Resour

cesandDev
elopment
Resour
ce:
Any
thi
ngwhi
chcanbeusedf
orsat
isf
yingt
hehumanneedsi
scal
l
edar
esour
ce.

Ty
pesofResour
ces:

Resour
cescanbecl
assi
fi
edondi
ff
erentbases;
int
ofol
l
owi
ngt
ypes:

 Ont
hebasi
soforigi
n:Bioti
candAbi ot
ic
 Ont
hebasi
sofexhaustibil
i
ty:RenewableandNon-renewable
 Ont
hebasi
sofowner ship:I
ndiv
idual
,communi t
y,nati
onalandint
ernat
ional
 Ont
hebasi
sofstatusofdev el
opment:Potent
ial
,Developed,St
ockandReserves

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofResour
ces:
Ont
hebasi
sofOr
igi
n

 Bi
oti
cResour
ces:
All
li
vi
ngor
gani
smsi
nourenv
ironmentar
ecal
l
edbi
oti
cresour
ces.Forexampl
e,t
rees,
ani
mal
s,i
nsect
s,et
c.
 Abi
oti
cResour
ces:
All
non-
li
vi
ngt
hingspr
esenti
nourenv
ironmentar
eter
medasabi
oti
cresour
ces.For
exampl
e–ear
th,
air
,wat
er,
met
als,
rocks,
etc.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofResour
ces:
Ont
hebasi
sofExhaust
ibi
l
ity
:

 Renewabl
eResour
ces:
Resour
cest
hatcanber
epl
eni
shedaf
terashor
tper
iodoft
imear
ecal
l
ed
Renewabl
eResour
ces.Forexampl
e–agr
icul
tur
alcr
ops,
wat
er,
for
est
,wi
l
dli
fe,
etc.
 Non-
renewabl
eResour
ces:
Resour
ceswhi
cht
akesmi
l
li
ony
ear
soft
imet
orepl
eni
shar
ecal
l
ednon-
r
enewabl
eresour
ces.Forexampl
e–f
ossi
lfuel
.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofResour
ces:
Ont
heBasi
sofowner
shi
p:

 I
ndi
vi
dual
:Resour
cesownedbyi
ndi
vi
dual
sar
ecal
l
edI
ndi
vi
dual
Resour
ces.Forexampl
e–l
andowned
byfarmer s,house, etc.
 Communi t
y:Resour cesownedbycommuni t
yorsoci etyarecalledCommuni t
yOwnedResour ces.For
exampl e–Gr aveyard,grazi
ngl and,ponds, buri
al grounds,par
k, etc.
 National Resources: ResourcesownedbyI ndi v
idual Nati
onsar ecall
edNati
onal Resources.For
exampl e–Gov ernmentl and,Roads, canals,rai
lway ,etc.
 Int
ernationalResour ces:Resour cesregulatebyI nternati
onalbodiesarecal
ledInternati
onal Resources.
Forexampl e–Oceanandseabey ond200km oft heExclusi
veEconomi cZoneandi scall
edopensea
orocean.Noi ndivi
dual countrycanut i
li
zet heser esourceswithoutthepermissi
onofI nternati
onal
bodies.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofResour
ces:
Ont
hebasi
sofSt
atusofDev
elopment
:

 Pot
ent
ial
Resour
ces:
Resour
ceswhi
char
efoundi
napar
ti
cul
arr
egi
on,
butnoty
etusedpr
oper
ly.For
example–Raj asthanandGuj ar
atr ecei
veplentyofsolarenergyandhav eplentyofwi ndener gy,
butuse
oftheseresourcessof arhasnotbeendev elopedpr operly
.
 DevelopedResour ces:Resourceswhi charedev elopedandsur veyedforuti
l
izat
ionandar ebei ngused
i
npr esentti
mear eknownasDev elopedResour ces.
 Stock:Resourcesthatareav ail
able,butwedonothav epr opertechnol
ogytousedt hem arecal l
ed
Stock.Forexampl e–wat erismadeofoxy genandhy drogen,whichcanbeusedasf uel,butbecauseof
l
ackofpr opertechnologythesear enotbeingused.
 Reserves:Resourceswhi chareav ail
ableandtheknowhowt ouset hem i
salsopresentbutt heyareyet
tobeusedar ecalledReser v
es.Forexampl e–r i
verwat erwhichisnotusedt ogenerateelectri
cit
y.
Di
scr
imi
nat
euseofResour
ces

Resour
cesar
evi
tal
forhumanbei
ngs.Buti
ndi
scr
imi
nat
euseofr
esour
cesi
scr
eat
ingmanypr
obl
ems.

Exampl
es:

 Accumulati
onofr
esourcesi
nonl
yfewhandsleav
esother
sunsat
isf
ied.
 I
ndiscr
iminat
euseofresour
cesi
screat
ingmanyprobl
emsar
oundtheworl
d,suchasgl
obal
war
ming,
ecol
ogi
cal
cri
sis,
dist
urbancei
nozonel
ayer
,et
c.
 Thus,
equal
dist
ri
but
ionofr
esour
cesbecomesnecessar
yforsust
ainabl
edev
elopment
.

Sust
ainabl
eDevel
opment
:Devel
opmentwhichtakespl
acewit
houtdamagi
ngt
heenv
ironmentand
compromisi
ngwit
hneedsoff
uturei
scal
ledsustai
nabl
edevel
opment.

Keepi
ngthevi
ewofjusti
fi
eduseofresourcesandsustai
nabl
edevel
opment
,theEar
thSummitwasorgani
zed
i
n1992inRiodeJaneir
oinwhichmoret han100stat
eheadsagreedwi
thAgenda21fort
hesust
ainabl
e
devel
opmentandpr
operuseofresources.

Agenda21i
sanagendatocombatenvi
ronment
aldamage,pov er
ty,
disease,
etc.t
hroughgl
obal
co-
oper
ati
on
oncommonint
erest
s,mutual
needsandshar
edresponsi
bil
i
ties.

Resour
cesandDev
elopment

Resour
cePl
anni
ng:

 Resourceplanningisthejudicioususeofresources.Resour ceplanningbecomesmor eimportanti

na
countr
ylikeIndi
a,wher eresourcesarenotdistri
butedpr operl
y.
 Forexampl e;manyst atesarer i
chinmineralanddef i
cientinotherresources,
suchasJharkhandis
ri
chinmi neral
s,butthereisproblem ofdri
nkingwat erandot herfaci
li
ti
es,Arunachal
Pradeshhas
pl
entyofwat erbutlackofot herdevel
opmentbecauseofl ackofresources.

Thesetypesofdi
scr
imi
nat
ionscanber
educedorcompl
etel
yvani
shedwi
thpr
operpl
anni
ngofj
udi
cioususeof
resour
ces.

Resour
cePl
anni
ngi
nIndi
a:

 Resour
cescancontr
ibuteinproperdevelopmentonl
ywithagoodpl
anni
ngkeepi
ngthetechnol
ogy,
ski
ll
sandinst
it
uti
oninmi nd.
 Resour
cePlanni
nginIndiaisoneofthemosti mport
antgoal
sri
ghtf
rom i
tsf
ir
stFi
veYearsPlan.
Fol
lowi
ngarethemainpoi nt
sofResour ceplanni
ng.

 Makingofi
nventor
yofresour
cesaft
erthei
rregion-
wiseident
ifi
cat
ionacr
ossthecount
ry.
 Makingoft
heplanningst
ruct
urewit
happropri
atetechnology
,skil
landi
nsti
tut
ions.
 Matchi
ngofresour
ceplanwithdev
elopmentplan,et
c.

Conser
vat
ionofResour
ces:

 Overuseofr esourcescreatesmanysocio-
economicprobl
ems.
 Manyl eader sandt hi
nkershavebeenadvocat
ingfort
hejudici
oususeandconservati
onofr esources.
Gandhiji
told“ Thereisenoughforevery
body’
sneedandnotf oranybody
’sgr
eed.”Het houghtt hat
expl
oitat
ivenat ureofmoder nt
echnologyi
stherootcausefordepl
eti
onatgl
oballevel
.Hebel ievedin
theproducti
onbymassesandnoti nthemassproducti
on.
 Thus,conserv
ati
onofresourcesatvari
ousl
evel
sbecomesmosti
mpor
tant
.Resour
cescanbe
conservedonlywi
tht
heirjudi
cioususe.

LandResour ces:Landisoneofthemostimportantnat
uralr
esour
ces.Landsupport
sourl
if
esystem.Thus,
caref
ulplanningofuseoflandresour
ceisnecessary.I
ndi
acomprisesofmanytypesofl
and.Thesear
e
mountains,plat
eau,plai
nsandisl
ands.

 Mount
ains:
About30%ofl
andar
eai
nIndi
aisi
nthef
orm ofmount
ain.Mount
ainsuppor
tst
heper
enni
al
fl
owofr iv
ers,whichcarryfer
ti
lesoil
s,f
acil
itateir
ri
gat
ionandprov i
dedrinki
ngwat er.
 Plai
n: About43%ofl andareainIndi
aisinthef or
m ofpl
ains.Pl
ainsprovidefaci
l
iti
esf oragr
icul
tur
e,
buil
dingofi ndustr
iesandhouses, et
c.
 Plateau:About27%ofl andinIndiai
sinthef or
m ofplat
eauwhichpr ov
idesmanyt y
pesofmi neral
s,
fossilfuel
sandf orest.

LandUt
il
isai
ton:
Pat
ter
nsofuseofLandResour
ces

 Forest
s
 Landnotav
ail
abl
eforcul
ti
vat
ion:
Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofl
andwhi
char
enotusedf
oragr
icul
tur
e
purpose.Thesear e:
o Ba rrenandwast eland
o L andsusedf orbui l
dings,roads, fact or
ies,etc.i
.efornon-agricult
urepur pose.
 Otheruncult i
vatedl and( excludingf all
owl and)
o Pe rmanentpast uresandgr azingl and,
o L andundermi scellaneoust reecr opsgr oves(notincl
udedi nnetsownar ea)
,
o Cul t
ur ablewast el and( l
eftuncul ti
v atedf ormorethan5agr iculturalyears).
 Fall
owl ands
o Cur rentf allow-(leftwi t
houtcul ti
vat ionforoneorl essthanoneagr i
cult
uralyear)
,
o Ot hert hancur rentf all
ow-(l
ef tuncul ti
vatedforthepast1t o5agr i
culturalyears)
.
 Netsownar ea: Ar eawhi chi ssownatl eastoncei nay eariscal
lednetsownar ea.
 Grosscr oppedar ea: Ar easownmor et hanoncei nanagricul
tur
al yearplusnetsownar eai
sknownas
grosscroppedar ea.

LandUsePat
ter
ninI
ndi
a:

 Pat t
ernofuseofl anddependsuponphy sicalandhumanf act orsbot h.Cl i
mat e,topography ,typeofsoi l
,
etc.areconsi deredasphy sical factorswhi lepopul ation,technol ogy,skill
,popul ati
ondensi ty,traditi
on,
capabi l
ity,et c.ar econsider edashumanf actors.
 Indiahast ot al3. 28mi ll
ionsquar ekilomet erlanduseddat a.Butonl y93%ofl andoft ot algeogr aphical
areai sav ail
abl e.Thi sisbecausel anduseddat ahasnotbeencol l
ectedf ort henor theast ernst ates
exceptAssam andt hel andoccupi edbyPaki stanandChi nahasnotbeensur veyedbecauseofmany
unav oidabl er easons.
 Thel andunderper manentpast ureisdecr easing, thiswi l
lcr eatet hepr oblem forgr azi
ng.Thet ot alnet
sownar e( NSA)i snotmor et han54%i ncludingl andot hert hanf al
lowl and.Landot hert hanf allowl and
i
sei therofpoorqual it
yort oocost l
yt ocul ti
vate, thesel andsar ecul tiv
atedonl yonceort wicei nt woor
threeconsecut ivey ears.
 Thepat ternofnetsownar eav arieswi delyfrom st atetost at e.Wher enetsownar eais80%i nst atel i
ke
Punjab, itisonl y10%i nt hest ateofAr unachal Pr adesh, Mi zor am, ManipurandAndamanandNi cobar
Isl
and.Suchdi fferenceiscr eatinglotofdi scri
mi nat ion.
 Accor dingt oNat i
onal ForestPol icy(1952) ,thef or estshoul dbe33%oft otalgeogr aphical area, which
i
sessent i
al tomai ntai
necol ogical balance.Butt hef orestar eai nIndiai sfarlesst handesi red
measur es.Thi sisbecauseofi l
legal deforestationanddev elopmentwhi chcannotbeov erlooked, such
asconst ruct i
onofr oadsandbui ldi
ng, etc.Ont heot herhand, alargepopul ati
onwhi chisdwel li
ngatt he
fri
ngeoff or estdependsupont hef orestandi t
spr oduce, r
esul t
ingi nther educt i
onoff or estarea.
Mor eov er,cont inuoususeofl andov eral ongper i
odwi thoutt akingmeasur est oconser v eandmanage,
 degr
adethem.Thi
shasr
esul
tedi
nreper
cussi
oni
nsoci
etyandcr
eat
ingser
iouspr
obl
em t
o
envi
ronment
.
 LandasResour
ce

 Ourpastgener ati
onl eftlandf oruswi thoutexpl oitingt hem t oomuchandi tisexpect edf rom ust oo.
 Wef ulfi
llmostofourneedsf rom l and, suchasf ood, clothing,shel ter,dri
nki ngwat er,etc.Buti npast
fewdecadest hequal i
tyofl andi sdegr adi ngf i
ercel ybecauseofhumanact ivity.
 Manyhumanact ivit
iesaggr avat edt henat ur alforceswhi char e,int urn,degr adi ngt helandr esour ces
also.
 Present l
y ,
about130mi ll
ionhect areofl andi srepor tedunderdegr adedl andi nI ndia,inwhi chabout
28%ofl andbel ongst of orestandabout28%i swat erer odedar ea.
 Restdegr adedl andi sbecauseofov erdeposi ti
onofsal i
nityandal kalini
ty.Ov ergrazing, mining,
deforestation,divisionofl andsi nsmal lar eabecauseoff ami l
yf euds, etc.ar esomeoft hemaj or
causesofdegr adat i
onofl and.
 Becauseofmi ningi nt hest atesofJhar khand, Chhat tisgar h,OrissaandMadhy aPr adesh; landsar eleft
abandonedwi thoutpr opert reatmentaf tert hecompl et i
onofmi ningwor ks.Thi shasr esultedint he
form ofdeepscar sandt races.Al ongwi thmi ning, def orest ati
oni nt hesest at eshasdegr adedt hel and
veryfast .
 Inthest atesofUt tarPr adesh, Punj ab, Har y ana, ov eri rrigationcauseswat ershor tageandi ncreasei n
sali
nityandal kalinityduet owat erl oggi ng.
 InBihar, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, l
andi sdegr adedbecauseoff lood.
 States,inwhi chmi neralspr ocessi ng, suchasgr indi ngofl i
mest one, manuf act uri
ngofcement ,etc.
producehugequant ityofdust .Thesedust spr ev entt heper colationofwat erbecauseofdeposi t
ionon
thegr oundandi tisr esponsi blef ordegr adat i
onofl and.
 Thedegr adationofl andcr eatesmanypr obl ems, suchasf lood,decr easei ny i
el d,etc.whi chleadst o
decreasei nGDPandcount ryhast of aceeconomi cpr oblems.

Measur
est
oConser
vet
heLandResour
ces:

Degr
adat
ionofl
andcanbepr
event
edbyt
aki
ngf
oll
owi
ngmeasur
es:

 Affor
est at
ion
 Propermanagementofgr azing.
 St
abilisati
onofsanddunesbypl antati
onofthornybushes.
 Propermanagementofwast elands.
 Byproperi rr
igat i
on.
 Byproperhar v esting.
 Controlovermi ningact i
vi
ties.
 Propermanagementofl andaf t
ercompl et
ionofminingwork.
 Di
schar geofi ndust ri
alwast eandef fl
uentsonlyaft
erpropert
reat
ment
.
 Pl
antat i
onoft reesal ongt her oadsides.
 Byprev enti
ngdef orestati
on.

Soi
lasanat
ural
resour
ce:

Soi
li
soneofthemostimportantnat
uralr
esources.Soi
lsuppor
tsthegr
owt
hofpl
ant
s.Soi
li
sthenat
ural
home
ofmanyl
i
vingorgani
sm,suchasants,rat
s,snakes,andmanyinsect
s.

Format i
onofSoil
:Ittakesthousandsofy ear
st ofor
m even1cm ofsoil
.Soi
li
sf ormedbytheweat
heri
ng
processoftherocks.Variousnaturalf
orces,suchastemperat
ure,
runni
ngwat er,
wind,
etc.al
ongwit
hmany
physicalandchemicalchangesar eequall
yimportanti
nthefor
mationofsoi
lformati
on.
Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofSoi
l
:

Soili
scat
egori
zedi
nmanyt y
pesonthebasisoftext
ure,
colour,
age,chemical
proper
ti
es,
etc.Indiai
savast
countr
ywhichcompr
isesofmanyt
ypesofland.Thus,manytypesofsoil
sarefoundi
ndif
ferentregi
onsi
n
Indi
a.

Al
l
uvi
alSoi
l

Avail
abi
lit
y:All
uvi
al soil
isfoundneartheriverorpl
ainsformedbyriv
ers.Al
l
uvi
alsoi
li
sconsi
deredr
elat
ivel
y
youngerinage.InIndia,al
l
uv i
alsoi
lisfoundinthenortheaster
nplai
nwhereGanga,
Yamuna,andBrahmaputr
a
fl
ow.Alluvi
alsoil
isdepositedbyr i
versystem.Enti
renorther
nplai
nismadeofall
uvi
alsoi
l
.

All
uvial
soi
li
sal
sof
oundi
neast
erncoast
alpl
ainsneart
heMahanadi
,theKr
ishna,
theGodav
ari
andt
heKav
eri
ri
vers.

Nature:All
uvialsoili
sv er
yfer
ti
le,thuspl
ainsofGanga,Brahmaput
ra,
Yamuna,et
c.ar
edenselypopul
ated.
All
uvialsoi
listhemi xtureofv
ariousproport
ionsofsi
lt
,sandandclay
.Al
luv
ial
soil
sdif
feri
nthesizeofthei
r
part
iclesatthear eaofbreakofslope.

Apartf
rom t
hesi
zeofparti
clesofgrai
ns,soi
lsarealsoclassi
fi
edonthebasi
softhei
rage.Theol
derall
uvi
al
soil
isknownasBangarandnewal l
uvial
soilorKhadar.Newalluv
ial
soi
lhasmoreconcentr
ati
onofcoarse
grai
nswhil
eOldal
luvi
alsoi
lhasplentyoffi
neparti
cles.

All
uvi
alsoil
isr
ichi
npotash,
phosphori
cacidandli
me.Becauseofpr
esenceoft
hesechemi
cal
sal
l
uvi
alsoi
li
s
goodforthegr
owthofsugar
cane,paddy,
wheat,maize,
andpul
ses.

Bl
ackSoi
l

Avai
labil
i
ty:Becauseofbl
ackcolour
,thi
st y
peofsoi
liscal
l
edblacksoil
.Iti
sal
soknownasRegurSoi l
.Black
soi
li
sf oundinthenort
hwestdeccanplateau.I
tisf
oundintheplat
eauofMaharasht
ra,
Saurashtr
a,Malwa,
Madhy aPradeshandChatt
isgar
handext ental
ongwit
hthevall
eyofKri
shnaandGodavari
Rivers.

Nat ure:
Blacksoilhashi
ghconcentr
ati
onoff
inepar
ti
clesandthuscanhol
dmoistur
eforlongt
ime.I
tcont
ains
calcium,potassi
um, magnesi
um andli
me.Bl
acksoi
lissui
tabl
eforthegr
owthofcott
on,butmanyot
hercr
op
aregr ownintheareaofblacksoi
l.

RedandYel
l
owSoi
l

Thesoill
ooksredduetopresenceofir
onincryst
all
ineormetamorphi
crocks.Whenthesoil
lookyel
l
owwhen
i
toccursindehydr
atedform.Redsoili
spresenti
ntheeaster
nandsouthernpart
softheDeccanPlat
eau.Red
soi
lisal
sofoundinOrissa,Chhat
ti
sgar
h,onthesouthernpar
toftheGangeti
cplai
nsandalongthepi
edomont
zoneoftheWesternGhats.

Lat
eri
teSoi
l

Later
it
esoil
isformedinregionswhichgethighrainf
all
wit
hhight emper at
ure.Thi
scausesleachi
ngofthesoil
andmi cr
oor
ganismsarekil
ledduringtheprocess.Duetot
his,l
ateri
tesoi l
doesnotcontai
nhumusorcont ai
ns
veryl
owamountofhumus.Thi ssoil
ismainlyfoundinKer
ala,
Kar nataka,TamilNadu,
Madhy aPradeshandi
n
hil
l
yareasofOrissaandAssam.Thi ssoil
canbemadecul ti
vablewi t
hheav ydoseofmanures.

Ar
idSoi
l
Aridsoili
sfoundinthosear
easwhichrecei
vescant
yrai
nfal
l.Duet
ohi
ghtemperatur
e,ev
aporat
ionisf
asteri
n
theseregions.Thesoil
hasahighcont
entofsal
t.Ar
idsoi
lcanbemadecult
ivabl
ewithpr
opertr
eatment.Ar
id
soili
spresentinRajast
hanandGujar
at.

For
estSoi
l

Thefor
estsoil
isf
oundinhill
yar
eas.Thesoi
li
nupperpar
tsi
shi
ghl
yaci
dicbecauseofdenudat
ion.Thesoi
li
n
thel
owerparti
shighl
yfer
ti
le.

Soi
lEr
osi
onandSoi
lConser
vat
ion

Remov aloftopsoi
li
scall
edsoiler
osi
on.I
ntensef
arming,grazi
ng,const
ruct
ionact
ivi
ti
esandotherhuman
acti
vi
ti
es; al
ongwit
hdefor
estat
ionhavel
edtosoil
erosion.Soil
erosi
on;i
fnotcheckedint
ime;canevenl
eadt
o
desert
ifi
cati
on.

Soi
lconserv
ati
onisi
mportantt
opreventsoi
ler
osi
on.Soi
lconser
vat
ioncanbedonebymanymet hods.
Aff
orest
ati
onisthemai
nmet hodbecausetr
eeshol
dthetopsoi
li
nplace.Ter
racef
armi
ngandshelt
erbelt
pl
anti
ngalsohel
pinsoi
lconserv
ati
on.