Electricity
HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Let I current flowing through a resistor of resistance R and potential across the
resistor is V. When charge Q moves against the potential difference V in time t, the
amount of work is
W=QxV
=> W = V x (Q/t)x t
=> W = V*I*t
Thus, work done by battery for moving the charge in electric circuit (W) = VIt
Battery has chemical energy due to which it can do work. As battery does work,
it’s chemical energy decreases. But total energy is always conserved. Chemical
energy of battery is converted to heat energy in the resistor. Therefore, heat
produced in resistor (H) = VIt
This heating of resistor is commonly known as Heating Effect of Electric
Current.
By using Ohm’s law
H = (IR)It = I2Rt
This is known as Joule’s Law of Heating. It states that heat produced in a
resistor is directly proportional to the square of current given to the resistor,
directly proportional to the resistance for a given current and directly
proportional to the time for which the current is flowing through the resistor.
EXAMPLE 12.10 AND 12.11
Intex Question 2
Compute the heat generated while transferring 96000 coulomb of charge in one hour
through a potential difference of 50 V.
Solution:
Here, Q = 96,000 C, t =1 hour = 1 x 60 x 60 sec = 3,600 s, V = 50 V
Heat generated, H = VQ = 50Vx 96,000 C = 48,00,000 J = 4.8 x 10 6 J
Question 3
An electric iron of resistance 20Ω takes a current of 5 A. Calculate the heat developed
in 30 s.
Solution:
Here, R = 20 Ω, i = 5 A, t = 3s
Heat developed, H = I2 R t = 25 x 20 x 30 = 15,000 J = 1.5 x 104 J
Practical Application of Heating Effect
For exploiting the heating effect, the element of appliances must have high melting
point to retain more heat. The heating effect of electric current is used in the
following applications:
(a) Electric Bulb: When electric energy is supplied to an electric bulb, the filament
gets heated because of which it gives light. The heating of electric bulb happens
because of heating effect of electric current.The filament of bulb is generally made
of tungsten metal; having melting point equal to 33800C.
(b) Electric iron: When an electric iron is connected to an electric circuit, the
element of electric iron gets heated, which heats the electric iron.The element of
electric iron is made of alloys having high melting point.
(c) Electric fuse: Electric fuse is used to protect the electric appliances from high
voltage; if any. Electric fuse is made of metal or alloy of metals, such as
aluminium, copper, iron, lead, etc. In the case of flow of higher voltage than
specified, fuse wire melts and protects the electric appliances.
Fuse of 1A, 2A, 3A, 5A, 10A, etc. are used for domestic purpose.
Electric Power -
The rate at which electric work is consumed is called Electric Power.
We know,
Heat produced = VIt = V2/R t = I2Rt
Power P = Heat produced per unit time = Heat produced / t
= I2Rt / t = I2R = VI
POWER = VI= I^2 R= V^2 /R
SI unit of electric power is watt (W).
1W = 1 volt x 1 ampere = 1V x 1A
1 watt is the power consumed by a device that carries 1 A of current when operated at a potential
difference of 1 V.
1 kilo watt or 1kW = 1000 W
P= H/t
H=Pt
Unit of energy is kilo watt hour (kWh)
1 kWh = 1000 watt X 1 hour = 1000 W x 3600 s
⇒ 1kWh = 3.6 x 106 watt second = 3.6 x 106 J
Rating of Devices
Rating of device is the value of electric power and potential of that electric device.
If we know the rating of any electrical device we can easily find the value of
resistance.
For example, an electric bulb is rated 220V and 100W. Find the resistance of the
device.
Given,
Voltage rating = 220 V
Power rating = 100 W
As we know,
Power P = V2/R
=> R = V2/P
=> Resistance of device = (Voltage rating)2 / Power rating
= (220)2 / 100 = 484Ω
Question 3:
An electric bulb is rated 220 V and 100 W. When it is operated on 110 V, the power consumed
will be
(a) 100 W
(b) 75 W
(c) 50 W
(d) 25 W
Answer:
Question 17:
An electric heater of resistance 8 ohm draws 15 A from the service mains 2 hours. Calculate the
rate at which heat is developed in the heater.
Answer:
How does use of a fuse wire protect electrical appliances?
Answer:
The fuse wire is always connected in series with the live wire or electrical devices. If the flow of
current exceeds the specified preset value due to some reason, the heat produced melts it and
disconnects the circuit or the device from the mains. In this way, fuse wire protects the electrical
appliances.
