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LECTURE 1 & 2
FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPRESSIBLE One Dimensional Flow with Heat Addition
FLOW Fundamental Equations for Heat Addition Process
Flow Property Evaluation and Table for Heat Addition Process
Module 07 Concept of Thermal Choking
One Dimensional Flow with Friction
Compressible Flow with Friction and Heat Fundamental Equations for Friction
Transfer Flow Property Evaluation and Table for Friction
Concept of Frictional choking
LECTURE 3
Prof. Niranjan Sahoo
Thermodynamic Aspects of Heat Addition and Friction Process
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Rayleigh Curve
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
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Fanno Curve 2
One Dimensional Compressible Flow One Dimensional Compressible Flow – Normal Shock
A normal shock can change drastic change in flow characteristics for a one-
Possible methods to change flow characteristics for a one-dimensional
dimensional compressible flow inside a constant area duct. The physical
compressible flow inside a constant area duct:
trends for supersonic flow when encounters a normal shock are as follows:
Normal shock (adiabatic case)
Mach number becomes subsonic
Heat addition / heat rejection (non-adiabatic case)
Static pressure, temperature and density increases
Friction through addition / subtraction of length (non-isentropic case)
Total temperature does not change & total pressure decreases
Entropy increases
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One Dimensional Compressible Flow – Normal Shock One Dimensional Compressible Flow – Heat Addition
Shock wave as compression device – Thermodynamic Definition
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Inferences of Heat Addition in a Duct Inferences of Heat Addition in a Duct
Physical trends for supersonic flow when heat is added: Physical trends for subsonic flow when heat is added:
Mach number and velocity decreases Mach number and velocity increases
Static pressure and static temperature increases Static pressure decreases
Total temperature increases Static temperature can increase or decrease
Total pressure decreases Total temperature increases
All the above trends will be exactly opposite for cooling the flow (heat Total pressure decreases
extraction) All the above trends will be exactly opposite for cooling the flow (heat
extraction)
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Rayleigh Curve – Heating and Cooling Rayleigh Curve – Heating and Cooling
• The heat addition always drives the Mach number towards sonic state either • If the upstream condition (point 1) in located for a fixed initial condition, then
by decelerating a supersonic flow or accelerating a subsonic flow. the particular Rayleigh curve through this point is the locus of all possible
• This thermodynamic processes and physical trends can be explained on a states in the downstream region (point 2).
Mollier diagram. With a set of initial conditions a curve can be drawn in • Each point on this curve corresponds to different values of heat added to the
“enthalpy-entropy plane” known as “Rayleigh Curve”. flow or taken away from the flow.
• The point ‘a’ refers to maximum entropy at which flow is “sonic” while ‘b’ is
referred as point of “maximum enthalpy”.
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Rayleigh Curve – Heating and Cooling Rayleigh Curve – Heating and Cooling
• The lower branch of Rayleigh curve (below point ‘a’) corresponds to • When the sonic condition is reached, the flow is said to be “thermally choked”
supersonic flow and the upper branch of Rayleigh curve (above point ‘a’) because further increase in heat is not possible without drastic revision of
corresponds to subsonic flow . upstream region.
• With heat addition to a supersonic flow or subsonic flow (denoted as point 1) • If any heat is added further, after the flow reaches Mach 1, then a normal shock
will always drive the flow towards sonic point on the Rayleigh Curve. is formed for an initial supersonic flow and a series of pressure waves will
• It means that a supersonic compressible flow will decelerate with heat addition propagate upstream that will bring down to a lower subsonic Mach number in
while a subsonic compressible flow will accelerate with heat addition. the down stream.
• Reverse is the case for cooling the flow or heat rejection.
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Rayleigh Curve – Heating and Cooling Rayleigh Curve – Heating and Cooling
• When the initial flow is subsonic (i.e. point 1 located on upper branch of • When the flow is at the point of maximum enthalpy state, further heat addition
Rayleigh curve), the heat addition will drive the towards sonic point ‘a’. causes increase in kinetic energy of the fluid at the rate equal to rate of heat
• In fact, the heat addition will increase the static temperature as well as velocity addition.
of subsonic flow. • Hence, after the point of maximum enthalpy, it is almost impossible for the
• Till the point of maximum enthalpy (point b) on Rayleigh curve, rate of increase flow to increase both temperature as well as velocity. Rather, the velocity of the
in enthalpy is higher than the velocity. So, the static temperature will rise up to flow increases without further increase in the static temperature of the fluid.
point ‘b’. • It can be shown that the point maximum enthalpy is a strong function of
specific heat ratio of the gas.
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Rayleigh Curve – Heating and Cooling Rayleigh Curve – Heating and Cooling
• The heat can be sufficiently added to the subsonic flow till the sonic flow in the • When the initial flow is supersonic (i.e. point 1 located on lower branch of
downstream is reached (point ‘a’) after crossing the point of maximum enthalpy Rayleigh curve), the heat addition will drive the towards sonic point ‘a’.
(point ‘b’). • In this case, the flow becomes sonic i.e. point ‘a’ is reached first where the
• However, beyond the sonic point, if flow is cooled, the downstream region will entropy is maximum. So, the point of maximum enthalpy does not arise.
shift towards supersonic value i.e. lower branch of the curve.
• Thus, on a particular Rayleigh curve, it is theoretically possible to accelerate
an initial subsonic flow to supersonic – first by heating the flow till sonic point
and thereby cooling the flow.
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Rayleigh Curve – Summary One Dimensional Compressible Flow – Friction
• Beyond the sonic point, if flow is cooled, the downstream region will shift
towards subsonic value i.e. upper branch of the curve.
• On a particular Rayleigh curve, it is theoretically possible to decelerate an
initial supersonic flow to subsonic – first by heating the flow till sonic point and
thereby cooling the flow.
• On a particular Rayleigh curve, it is theoretically possible to accelerate an
initial subsonic flow to supersonic – first by heating the flow till sonic point and
thereby cooling the flow.
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Inferences of Frictional Flow in a Duct Fanno Curve - Friction
• A Mollier diagram for one-dimensional flow with friction can be drawn for a set
Case I: If the upstream Mach number is supersonic, the effect of friction in
the downstream is such that of initial conditions. It is known as “Fanno curve” .
• Mach number and velocity decreases. • Friction always drives the Mach number towards “sonic point” by decelerating
• Static pressure and temperature increases
a supersonic flow and accelerating a subsonic flow.
• Stagnation pressure decreases.
• The “sonic point” splits the Fanno curve in two halves – the upper one refers to
Case II: If the upstream Mach number is subsonic, the effect of friction in “subsonic flow” while the lower one is meant for “supersonic flow”.
the downstream is such that
• Mach number and velocity increases.
• Static pressure and temperature decreases.
• Stagnation pressure decreases.
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Fanno Curve - Friction Fanno Curve - Friction
• Consider the lower part of the curve for which inlet flow is supersonic. The flow • Finally, the flow is sonic at point ‘a’ and known as choking due to friction.
initiating at point ‘1’ is driven towards point ‘a’ due to friction. • If the duct length is made larger than that of sonic point requirement, a
• Each point on the curve between ‘1 & a’ corresponds to certain duct length. As normal shock would appear that would make drastic flow revision the inlet flow
the duct length is made larger, the condition at the exit would move closer to towards subsonic.
point ‘a’. • It may be noted that the critical length of duct is achieved through sonic flow
• Such a process proceeds in a direction of higher static pressure and enthalpy at the exit. It is different from the previous conditions for isentropic or Rayleigh
with increase in entropy till point ‘a’. Thus, a supersonic flow is compressed with flow.
increase in friction.
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Fanno Curve - Friction Fanno Curve - Friction
• In the alternative case (upper part of the curve), when the inlet flow is • Friction always causes the drop in total pressure irrespective of inlet flow
subsonic, the friction drive the flow from point ‘1’ towards ‘a’. Mach number (supersonic or subsonic).
• Increase in length of duct causes the static pressure and enthalpy to drop • The upper and lower part of Fanno curve can not be traversed for same flow
but the flow velocity and entropy increases. conditions.
• If the length of the duct is sufficiently large, then the point ‘a’ is reached • Within the framework of one-dimensional flow theory, it impossible to first
and flow at the exit becomes sonic. The flow is choked again due to friction. slow a supersonic flow to sonic condition and then further slowing it
• Further increase in length is impossible without altering the inlet Mach subsonic speeds by friction. This deceleration of subsonic flow by friction
number to a lower values. would violate “second law of thermodynamics”.
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Intersection of Fanno Curve and Rayleigh Curve Intersection of Fanno Curve and Rayleigh Curve
• On a Mollier diagram, both Fanno curve On a Mollier diagram, both Fanno curve and Rayleigh curve can be plotted and
and Rayleigh curve can be plotted and they will intersect at two points “1 & 2”.
they will intersect at two points “1 & 2”.
• All the points on a “Fanno curve” have
same “stagnation enthalpy” while “stream
thrust” has same values on a “Rayleigh
curve”. But both the curve have identical
values of “mass flux”.
• Hence, the thermodynamic state points “1
& 2” have identical values of mass flux,
stream thrust and stagnation enthalpy.
• These two states (1 & 2) could be possible
thermodynamic states across a normal
shock by satisfying one dimensional
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equations.
Intersection of Fanno Curve and Rayleigh Curve
•The spontaneous change from state “1 to 2” is possible because the point ‘2’
Learning Components
has higher entropy than point ‘1’ and the static pressure is higher at point ‘2’.
• However, the change of state from “2 to 1” is impossible because it would Module VII: Compressible Flow with Friction and Heat Transfer
violate the Second law of Thermodynamics.
• The shock process (Hugoniot curve) is a sudden compression that increases Fundamental equations for one dimensional flow (heat
pressure and entropy of the fluid but decreases its velocity from supersonic to addition/friction)
subsonic value. Flow property evaluation (heat addition/friction)
One dimensional property table (heat addition/friction)
Concept of thermal choking and frictional choking
Rayleigh curve and Fanno curve
Thermodynamic aspects of heat addition/friction/normal shock
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THANK YOU
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