Solution
1- Define:
Solution: Homogeneous mixture of two or more substance dissolved in any single phase
and consists of solute and solvent.
Solute: The substance that dissolves in solvent (the small amount in the solution).
Solvent: The substance that dissolves solute (the large amount in the solution).
Saturated solution: Chemical solution containing the maximum concentration of
a solute dissolved in the solvent. The additional solute will not dissolve in a saturated
solution.
Solubility: Chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to
dissolve in a solvent.
Unsaturated solution: Chemical solution in which the solute concentration is lower than
its equilibrium solubility. All of the solute dissolves in the solvent.
Super saturated solution: Solution that contains more of the dissolved material than
could be dissolved by the solvent under normal circumstances.
Mass percent: Mass of one component divided by total mass of the mixture.
Mole fraction: Number of moles of one component divided by total number of moles of
the mixture.
Molality: Number of moles of solute divided by weight of solvent in kilograms.
Molarity: Number of moles of solute divided by volume of solution in liters.
Osmotic pressure: The minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to
prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane.
Henry’s law: The amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial
pressure above the liquid.
Colligative properties: Properties of solutions that depend on the ratio of the number of
solute particles to the number of solvent molecules in a solution.
Raoult’s law: The partial pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of liquids is
equal to the vapour pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction in the
mixture.
2- Calculate the molarity of 117gm NaCl in 0.5 L solution.
Weight of solute =117gm
Molecular weight of NaCl (solute) = (23+35.5)
Volume of solution = 0.5L
number of moles ofsolute weight
M= number of moles=
volume of solution ( L) molecular weight
117
M= =4 M
( 23+35.5 )∗0.5
3- What is the effect of temperature on a solid solubility and gas solubility?
Temperature is directly proportional with the solid solubility and inversely proportional
with gas solubility, so by increasing temperature the solid solubility increase and gas
solubility decrease.
4- The average osmotic pressure of seawater is 30atm at 25oC, calculate the molar
concentration of an aqueous solution.
Π =30 atm
T =25+273=298 K π=M ∗R∗T∗i
−¿≫ ≫i=2 ¿
+ ¿+Cl ¿
NaCl ≫≫ Na
30=M∗0.082∗298∗2 M =0.614 molar
5- Calculate the mole fraction of 128gm HNO3 in 720gm water (H=1, N=14, O=16).
weight
number of moles=
molecular weight
number of moles of one component
mole fraction=
total number of moles of all components
128
number of moles of HN O3= =2.03 Mole
1+14+(16∗3)
720
number of moles of H 2 O= =40 mole
2+16
2.03
X HNO = =0.048
3
2.03+ 40
6- Calculate the boiling pointof 3m sucrose in water solution if boiling point of water is
100oC, where Kb=2.5 oC/m.
molality =3
Tbo =100℃
℃
Kb=2.5
m
∆ Tb=Kb∗m ∆ Tb=2.5∗3=7.5 ℃
o
∆ Tb=Tb−T b 7.5=Tb−100
Tb=107.5℃
7- The osmotic pressure of a 0.01 M potassium iodide (KI) solution at 25oC is 0.465
atm. Calculate the Vant hoff factor for KI at this concentration.
M =0.01 T =298 K π=0.465
π=M ∗R∗T∗i
0.465=0.01∗0.082∗298∗i
i=1.9
8- The osmotic pressure of 0.05 M (MgSO4) at 25oC and 1.6 atm. Calculate the Vant
hoff coefficient.
M =0.05 T =298 K π=1.6 atm
π=M ∗R∗T∗i
1.6=0.05∗0.082∗298∗i
i=1.3
9- Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing 651 gm of (EG) ethylene glycol
in 2505 gm of water. The molar mass of EG is 62.01 gm, Kf=1.86oC/m and the pure
water freezes at 0oC.
weight of solute=651 gm weight of solvent =2505 gm=2.505 Kg
651
number of moles of solute= =10.49
62.01
number of moles ofsolute
molality =
weight of solvent ( Kg)
∆ Tf =Kf ∗m
10.49
∆ Tf =1.86∗ ( )
2.505
=7.79 ℃
∆ Tf =T f o−Tf
7.79=0−Tf
Tf =−7.79 ℃
10- How would you prepare 100ml of 0.2 M H2SO4 from stock solution of 2M?
¿
( 100∗0.2 )=( 2∗vol . )
Volume of concentrated acid (stock )=10 ml
