing book
PERFECT
9. (-) S + have/has + not + + been + VI + ing + O (-) She has not been stealing book
CONTINOUS
(?) Have/has + S + been + VI + ing + O (?) Has she been stealing book?
TENSE
PAST PERFECT (+) S + had + been + VI + ing + O (+) She had been stealing book
10. CONTINOUS (-) S + had+ not + + been + VI + ing + O (-) She had not been stealing book
TENSE (?) Had+ S + been + VI + ing + O (?) Had she been stealing book?

Shall/will
(+) She will  be stealing book.
(+) S + shall, will + be + VI + ing + O
(-) She will not be stealing  book.
(-) S + shall, will + not + be + VI + ing + O
(?) Will she be  stealing book?
(?) Shall, will + S + be + VI + ing + O
Be going to
(+) S + be(is/am/are) + going to + be + VI +
FUTURE
11 ing
CONTINUOUS
.       + O (+) She is going to be  stealing book.
TENSE
(-) S + be(is/am/are) + not+ going to + be + (-) She is not going to be stealing
VI + book.
      ing + O (?) Is she going to be  stealing  book?
(?) Be(is/am/are) + S + going to + be + VI +
ing
      + O
 Shall/will (+) She will  have  been stealing
(+) S + shall/will + have + been + VI + ing + O book.
(-) S + shall/will+ not + have + been + VI + ing + (-) She will not have been
O stealing  book.
(?) Shall/will + S + have + been + VI + ing + O (?) Will she have been stealing book?
Be going to
FUTURE  PERFECT (+) She is going to have been  stealing
12 (+) S + be(is/am/are)  + going  to + have +
CONTINUOUS       book.
. been
TENSE (-) She is not going to have
      + VI + ing + O
been  stealing
(-) S + be(is/am/are) + not + going to + have +
      book.
been + VI + ing + O
(?) Is she  going  to have
(?) Be(is/am/are) + S + going to + have + been
been  stealing
+ 
      book?
      VI + ing + O
Shall/will
(+) She will  have stolen book.
(+) S + shall/will + have + VIII + O
(-) She will not have stolen  book.
(-) S + shall/will+ not + have + VIII  + O
(?) Will she have  stolen book?
(?) Shall/will + S + have + VIII + O
Be going to
13 FUTURE  PERFECT
(+) S + be(is/am/are)  + going  to + have
. TENSE (+) She is going to have stolen  book.
      + VIII + O
(-) She is not going to have  stolen
(-) S + be(is/am/are) + not + going to + have
book.
+  VIII +  O
(?) Is she going  to have stolen book?
(?) Be(is/am/are) + S + going to + have + 
      VIII + O
Should/would
(+) She would  be stealing book.
(+) S + should/would + be + VI + ing + O
(-) She would  not be stealing  book.
(-) S + should/would + not + be + VI + ing + O
(?)Would she be stealing book?
(?) Should/would + S + be + VI + ing + O
Be going to
(+) S + be(was/were) going to + be + VI + ing
PAST FUTURE
14 + (+) She was going to be  stealing
CONTINUOUS
.       O book.
TENSE
(-) S + be(was/were) + not+ going to + be + (-) She was not going to be stealing
VI + book.
      ing + O (?) Was she going to be
(?) Be(was/were) + S + going to + be + VI + stealing  book?
ing
      + O
Should/would
(+) She would  have stolen book.
(+) S + should/would + have + VIII + O
(-) She would not have stolen  book.
(-) S + should/would + not + have + VIII  + O
(?) Would She have  stolen book?
(?) Should/would + S + have +  VIII  + O
Be going to
15 PAST FUTURE (+) She was going to have
(+) S + be(was/were)  + going  to + have
. PERFECT TENSE stolen  book.
      + VIII + O
(-) She was not going to have  stolen
(-) S + be(was/were) + not + going to + have
book.
+  VIII +  O
(?) Was she going  to  have stolen
(?) Be(was/were) + S + going  to + have + 
book?
      VIII + O
16 PAST FUTURE Should/would (+) She would  have  been stealing
. PERFECT  (+) S + should/would + have + been + VI + book.
CONTINUOUS ing  (-) She would not have been
TENSE       + O stealing  book.
(-) S +should/would + not + have + been + (?) Would she  have been stealing
 VI + 
     ing + O
(?)Should/would + S + have + been + VI + ing book?
+
     O
(+) She was going to have
been  stealing
Be going to
      book.
(+) S + be(was/were)  + going  to + have +
(-) She was not going to have been
been
stealing
      + VI + ing + O
      book.
(-) S + be(was/were) + not + going to + have +
(?) Was she going  to  have been
been + VI + ing + O
stealing
(?) Be(was/were) + S + going to + have + been
      book?
     + VI + ing + O

Rumus Contoh
 She is asked to clean the house by her mother. (Dia diminta untuk membersihkan
rumah oleh ibunya.)
S + is/am/are +
Present  I am qualified enough to participate in this event. (Aku cukup memenuhi syarat u
V3/past participle
ambil bagian dalam acara ini.)

 They were surprised by the gifts I gave them. (Mereka terkejut karena hadiah yan
kuberikan.)
Past S + was/were + PP
 This movie was made in 1918. (Film ini dibuat tahun 1918.)

 I will be elected as the head of English club next year. (Aku akan dipilih sebagai
ketua klub Inggris tahun depan.)
Future S + will be + PP
 We will be taught by Mr. Gillman. (Kami akan diajar oleh Pak Gillman.) 

 She should be promoted. (Seharusnya dia naik jabatan.)

Past S + would be/should  He would be accompanied by his friends to the museum. (Dia akan ditemani oleh
future be + PP teman-temannya ke museum.)

Passive Voice: Simple Tenses

Passive Voice: Continuous Tenses

Rumus Contoh
 Andy and Mia are being followed by someone. (Andy dan Mia sedang
diikuti oleh seseorang.)
S + is/am/are
Present  I am being haunted by bad dreams. (Aku sedang dihantui oleh mimpi
being + PP
buruk.)

Past S+  That book was being written by her. (Buku itu ditulis olehnya.)
was/were
  Patrick said they were being stalked. (Patrick berkata bahwa mereka
being + PP pernah diamati.) 

 This house is going to be inhabited by my cousin. (Rumah ini akan

S + is/am/are dihuni oleh sepupuku.)
Future going to be +  Those pizzas are going to be delivered soon. (Pizza itu akan diantar
PP secepatnya.) 

Passive Voice: Perfect Tenses

Rumus Contoh
 This homework has been done. (PR ini sudah diselesaikan.)
S + has/have been +
Present  These shirts have been washed. (Kaos-kaos ini sudah dicuci.)
PP

 I had been warned to stay away from this place. (Aku telah diperingati
untuk menjauhi tempat ini.)
Past S + had been + PP
 The cat had been rescued. (Kucingnya telah diselamatkan.) 

 This box will have been moved to another store. (Boks ini akan
S + will have been + dipindahkan ke toko lain.)
Future
PP  I will have been told if she arrived. (Aku akan diberitahu jika dia datang.

Personal pronoun
subjek: I, you, they, we, he, she, it

objek: me, you, her, him, it, us, them

Possessive pronoun
Possessive adjectives bersifat sebagai kata sifat dan diletakkan sebelum kata benda. Contoh
possessive adjectives yaitu That is her bag (Itu adalah tasnya). Sedangkan possessive pronoun
This shirt is mine (Kemeja ini adalah milik saya).

Subject Personal Pronoun Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns

I My Mine
You Your Yours
We Our Ours
They Their Theirs
He His His
She Her Hers
It Its Its

Reflexive pronoun
Kata ganti ini ditujukan untuk menegaskan subjek yang melakukan suatu kegiatan. Reflexive
pronoun berupa myself, yourself/yourselves, themselves, ourselves, himself, herself, itself.
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, reflexive pronoun bisa diartikan ‘sendiri’. Contohnya:

 They will do the job themselves. (Mereka akan mengerjakan pekerjaan itu sendiri.)
 She closes the windows herself. (Dia menutup jendelanya sendiri.)
 I do it myself. (Saya melakukannya sendiri.)

Demonstrative pronoun
Dalam bahasa Indonesia, demonstrative pronoun berupa ‘ini’ atau ‘itu.’ Untuk menegaskan kata
‘ini’ atau ’itu’ dalam bentuk tunggal dan jamak, gunakanlah kata this, that, these, those.
Contohnya:

 That is his laptop. (Itu adalah laptopnya.)

 These cookies taste good. (Kue-kue kering ini rasanya enak.)
 Those are my towels. (Handuk (jamak) itu milikku.

Singular Plural
This These
That Those

Interrogative pronoun
Sesuai dengan namanya, interrogative pronoun berfungsi sebagai kata tanya yaitu who, whom,
whose, what, which, why, dan kata tanya lainnya. Contohnya:

 Which color do you prefer? Black or white? (Warna apa yang kamu mau? Hitam atau putih?
 Whose number is this? (Nomor siapakah ini?)
 Whom do you go to prom with? (Dengan siapakah kamu pergi ke pesta dansa?)

Interrogative Pronoun Meaning

What Apa
Who Siapa (subjek)
Whom Siapa (objek)
Whose Milik siapa (kepunyaan)
Which Yang mana
Why Kenapa
When Kapan
Where Di mana
How Bagaimana

Indefinite pronoun
Kata ganti ini ditujukan untuk mengganti orang, benda, atau sesuatu yang belum pasti. Bentuk
kata dari jenis pronoun ini terbagi menjadi tiga kelompok yaitu:

Pengganti orang: everyone, someone, anyone, no one, everybody, somebody, anybody, nobody

 I think I saw someone here. (Saya rasa saya melihat seseorang di sini.)
 Does anyone know where my suitcase is? (Apakah ada yang tahu di mana koper saya?)
 Everyone is wide-awake at this hour. (Semua orang sudah bangun pada jam segini.)
 Nobody has ever visited that place. (Tidak ada yang pernah mengunjungi tempat itu.)

Pengganti benda: everything, something, anything, nothing

 I have nothing to think about. (Saya tidak memikirkan apapun.)

 She has everything she wants. (Dia punya segalanya yang ia mau.)
 Do you find anything interesting? (Apakah kamu menemukan sesuatu yang menarik?)

Pengganti tempat: everywhere, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere

 I think I saw him somewhere. (Saya rasa saya melihatnya di suatu tempat.)
 My things are everywhere! (Barang-barang saya ada dimana-mana!)
 The thief is nowhere to be found. (Pencuri tersebut tidak bisa ditemukan dimana-mana.)

Relative pronoun
Relative pronoun merupakan kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat.
Beberapa jenis relative pronoun antara lain who, which, whom, whose, dan that. Walaupun
kebanyakan merupakan kata tanya, kata ganti di sini bukan berfungsi untuk membentuk kalimat
tanya. Contoh:

 That cake is very delicious. I bought it yesterday. (Kue itu sangat lezat. Saya membelinya
kemarin) = That cake, which I bought yesterday, is very delicious. (Kue itu, yang saya beli
kemarin, sangat enak.)