THE ESSAY
THE OUTLINE:
TOPIC:Chief Causes of International Hostilities
(A) INTRODUCTION.
(B) THESIS STATEMENT:
Inherit clashes in the prevailing politico-economic system and an absence of effective global institutions
to resolve the outstanding disputes are the chief causes of the international hostilities among the global
community.
(C) BODY PARAGRAPHS:
(1) The nation-state system promotes the hegemonic quests;therefore,it results in bloody hostilities
among the global community.
(2) Inherent clashes in Capitalism breed disparities and confrontations.
(3) Conflicting ideologies-‘the clash of civilizations’-a faucet of feuds.
(4) Absence of effective global institutions leads to the persuasion of illegitimate means; hence, that
promote terrorism and hostilities.
CONCLUSION:
Establishment of such global institutions that will transform the prevailing politico-economic system on
just and equitable lines is the solution to global harmony .
The human-globe had been in peace for a mere two percent of its recorded history; hence there is a
long tail of hostilities among the human being. With the end of the “Thirty Years of War”, there emerged
a new world order and a new international political system based on the phenomena of “nation-state”.
The newly emerged system proved workable and practical in Europe. The balance of power sustained
peace in the war tired Europe. On the other hand, there emerged a new economic system in the West,
just after the emergence of numerous states in Europe in the 15th century. The new economic system,
too, seemed to be a remarkable design that helped these states to flourish and strengthen. But the
events like the French Revolution and then the devastating world war in the first half of the 20th century
demonstrated the vagueness of these political and economic systems. Yet not much heed was paid to
the futility of this politico-economic system. Neither, it would be paid with the experiment of yet
another havoc in the 40s of the 19th century. Moreover, this politico-economic system emerged as a
global system; and is the chief cause of hostilities among the human community due to inherent
contradictions present in it.
The nation-state system promotes the hegemonic quests; hence, it results in bloody hostilities among
the global community. For the territorial demarcation of boundaries on the ‘national’ lines, on the one
hand, resulted in uncountable tussles among the various linguistic and racial identities within the so-
called “nation-states” of the modern age and bred a number of non-state-nations around the globe,
also, on the other hand, is the chief cause of the international hostilities due to the quest it generates
among the states for a national hegemony through an unending competition for pursuing the state goals
by practicing the ill of power politics. And no single unit of this global political system could risk its
‘sovereignty’ and ‘integrity’ by pursuing friendly or neutral policies for the inherent suspicion and
mistrust that prevails in a nation-state system.
Even, somehow, if this inherent conflict may be avoided, the ‘democratic’ institutions of the “nation-
states” are often be dominated by the popular leaders. These populists play with the ‘national
sentiments’ and play havoc with the human community. History is evident in this phenomenon. For
instance, Adolf Hitler best demonstrates how impractical and vague this fabric of the nation-state is; and
how bloodily a populist or so-called a nationalist leader at the top could play with vagueness. Moreover,
contemporary time provides evidence that even today, in the 21st century, this phenomenon continues
to haunt. The contemporary wave of populism around the globe is manifestly breeding hostilities in the
world through the fire of nationalism of the nation-state; hence, resulting in a new wave of hegemonic
quest among the states.
On the other hand, the prevailing economic system is operational on the fundamental principles of
Capitalism. And a capitalist market has had this inherent issue that where it enriches one, it
impoverishes the other. Consequently, as Markx believes, it results in a society consisting of several
classes. Therefore, breeds social disparities in society. While such disparities result in bitterness and
enmities, capitalism also enhances these disparities with the passage of the time. And viewing the
contemporary situation where this capitalistic market of the globe has deep divided t e world
community into the poles of the rich and the poor nations, the consequences are that the fabric of
human society has been torn apart. The soaring rates of armed clashes and extremism, to a large extent,
have their roots in the abysmal economic conditions. On the other hand, the ongoing trade wars among
the giants of the global economy are another true manifestation of the inherent contradictions that
exist in the global economic system. Even more clear illustration could be found in the ongoing Brexit
Issue where the United Kingdom is conceiving a divorce from the EU due to the economic constraints. It
reflects that, when there are inherent contradictions and conflicting interests in the prevailing economic
system, even the best efforts to avoid hostilities, as in the case of the emergence of the EU, cannot
metal the peaceful dreams.
Another soaring source of hostilities among the international community is the existence of ideological
clashes, or, to say it more precisely, ’the clash of civilizations’. For, over time, the human race had
evolved over into different civilizations. These civilizations are based on different sets of rules, norms,
and cultures. These cultures, in some cases, are conflicting in their nature. As a result, these conflicting
cultures had bred conflicting identities which believe in different political, economic and religious
systems. These conflicting identities had been the cause of crucial historical events in the past where
these conflicting civilizations clashed with each other. For example, Crusades among the Muslim and the
Western civilization in the 11th century resulted in bleak bloodshed. Interestingly, the rising wave of
Islamophobia in the West and the terrorist organizations in the Islamic World hint towards such a clash
of the civilizations, shortly. Hence, if so happens, it will breed deep-rooted tensions in the human race
around the globe.
In contrast, there are no effective global institutions in the world that may forestall such clashes in the
world. An absence of such institutes is a prime reason for the hostilities among the human community.
For disputes would not have resulted in bloody hostilities had there been some well operational
institutions. Although there are several global institutes of international stature which were established
for dispute resolutions, hardly are they able to perform their due task. Consequently, the world
community, especially the poor nations, finds themselves helpless when contesting for their right
against the stronger states; as a result, these depress states pursue illegitimate and asymmetrical means
to get their ‘piece of flesh’. Nowhere else such s scenario could be exemplarily demonstrated than in the
Indo-Pak Sub-continent. The two nuclear-armed states had been on a war for four times in their brief
history. The root of their hostility lies in the undisputed Kashmir issue. Moreover, in the face partiality
and inability of the United States, Pakistan pursued the strategy of proxy-wars and nurtured
asymmetrical elements in its borders. Hence, ensuing bitterness and terrorism in the entire world.
In short, the vague nation-state system, the devastating global capitalistic economy, conflicting identities
of the civilizations, and the absence of effectual global institutions to resolve political and economic
disputes are the major causes of the hostilities among the global human community. Moreover, these
cause also reinforce each other; hence, it even adds to the hostilities. For example, the political system
of the nation-state reinforces its negative impacts with a parallel existing capitalistic economic system;
the absence of an effective dispute resolution network multiplies the ills bred by the absurd politico-
economic system. Therefore, firstly, there must be framed a legitimate mechanism which will not only
settle the outstanding feuds, but also will help to foster ties among the human community. It may be
done by introducing global institutions consisting of the members which would be selected by the
people through an electoral process around the globe: it will surely enhance the required legitimacy for
a transnational institution. And through the channel of this institution, a politico-economic system may
be framed on such lines which will transform the ‘nations’ into a ‘human-nation’ and a biased economic
system into a just and equitable global economy.
