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2K views34 pagesDSP Written Notes
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Uploaded by
Karthik IvaturiCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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/ 34
Digftal_sigoal Paocessing
~ gott-1
‘Tnroduction |
‘Thftoduetion to Dial Signal _ Processing
Most of the signals asa amalog fn natuse,
je, “the Signals ase functions of a Continuous
Vohifable, Such as time ci Sbaw , amd usally Helis
on Valu fn a Continuoss Stange - S8uch Signals ay
be pSiocessed dinectty by appropstate amalog Systems
fi tha porpoe of Changing tata chasacteristes ch
ect acting Seme dusined foftimation.
The -FoUloetng Figuee Tweaks thre amalog Signal
pracesting, fo cobich both “tte ‘Tnpol Simal amd. cudput
Signal ase in analog faim.
Analo: ] A
feet A etyat_ | > ale
Signal Paoces d\ Signal
Dijitat Signal porocesting provides om alternative
| meted f& procestiog “Hie Omaleg Sfinal, as chan below,
Porocessé
| Analeg AID Digital DIA Analo;
| Anput converted 1! Signal 7 Comventey, - cup
| eel srs
Digttal og
in he
Sfgnal Signal
Department of ECE To pertdim the paoceaing digitally, Meu 1a need 2
Ph an ‘nerface betwean the amalog Sfgnoh amd the
digital process, cabled am amalog to - digttal (Al)
Comvestes» Anctton Interface is naodod to conveat
“tho digital S{ynat fo He omalog Sent, called a
“dligttal to analog (DIA) Canventen
Applications of digital oad proands 2
(= Speech Processing
= Signal aneesfasian cn -telaphora channels
~ Image Processing amd Hanamigion
— Blsmolegy
~ Geophysics
~All expldiation
= Leleotion of nuclear erpbefons
a Procenting of signals Decaived Fam outs shace .
“Advantages of Digital over Analog Signal Frocesstra:
- A digital programmoble System allow Saale
fo Bacon figuatng ~Hfe digital Sypak Processing Operations
Seopy by changing “he PHogram-
Recon figuration of omalog Systern enplia_ soboaSgy |
of hardeoase followed by testing amd vesiftcation |
- A digital gystern provides touch beth Coniiol of |
Accanacy sap visaments -
Tolenanas i amalog circuit components mate %t
Depastment of ECE exctemely difficuk fh the Sytteny datgnen -to aanHol
the aceuhany of an amalog &goah paroceing Syatern -
- Digital gral aso easily Stdud on mmognetfc media
wlioat less of Sfynal fidalify-
H ts vey AfPtuit +p perfhim pseckse mathe matfal
| ofenations 0 S&rals fo amalog Bin.
|- Digital tmplewentation of the Signal proaating Sytem
| ts cheaper than Th analog counterpart
Discsote Time Siqnals - Sepvences ¢
A Seprenca. of numbers % tn which tho ath
fn “tho Sepvence Es danoted. aon), Is femal,
number
cosditten A8
a= faceno} , ~@-
cpg
Department of ECE dittoductin on __Spsterns 2
A Stgnal is dofined os ony physical qeanfity “that
Vasie Wh time, Spaa 8 amoifia ‘indopendint VortaHe:
A System is defined as a physfcal dovica that perfims
am lm 6 QA SEnal- System $ chanactetized
by He type of operation “that perftims on be Sal
Such operations ae Gefered to as Foal pacceatirg
Claxt fication <
ED Site ond. Oynamie _gytems «
tox Pf the
| A System Is Sid te be Static & memdy
| Boxpere Ts dit to patent input alone, te- fh a
Static 3 memdiy Less systero, the. output at omy Trebant
n dafends erty on “the “npuk applied at “hat frrtant
fn but not on the pow &h future volus of Pout «
Ets Ycn)= atcn)
Yen) = 2m)
dem ig Said +o be dynaric 6 rem mm Te
A
A futire Toputs -
tre Susponse. dapends bpon past,
Ex: yend= Ler)
yeme xen) + at(n-2/)
Raobleras Find usbethea the Following Gysterns Oe.
dynamic 8\ not.
(Oo Yn) = Len42)
ch) Yon) = 2"Cn)
Department of ECs Sal: }
@) Given yen) = ene?) |&
|The cutpuk dupenda em “ite. filtise Value of Taped -|
“Thasofha, tho Stern is dynamic .
(h Gixen yon) = xen)
| The eulput clapends on he ony paasent Value of
| Topuk - Thorefe, ~te system fis Static.
(2) Causal and Wen- causal stems < |
A System wad to be causal TP to output of
[tre Systern depends only on the pAsent and past
‘Voluu of “to Snpat but not on future fopab
i-e. Don antickpadtiy -
| causal Systema O90 Saal fire Systems - ase
| physically sealigable + my
Ets Yonp2 NxCn)
yiny2 20n-2) ewCnAy +£0N)
UA Sytem Ts Rad ‘ty be non-Cousay FP fe eutput
of tte Bytes dapends on -futua trnputts -
‘They do not exist in saat ime «Thay axe not
phystcally soaligabl - “Tray axa ami ch portly Gyatems-
Ex: yenp= Lem + xvc2n)
yong 2 CM) + BHC +2)
Department of ECE | Problern
Check Whether the follocsing Syaterns Ode causel
A oot.
1@ Yen) = cr) + £CN-2)
tb) Yen) = #20)
© yode Sin [xen]
@) YCn)= LON)
Sol:
(> Given
YCnj= Len) +X Cn-2)
fo pe-2 Ye) = Le22 + CC~4)
hi n= 6 Yo) = ~¢o) + 22)
8 922 Yo) = LO)+ x00)
a sntty spear cll haw sential: ligealla aly exp |
“tte powsent amd past Values -
“Those Pho, “tte Systern fe causal -
(69 Given
Yond= C2)
PR ne-2 Yer: 4)
Ho nixe Yto)= x¢0)
8 new Yad = 44)
Fa postive Values of 0, the eutput depends on
tthe Putur, Vales oP ‘npott -
“Thosefdie , “the Systern 5 non ~ causal -
Depattment of ECE CO yond = Sfo [xen] | 8
fi n=-2 Yc = sto [xen]
6) N=0 YCo) = Sin (xcod} |
48 neo Ya) = Sin Pxc29) |
FA all values sf n,-te ouput dopends only en the
powent Volus of Fopat -
“Thoda fe jth System ts Causal.
OD) Given
| Yon)= ¥ Cn)
j #8 ne-2 yrs #0)
f8 00 a )
f5 n=2 Yea) = M02)
[Fa rages Volus ef 9, the output dopends on “fe
| fucuse Volus of fopat - |
Thoso-fiio , ito gysterm 8 nen- causal - |
@ reads omd Non-Lingad Systems =
A Syste which obeys the poincipl. of Sees patton
oma podin cio. of homogeretty ts called a Lfnaar
System » and a System which does not cbey the
prindipe of Sopeapesition amd homogenetty fs
called @ non- linean Syshem.
Homogenstty property means & System which poeducal
an cutpat UC 481 am Topak cn) must produc
am euipur aycn) f6 on fnpak ootcn)-
Department of BCE Super position property means A Sydtem ahich Pp
| ay output Y,Cn) fh on Frput Cin) and am output 4.00)
FG) am Inpuk 962¢n) roust produc on oulput WCE) AbCty
6 on fopak 21m) + L2CN) - |
[Combining tam , @ Stern ts Ufncan TF on asbithary
Joput scm) paeduca an output thén) and am asbitiory
opur seacn) produces am output YoCr) » then the |
© Gem of Topub AxiCn) +baacrp » where a andb
‘axe Contfank » Produces 9 ettpuk Apc) + bYacnd
‘hich Is tte Sum of welghted oulpah - |
ie
TLaaicn) + basen) = aTl*cM)} +b TLeacny). |
| Porottem s
check whetfin tho felleating Syttemt cae Libeas 8 not-
(@ Yen) = Paton)
ko Yen] xen) +—!
| aafen-2)
(QO Yenp= 28en) +4
(a) Ycmde Kem Coseon
Sol:
Given Yeny> txenp
ycn= T[xcn)] = ncen>
Yen) T fan) = FCN)
“t Yoenye TPaecoy] = > 52 cn)
Department of BCE “The. coeighted. Som of outputs ws :
QyjCn) + bYcn) = ACnPacm] + bf A x%.Cny)
Pa agen) +b6%CN9)
The out pue dua to tnefghted Som of fnpur ts
Yaend = Tlasien) + bxacny} = Pfaaycny + b%Cny}]
Yacr) 204)¢n9 + bYcn)
“The cocighted. Som of outputs Is epval +o -ite outfut
“dua to cweighted om of fnputs .
Tine Scperbatttion painciple ts Satisfied
Thoxefdo , tHe given System B® lineaa.
wb Given
| = cn) +
| Yon)? xcn) —
“ Wcn)> T[ei¢ny) = sien) +— __
22 Cn -2)
2 Ynen) = Tlax2end) = x cn) +—1 _
2mcn-2)
The coeightect Sera of eutbuts ts
a 4,0) + baacey= af myn + +
2 B¢p-2)
b( acn> +
ors
=(ancm +b%cnj}+ —A— 4 _b
2z(n-2) imcn2)
Department of ECE
|
|
| “The outpat duu to coeighbed Som of inpub ow | AT
Yadny = T [aseicny + bac]
«
1A oh. xO +e
2{axucn2) + putn)]
-* Ygcn) = ay,(m + baer) -
Thasefie, the Gren Syrtern % non Linzas-
© Given
Ycny = 2xen) +4
Yon) = T(xeny) = 220) +4
YiCr= Tfayen)} = 22100) + 4
Y,¢n)= T (seen) = 20200) +4
“Tha neighted Som of culpub fs
AY) cn) + bYacn) = afseqcnd +44) + Haacmp +4)
= 2facjdn) 4 baacn)} + 4 (ath)
“Tha cuttut clue to eweigtted. Sor of Fnputs fs
Ygen) = T(axicrd + bain} = 2 fancn + ban] +4
“Ygeng 4 OY, Cn) + bY Cn).
_Thosefie, the given System f non-linear .
Depastment of ECE (
| Yen) = acc) cas «oD
| Yom= Tfacny) = scr casan
8/C0) = TL 2Cn] = 34.09 Cas@n
Ysen = Ffanen)) = Menreaseon
Tho cocighted, Som of oudpude Bs
QyyCoD+bYLCM) = AKCMcarwn + b(nICas~on |
= (a.xen +bxcn)) caswon
“the output due fo aeighted Som of dnp ts
Yin 2 T[acicm +b%en)] = 2faciens +b%xtn)] cate
“ Wemy= AWC) + bYr¢ny
~Thosefdte , the given System ts near
Shi RE Shift
4) Fire — Sin Vostant amd “Weve ~ Nasytng Systema:
The Hime-fmasiana property Pi Ak crate - Sterns
“fs Called Shift — fovastianc «
het sen) be tHe Snput and lol sx¢en-K) bette Input
| dolayed by K oft.
| Yen) = Tfaens] be ~He output FE te Fp aren -
. Department of EBce 13”
Ycn, KD = Teen, kJ = yen) Y sind itch
be “Me oulput 8 -He dalayed fnpak sn-K) «
| SCp-k) = YCM |pep-~ be the outoak dalayed by
| K onit .
TP YCn,«) = 4Cn-K)
ie. ff dalayed oulpuk t eval to fa eutput dus to
data yed tapas. f fe alt possible Values of K, then the
Systern fs ee frovaaiant- |
|
Te@ = YCnjk) + YCn-k)
ie. FE -the datayed cadpuk fs Pot epval to -Hfe. outfett due
+o dalayed Toput-then he System Ps Stitt -Vasiant.
Rnoblem:
| Deberndine vohether the Pollocding Systems are Shift -
| froafant & not -
(0) Yond = KCNPD
® yen) = Xen)
Ce YCn)= x(n -2)
(dy Yen) = Lh) + NXCH-2) |
Sol:
(0) Given
| yeny= een.)
|
| Yo) = T{axeny} = xh)
Department of CE “The output duw + Sopat dalayed by K ott 7s
Y(o,4) = TLaen-W]] = Yom] semen =XC2-K)
“The output dalayed by K Uni ts
| $C0-0 = YOM [penx a ot (DS)
J (1k) # Y(p-e)
Thesefihe., He Stem fs skift-Nastont-
© Given |
| yonye x°Cn-2)
| Yon)= T([axcny} 2 ot¢n-2)
The eutput dur fo Foput delayed by K Uni B .
Yen, «9 = T[acn-e] = YC] aeemy 2 atte) = 2*CN-2-K)|
The output dolayed by Ronit ts
Bon-b) = yond | penn = 26° (0-2-KD |
“Yan, R= UCn-K)
“Therefie, the systern ts Shift - fnvasiant.
ub Given
Ycn) = XCN)+ N XCn-2)
Yen) T(xeny] > Ch) +x C2)
re euiput dius to Toput delayed by & ob fs
| Mek) =Tfaren-k 3} = $C) acongexen-d = SUPA 4p accr-a-fy
L
Depasiment of ECE “Tho eusput delayed by Kk oni 4s iis
Yen-h) = YC [pene = EON + UN-*) aCn-k-29 |
|
Yen, k) #YCn-K)
Thenrefoe the Syaters fs Shitt- Naxfant.
b Given
| Yen) 2xCn)
| ' = xd
Yon)= T[sxeny) nm
|
Yen, kd = YCn-KD
“Thosafito, the Syitern is Shift Tnvasfant.
(5) Stable_and Unsiable Sgslems
rt boondad Signal t& a Mynal hase magnitude fs
always O finite Value -
A System fs Gaid +o be boondad- foput, boondad output
(B10) Stable, Tf and only Tf every bounded foput
produas a bovnded axrtput-
| Broblern +
(oo yen) = A&(n-7)
ne) binj2 a fh oc eit
(9 benjs 3” ucn)
ee ben}= Ucn
Gol:
(CO Given Yen = acten-7)
het xeng> Pen
Depattment of ECE Ycny= ben)
-. ben): a@8@-D
A Sytern 4s Hable it tt impube — seaporue ben)
fs absolutely Summable -
i 2B
— Z (pena &
ne
| In this case
|
| & [ bend] = g adto-) 2a Fh N27
| ne ne
Hence. the given Syste t% Hobe tf tte valu of a fs
| Pin’ite -
CD Geven
bem: & FB 060 <1)
of
SF \wemp eh lo) = to. Moh
02% ne-& ee a
“Thesrofde +o System ts stoble tf a ts finite.
© Gixeo
| ben) = DPucny
|
|
| es Pd n cay
= thin) = Pucn| = =e
| jee" indy z. | n=o
| Kenda “ties &ystern Ps unstable -
td) Gkven peas Wen
ze x
| Fg Vio S ol = hha Sil
| Hena thés System fe Unstabl.
| : Crpastrnent of ECE Linear Shift -Invosiant — Stems: 1(77
| A System fs dafined matromattcally ax a unique
“Bamafdimadien of am Input Sepsen@ sc0n) foto am
| output Sepuente yen).
yond = Ticem]
a To gen)
The claw of Linear aysteros fs defined by the
patnctpal of Soperposttion - |
TP Ucn) amd Hal) ade the Susponses cohen aiicm and |
nach) , Sespectively , ade “the Fopabs, -tten a System % |
Uneaa 14 and only t¢
“Tax +bxcmd] = a TLacny] + & TL]
= OY,cN)+ bY2CND
The Claw op Shift frvosiant systems fs chadacteriged
[by dhe paoperty that Hf Yen % the Suspense “to 26M,
Mhen yin-k) fs ie sesporae +p xcn-K)s
| An adibitiary Sybence Com be expsaned 23
yeny= & xece) 8Cn-¥)
| Ke-@
“The propesty of Stitt fovartance implies fot if
hon ts the suiporad, “to deny» Htian tie, Salpemse to,
Ben—K) 1S Simply bCn-K) °
| yend= 2 seca) bo-K).
e-6
| Any Ureatr ekg fonanlant System. then, ts coplabely
| chasactatsed by tt, Unit- Sample Suiparse hen) -
} Department of ECE Epvastion @ is Germany Call “fe Conoco |
Som.
gi cam be denotid by tha nortettion
Yen) = acend % hHCn)-
Stakittty and Causality :
A Stable’ system fs one fm cbich Men boorded
fnpot produces a bovndsd output -
[frog chift - fovasiant Systems are Stable S¢ and
only ae
of
S= = |btr4<@
K=-%
stp the Above puattion fy Yue amd o & beuondsd , ie,
[sepa] cm, fa AUTH, ther
| ¥oy| =| 2 pernacen-x) | &M & [ber] 408
~ Kee
Thus y ft bevodsd .
Th G=-G, ton @ boondad frput can be -foond ‘Hat
Loft cause on Unboonded oaiput. Such an tops Ts
rio Sepuenco with Values
+
Xen = Gn) b
Her yg /
[ben] my#o
}° hen) =o
| Ghwe Hifi ts the complur comjogak of ben).
Depasiment of ECE xen) tS cheasly boondsd “The value of “te output 9
ak nso is
Yoo = & acebe= & lhew\*
Ka
K=-2 Tron) 7S
|bcn |
“hus TE S22, the output Sepvena fs Unbounded
A Cawos” Systerry fs one 8 which the output fH
ony N=Ne depends on “He Pnpat -f8) 2| the Sates Aiveages amd homeo tho aytien 7
Sobe only fh \alt.
FSi “he AfPfexane gation @, fb) example, TF 40m
Htisfres tu -epuation ff sccn) = @Cn) jthen So does
omy Solution of the Bim YCo)= Y,¢n)+Kka?, coheso
k ts an arbitaty constant.
A Qystern “tak Satisfres a Lénvor Constant - CoePhicfent
differonce quoation * cou haa pond to a (ino
chipt Snvasiant gyntem only ff we choose “the
bomogemons cermponent accdidingty «
Te the system fs Catal ; fh example , we must Specify
Enftfal Sast condition, So that 1 =xcn)=6,N VEO Comper
exponential of Sadian FRaprency @-
“Thon te Output Ts
oe ai =
yond = pee?"
Ke-@
Soon -dak
a
Te Hee) - alok
ere POE
ttn yon= 40d) de?
Department of ECE
= xe hex) -e
Keo | from -the above - Sue tle
Debattmert of ECE
|
|
| Therefde , bs ‘eo
ww) = Ce)
(°F -@mé*+U9
Systern Function amd. ‘Tropudse Qos porse :
Conside a discretefime LT kysterm basing an
Ympole Susporse hn’) as Shown belo -
bet it gives am output Yen) fh am Tnpat XCn)-
Then, we have
Yen) = aceny x hen)
Taking Z-Ransfdim on bath Silos, we get
Yee) = x(a) H(z)
coher
Yay= B-Ransfsim of the oukpst ycn)
Xe) = 2- Pansfdim of the ‘4p put sccn) |
H(a= 2-Ransfiis of “fe ‘mpube Sesporue ber.
Hegy= YO)
xt)
4102) ts Catid He System function & fhe “Ransfes |
function of the LT! discach system and (5 defined
Qs
| “The Satio of dhe Zz—thanieftim of the output
Sepuarm yn) ‘to “tte Z-Ronsfdim Of sto fopat
Debatiment of ECE Sequence Xen) cohen ~Hte Tnttfal conditfons ane 24
naglocte ch:
IEP “the fopat xen) t& an Impulse Sepeenca, then
Ixcad=l+ So YC2) = HC2) + So the fm Hanvfex -funcifan
\fs alio dafined as +e 2-Ransffim of -tAe finpube |
jPusponse of she System - |
Mhe poles ame Besos of the Syster function offen on |
Fosight foto “tbe Syttern Charactertstics - “The poles of the
Syste de defined 04 “We Volatss of 2 Fh wbich the |
| Syetern function HC2) 1S Toffoity amd the Zeno’ of Be.
igetem ase dpe values of 2 fh cohich te Sater
-function H@) TS Bero-
|
| Exampe a
Detamine tte system functan of a discrete-time
| gptem ducrthed by the difference vation
| Yen) dep Ee Y¢n~2) = AN) 2 ECh-I5 .
Sol:
“Taxing a-Hansfim on both 8Tdu of tfe given
dfffesonce epoation, °
lwe get ; o |
Yo ya) +& # C2) =xc2) -2 2 xc
Mente te System functfon 6 Hansfen dunctton of
Ro. geen system 1S +
|
| H@)- Y@) . j-22"
| x@) 1-3 2414 Ye ee
Z(@-2)
Puwe +s
Depastment ef ECE | Stabitty amd Casualty <
The conditfon ff a camal neat Hime —Tvariant
Aiscaate -Hime Sytem +o be BIBo Hable is :
of
a [hen] <
bean LTT Sp dtseetsime System f& Bleo Sable,
t# ft) fmpulie aesporse must be alt the
of HC2) rout be fnstde the Unit Circle Th the 2-Hane ,
je: fA a Causal LT System to be Hable , fe Roc
of fe System function must Trclude the Ontt cfiside-
Yar-x é'y@ = xe
Departmen of ECE
Example :
comsidsy on LT Sytem atth a system fanctton
| Hé2) = 4 Find the diffeian® epvatten «
«< eat" ¥
Debs ming to Stability -
Sols
Ghen
Hee = 12 |
¥@) |
4 ! |
te tfo 2 |
zs Z
g-o |
That 7S
|
30 Taking Inverse. Z-tAansfhim on tots Sides, rn
Ge get the diffetann
