SECTION 1 Questions 1–13

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13, which are based on Reading
Passage 1 below.

Questions 1–7

Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A–G.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B–H from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i–x, in boxes 1–7 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i Stability of remittances in difficult times

ii Effect of cutback in transaction fees

iii Targeted investments and contributions

iv Remittances for business investment

v How to lower transmission fees

vi Motivations behind remittances

vii Losses incurred during transmission

viii Remittances worth more than official aid

ix How recipients utilise remittances

x Frequency and size of remittances

xi Poor returns on migrant savings

Example:

Paragraph G xi

1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph E
6 Paragraph F
7 Paragraph H
 the economics of migrant remittances

A Every year millions of migrants travel vast distances using borrowed money for
their airfares and taking little or no cash with them. They seek a decent job to support
themselves with money left over that they can send home to their families in developing
countries. These remittances exceeded $400 billion last year. It is true that the actual rate
per person is only about $200 per month but it all adds up to about triple the amount officially
spent on development aid.

B In some of the poorer, unstable or conflict-torn countries, these sums of money are
a lifeline – the only salvation for those left behind. The decision to send money home is often
inspired by altruism – an unselfish desire to help others. Then again, the cash might simply
be an exchange for earlier services rendered by the recipients or it could be intended for
investment by the recipients. Often it will be repayment of a loan used to finance the
migrant’s travel and resettlement.

C At the first sign of trouble, political or financial upheaval, these personal sources of
support do not suddenly dry up like official investment monies. Actually, they increase in
order to ease the hardship and suffering of the migrants’ families and, unlike development
aid, which is channelled through government or other official agencies, remittances go
straight to those in need. Thus, they serve an insurance role, responding in a countercyclical
way to political and economic crises.

D This flow of migrant money has a huge economic and social impact on the
receiving countries. It provides cash for food, housing and necessities. It funds education
and healthcare and contributes towards the upkeep of the elderly. Extra money is sent for
special events such as weddings, funerals or urgent medical procedures and other
emergencies. Occasionally it becomes the capital for starting up a small enterprise.

E Unfortunately, recipients hardly ever receive the full value of the money sent back
home because of exorbitant transfer fees. Many money transfer companies and banks
operate on a fixed fee, which is unduly harsh for those sending small sums at a time. Others
charge a percentage, which varies from around 8% to 20% or more dependent on the
recipient country. There are some countries where there is a low fixed charge per
transaction; however, these cheaper fees are not applied internationally because of
widespread concern over money laundering. Whether this is a genuine fear or just an excuse
is hard to say. If the recipients live in a small village somewhere, usually the only option is to
obtain their money through the local post office. Regrettably, many governments allow post
offices to have an exclusive affiliation with one particular money transfer operator so there is
no alternative but to pay the extortionate charge.

F The sums of money being discussed here might seem negligible on an individual
basis but they are substantial in totality. If the transfer cost could be reduced to no more than
one per cent, that would release another $30 billion dollars annually – approximately the total
aid budget of the USA, the largest donor worldwide – directly into the hands of the world’s
poorest. If this is not practicable, governments could at least acknowledge that small
remittances do not come from organised crime networks, and ease regulations accordingly.
They should put an end to restrictive alliances between post offices and money transfer
operators or at least open up the system to competition. Alternately, a non-government
humanitarian organisation, which would have the expertise to navigate the elaborate red
tape, could set up a non-profit remittance platform for migrants to send money home for little
or no cost.

G Whilst contemplating the best system for transmission of migrant earnings to the
home country, one should consider the fact that migrants often manage to save reasonable
amounts of money in their adopted country. More often than not, that money is in the form of
bank deposits earning a tiny percentage of interest, none at all or even a negative rate of
interest.

H If a developing country or a large charitable society could sell bonds with a

guaranteed return of three or four per cent on the premise that the invested money would be
used to build infrastructure in that country, there would be a twofold benefit. Migrants would
make a financial gain and see their savings put to work in the development of their country of
origin. The ideal point of sale for these bonds would be the channel used for money transfers
so that, when migrants show up to make their monthly remittance, they could buy bonds as
well. Advancing the idea one step further, why not make this transmission hub the conduit for
affluent migrants to donate to worthy causes in their homeland so they may share their
prosperity with their compatriots on a larger scale?
Questions 8–13

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 8–13 on your answer sheet.

Countries are unwilling to enforce lower transaction fees as they are worried about
8 ……………….., and villagers lose out when post offices have a special relationship with
one particular money transfer agency.

Each remittance might be small but the total cost of remittance fees is huge. Governments
should 9 ……………….. on small amounts and end the current post office system or make it
more competitive. Another idea would be for a large non-profit association, capable of
handling complicated 10 ……………….. to take charge of migrant remittances.

Migrants who send money home are able to save money, too, but it receives little or no
interest from 11 ……………….. . If a country or organisation sold bonds that earned a
reasonable rate of interest for the investor, that money could fund the development of
homeland 12 ……………….. .The bonds could be sold at the remittance centre, which could
also take donations from 13 ……………….. to fund charitable projects in their home country.
SECTION 2 Question 14–26

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14–26, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 on the following pages.

Questions 14–19

Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A–F.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A–F from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i–ix, in boxes 14–19 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings

i A finely balanced measuring machine

ii Head injuries are a window into the brain
iii Measuring changes in body weight
iv Measuring fatigue through finger movements
v Reasons for the development of the ergograph
vi Effects of fatigue on young factory workers
vii Reasons behind early physiological research
viii Estimating the difficulty of reading tasks
ix Mosso’s theory supported by experimental results

14 Paragraph A

15 Paragraph B

16 Paragraph C

17 Paragraph D

18 Paragraph E

19 Paragraph F
 Angelo Mosso’s Pioneering Work in the Study of Human Physiology

A Scientists in the late nineteenth century were beginning to investigate the functions of
blood circulation, trying to tease out the reasons for variations in pulse and pressure,
and to understand the delivery of energy to the functioning parts of our bodies.
Angelo Mosso (1846–1910) was one such pioneer, an Italian physiologist who
progressed to become a professor of both pharmacology and physiology at the
University of Turin. As was true of many of his enlightened, well-educated
contemporaries, Mosso was concerned about the effect of the industrial revolution on
the poorer working classes. Hard physical labour and an excessively long working
day shortened lives, created conditions conducive to accidents, and crippled the
children who were forced into such work at a very early age. One of his most
influential contributions to society came from his work and writings on fatigue.

B Early experimenters in any field find themselves having to construct previously

unknown equipment to investigate fields of study as yet unexplored. Mosso had
reviewed the work of fellow scientists who had worked on isolated muscles, such as
those extracted from frogs, and who had observed movement and fatigue when
these were stimulated electrically. He found two major issues with their methodolgy:
there was a lack of evidence both that the findings would be relevant to the human
body, and that the dynamometers used to measure the strength of movement could
give accurate results. He therefore became determined to construct an instrument to
measure human muscular effort and record the effects of fatigue with greater
precision.

C His device was named an ergograph, meaning “work recorder”. To modern eyes it
seems remarkably simple, but such is true of many inventions when viewed with
hindsight. It allowed the measurement of the work done by a finger as it was
repetitively curled up and straightened. There were basically two parts. One held the
hand in position, palm up, by strapping down the arm to a wooden base; this was
important to prevent any unintentional movement of the hand while the experiment
was taking place. The other part was a recording device that drew the movements of
the finger vertically on a paper cylinder which revolved by tiny increments as the
experiment proceeded. The index and ring fingers of the hand were each inserted
into a brass tube to hold them still. The middle finger was encircled with a leather ring
tied to a wire which was connected to a weight after passing through a pulley. The
finger had to raise and lower the weight, with the length and speed of these flexions
recorded on the paper by a stylus. In this way, he not only learned the fatigue profiles
of his subjects but could observe a relationship between performance, tiredness and
the emotional state of his subjects.

D Mosso’s interest in the interaction between psychology and physiology led to another
machine and further groundbreaking research. He was intrigued to observe the
pulsing of circulating blood in patients who had suffered traumatic damage to the
skull, or cranium. In these patients, a lack of bone covering the brain allowed the
strength of the heart’s pumping to be seen beneath the skin. He carried out
experiments to see whether certain intellectual activities, such as reading or solving a
problem, or emotional responses, such as to a sudden noise, would affect the supply
 of blood to the brain. He detected some changes in blood supply, and then wanted to
find out if the same would be true of individuals with no cranial damage.

E His solution was to design another instrument to measure brain activity in uninjured
subjects. He designed a wooden table-top for the human subject to lie on, which was
placed over another table, balanced on a fulcrum (rather like a seesaw) that would
allow the subject to tilt, with head a little higher than feet, or vice versa. Heavy
weights beneath the table maintained the stability of the whole unit as the intention
was to measure very tiny variations in the balance of the person. Once the upper
table was adjusted to be perfectly horizontal, only the breathing created a slight
regular oscillation. This breathing and pulses measured in the hands and feet were
also recorded.

F Once all was in equilibrium, Mosso would ring a bell, while out of sight of the subject.
His hypothesis was that this aural stimulus would have to be interpreted by the brain,
and that an increased blood flow would result in a slight head-down tilt of the table.
Mosso followed the bell-ringing with a wide range of intellectual stimuli, such as
reading from a newspaper, a novel, or a university text. He was no doubt well
satisfied to observe that the tilting of the table increased proportionately to the
difficulty of the subject matter and the intellectual requirements of the task. Mosso’s
experiments indicated a direct link between mental effort and an increased volume of
blood in the brain. This research was one of the first attempts to ‘image’ the brain,
which is now performed by technology such as MRI (magnetic resonance imaging),
commonly used in making medical diagnoses today.
Question 20

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in box 20 on your answer sheet.

The text suggests that Mosso undertook his original research because he wanted to

A support previous researchers’ results.

B make a more accurate measuring device.
C rebuild an existing machine.
D study the movement of frog muscles.

Questions 21–25

Label the diagram below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 21–25 on your answer sheet.

The Ergograph
Question 26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.

What is the writer’s overall purpose in writing this article?

A to describe Mosso’s early research into human physiology

B to argue that Angelo Mosso was an original designer
C to discuss differences between Mosso and other early researchers
D to link Mosso’s experiments to modern brain imaging technology
SECTION 3 Question 27–40

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27–40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.

Who Wrote Shakespeare?

William Shakespeare is the Western world’s most famous playwright – but did
he really write the plays and poems that are attributed to him?

There has been controversy over the authorship of the works of Shakespeare since the nineteenth
century. The initial impetus for this debate came from the fact that nineteenth century critics, poets
and readers were puzzled and displeased when they were presented with the few remaining scraps
of evidence about the life of “Shakspere”, as his name was most commonly spelled. The author they
admired and loved must have been scholarly and intellectual, linguistically gifted, knowledgeable
about the lifestyle of those who lived in royal courts, and he appeared to have travelled in Europe.

These critics felt that the son of a Stratford glove---maker, whose only definite recorded dealings
concerned buying property, some minor legal action over a debt, tax records, and the usual entries
for birth, marriage and death, could not possibly have written poetry based on Classical models. Nor
could he have been responsible for the wide---ranging intellectually and emotionally challenging plays
for which he is so famous, because, in the nineteenth century world---view, writers inevitably called
upon their own experiences for the content of their work.

By compiling the various bits and pieces of surviving evidence, most Shakespearian scholars have
satisfied themselves that the man from Stratford is indeed the legitimate author of all the works
published under his name. A man called William Shakespeare did become a member of the Lord
Chamberlain’s Men, the dramatic company that owned the Globe and Blackfriars Theatres, and he
enjoyed exclusive rights to the publication and performance of the dramatic works. There are 23
extant contemporary documents that indicate that he was a well---known poet or playwright.
Publication and even production of plays had to be approved by government officials, who are
recorded as having met with Shakespeare to discuss authorship and licensing of some of the plays,
for example, ‘King Lear’.

However, two Elizabethans who are still strongly defended as the true Shakespeare are Christopher
Marlowe and Edward de Vere, both of whom would have benefited from writing under the secrecy
of an assumed name.

Marlowe’s writing is acknowledged by all as the precursor of Shakespeare’s dramatic verse style:
declamatory blank verse that lifted and ennobled the content of the plays. The records indicate that
he was accused of being an atheist: denying the existence of God would have been punishable by
the death penalty. He is recorded as having ‘died’ in a street fight before Shakespeare’s greatest
works were written, and therefore it is suggested that he may have continued producing literary
works while in hiding from the authorities.

De Vere was Earl of Oxford and an outstanding Classical scholar as a child. He was a strong supporter
of the arts, including literature, music and acting. He is also recorded as being a playwright,
although no works bearing his name still exist. However, in 16th century England it was not
acceptable for an aristocrat to publish verse for ordinary people, nor to have any personal dealings
with the low---class denizens of popular theatre.

To strengthen the case for their respective alternatives, literary detectives have looked for
relationships between the biographies of their chosen authors and the published works of
Shakespeare. However, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, there was no tradition of
basing plays on the author’s own life experiences, and therefore, the focus of this part of the debate
has shifted to the sonnets. These individual poems of sixteen lines are sincerely felt reactions to
emotionally charged situations such as love and death, a goldmine for the biographically inclined
researcher.

The largest group of these poems express love and admiration and, interestingly, they are written to
a “Mr W.H.” This person is clearly a nobleman, yet he is sometimes given forthright advice by the
poet, suggesting that the writing comes from a mature father figure. How can de Vere or Marlowe
be established as the author of the sonnets?

As the son of a tradesman, Marlowe had no aristocratic status; unlike Shakespeare, however, he did
attend and excel at Cambridge University where he mingled with the wealthy. Any low---born artist
needed a rich patron, and such is the argument for his authorship of the sonnets. The possible
recipient of these sonnets is Will Hatfield, a minor noble who was wealthy and could afford to
contribute to the arts; this young man’s friendship would have assisted a budding poet and
playwright. Marlowe’s defenders contend that expressions of love between men were common at
this time and had none of the homosexual connotations that Westerners of the twenty---first century
may ascribe to them.

The Earl of Oxford had no need of a wealthy patron. The object of De Vere’s sonnets, it is suggested,
is Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, whose name only fits the situation if one accepts that it
is not uncommon to reverse the first and surnames on formal occasions. De Vere was a rash and
careless man and, because of his foolish behaviour, he fell out of favour with Queen Elizabeth
herself. He needed, not an artistic patron, but someone like Henry to put in a good word for him in
the complex world of the royal court. This, coupled with a genuine affection for the young man, may
have inspired the continuing creation of poems addressed to him. Some even postulate that the mix
of love and stern advice may stem from the fact that Henry was de Vere’s illegitimate son, though
there is no convincing evidence of this fact.
Questions 27–29

Choose THREE letters A - G

Write the correct letters A - G, in boxes 27–29 on your answer sheet.

Which THREE of the following are given as reasons for the arguments that someone else
wrote Shakespeare’s works?

A Shakespeare did not come from Stratford.

B We have little information about Shakespeare’s life.
C We know that Shakespeare did not go overseas.
D Shakespeare went to prison for owing money.
E Shakespeare spoke only the English language.
F Shakespeare’s life appears to have been limited.
G The plays suggest that the writer was familiar with a high-class lifestyle.

Questions 30–35

Complete the table below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 30–35 on your answer sheet.

Evidence for Different Authors

Shakespeare He was an actor.

He had 30 ……………….. for printing and putting on the
plays.
31 ……………….. consulted Shakespeare before
approving performance of the plays.

Marlowe The plays use his writing style.

He was in trouble because some people said he was an
32 ……………...
He may have faked his own death in a 33 ……………...
He needed to write in secrecy.

De Vere He was an excellent student.

He supported other writers, musicians and actors.
He may have been a 34 ……………...
As a member of the upper class he could not write for
35 ……………...
Question 36

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in box 36 on your answer sheet.

The sonnets are useful for researchers because they are

A shorter and easier than the plays.

B all written to the same person.
C more personal than the plays.
D addressed to a lower-class person.

Questions 37–40

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A–G, below.

Write the correct letter, A–G, in boxes 37–40 on your answer sheet.

37 W.H. was probably a young man because

38 W.H. could have been Marlowe’s friend because
39 W.H.’s name could have been Henry Wriothesley because
40 W.H. could have been De Vere’s friend because

A W.H. had some influence with important people.

B the poems are addressed to the writer’s child.

C the content of the poems strongly suggests this.

D W.H. was able to provide financial support.

E W.H. had been to Cambridge University.

F W.H. had a lot of high-class enemies.

G the poet may have changed the order of his initials.