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Rangsangan Dan Gerak Balas: Stimuli and Responses

The document discusses stimuli and responses in humans, describing the human nervous system which consists of the central and peripheral nervous systems. It explains the five main human sensory organs - eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin - and how each detects different stimuli like light, sound, smell, taste and touch. Stimuli are changes detected by the senses, while responses are how humans react to received stimuli through both voluntary and involuntary actions.

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Sin Ling Wong
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
394 views26 pages

Rangsangan Dan Gerak Balas: Stimuli and Responses

The document discusses stimuli and responses in humans, describing the human nervous system which consists of the central and peripheral nervous systems. It explains the five main human sensory organs - eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin - and how each detects different stimuli like light, sound, smell, taste and touch. Stimuli are changes detected by the senses, while responses are how humans react to received stimuli through both voluntary and involuntary actions.

Uploaded by

Sin Ling Wong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

TEMA 1 : Penyenggaraan dan Kesinambungan Hidup

BIDANG
PEMBELAJARAN

1
BAB Rangsangan dan Gerak Balas
Stimuli and Responses

Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts

Tindakan terkawal
dan luar kawal
Contoh Sistem saraf manusia Voluntary and Organ deria manusia
Examples Human nervous system involuntary actions Human sensory organs
as as
Faktor Sistem saraf pusat Berjalan dan Mata, lidah, hidung,
penghubung dan sistem saraf peristalsis telinga dan kulit
Relating factor periferi Walking and Eyes, tongue, nose,
Central nervous system peristalsis ears and skin
and peripheral nervous
system

Rangsangan dan Pendengaran


Mekanisme gerak balas pada manusia
penglihatan dan dalam tumbuhan Jenis dan haiwan
pendengaran Stimuli and penglihatan Hearing in
Contoh Sight and hearing responses in Types of humans and
Examples mechanisms plants visions animals
as as as
Faktor Pergerakan Tropisme dan Penglihatan Pendengaran
penghubung cahaya dan gerak balas stereoskopik stereoskopik
Relating factor bunyi nastik dan monokular Stereoscopic
Movement of Tropisme and Stereoscopic hearing
light and sound nastic movement and monocular
visions

APAKAH RANGSANGAN DAN GERAK BALAS?


WHAT ARE STIMULI AND RESPONSES?

Manusia menggunakan organ deria untuk mengesan perubahan di sekelilingnya. Manusia mempunyai lima
deria, iaitu deria penglihatan, pendengaran, sentuhan, rasa dan bau. Rangsangan adalah perubahan yang
dapat dikesan oleh deria kita. Gerak balas adalah cara kita bertindak ke atas rangsangan yang diterima.
Humans use sensory organs to detect changes in their surroundings. Humans have five senses, which are
the sense of sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell. Stimuli are the changes that can be detected by our
senses. Response is the way in which we act upon receiving a stimulus.

1
NOTA BESTARI
BAB

1 Sistem Saraf Manusia


1. Sistem saraf manusia terbahagi kepada
Human Nervous System
1. The human nervous system is divided into
(a) sistem saraf pusat (pusat kawalan) iaitu otak (a) the central nervous system (control centre)
mengawal semua aktiviti badan seperti berjalan i.e. the brain controls all activities of the body
dan saraf tunjang mengawal tindakan luar kawal such as walking and the spinal cord controls the
seperti sentakan lutut. involuntary actions like knee jerks.
(b) sistem saraf periferi menghantar impuls dari (b) the peripheral nervous system transmits impulses
organ deria melalui sistem saraf pusat ke otot from the sensory organs through the central
atau kelenjar. nervous system to the muscles or glands.
2. Tindakan terkawal ialah tindakan yang kita sedari dan 2. Voluntary actions are the actions we are aware of
tindakan luar kawal ialah tindakan yang dilakukan and involuntary actions are the actions which carry
secara automatik. on automatically.
Mata Eye
1. Mata ialah organ deria penglihatan yang bergerak 1. The eye is the sensory organ of sight that responds to
balas terhadap rangsangan cahaya. light.
2. Mekanisme penglihatan: 2. Sight mechanism:
(a) Sinar cahaya dari objek memasuki mata melalui (a) Light rays from an object enter the eye through
kornea, gelemair, pupil (anak mata), kanta mata the cornea, aqueous humour, pupil, eye lens and
dan gelemaca dan difokuskan ke retina. vitreous humour and are focused on the retina.
(b) Fotoreseptor yang terangsang dan impuls saraf yang (b) The photoreceptors that are stimulated and nerve
terbentuk dihantar melalui saraf optik ke otak. impulses that are formed are sent through the
3. Sel rod pada retina peka terhadap keamatan cahaya optic nerve to the brain.
yang berlainan seperti pada waktu malam. Sel rod 3. The rod cell in the retina is sensitive to light of
tidak peka terhadap warna dan hanya imej hitam dan different intensity, such as at night. It is not sensitive
putih dihasilkan. to colour and only a black and white image is produced.
4. Sel kon pada retina peka terhadap warna cahaya 4. The cone cell in the retina is sensitive to colours of light
dalam keamatan cahaya yang tinggi. in high light intensity.
Telinga Ear
1. Telinga ialah organ deria pendengaran. 1. The ear is the sensory organ for hearing.
2. Mekanisme pendengaran: 2. Hearing mechanism:
(a) Cuping telinga menerima dan menghantar (a) The ear pinna receives and sends sound waves
gelombang bunyi melalui salur telinga ke through the auditory canal to the eardrum.
gegendang telinga. (b) The vibrations from the eardrum are amplified by
(b) Getaran dari gegendang telinga diperkuatkan the ossicles and then sent to the cochlea through
oleh tulang osikel lalu dihantar ke koklea melalui the oval window.
jendela bujur. (c) The cochlea converts the sound vibration to
(c) Koklea menukarkan getaran bunyi kepada impuls nerve impulses and the impulses are transmitted
saraf dan impuls saraf dihantar melalui saraf through the auditory nerve to the brain.
auditori ke otak.
Hidung Nose
1. Hidung ialah organ deria bau. 1. The nose is the sensory organ for smell.
2. Sel-sel yang peka kepada bau terdapat di dalam tisu 2. Cells that are sensitive to smell are found in the epithelial
epitelium di bahagian atas rongga hidung. tissues located on the roof of the nasal cavity.
3. Bahan kimia dalam udara melarut dalam lapisan 3. Chemicals in the air dissolve in the mucus layers that
mukus yang melapisi sel deria bau (sel olfaktori) lalu coat the sensory cells of smell (olfactory cells) and then
merangsangkannya untuk menghasilkan impuls saraf. stimulate them to produce nerve impulses.
Lidah Tongue
1. Lidah ialah organ deria rasa. 1. The tongue is the sensory organ for taste.
2. Bahan kimia dalam makanan melarut dalam air 2. Chemicals in food dissolve in saliva and are absorbed
liur dan meresap ke dalam tunas rasa melalui liang into the taste buds through the pores and stimulate
dan merangsang reseptor rasa di dalamnya untuk the taste receptors in them to produce nerve impulses.
menghasilkan impuls saraf.

2
Kulit Skin
1. Kulit mempunyai lima jenis reseptor yang masing- 1. The skin has five receptors that are sensitive to heat,
masing peka kepada rangsangan haba, sejuk, tekanan, cold, pressure, touch and pain stimuli respectively.

BAB
sentuhan dan sakit. 2. The thinner the epidermis or the more receptors found
2. Semakin nipis epidermis atau semakin banyak on the skin, the more sensitive is that part of the skin.
reseptor pada kulit, semakin peka bahagian kulit itu.
1
Had Deria Penglihatan Limitation of the Sense of Sight
1. Had deria penglihatan ialah had keupayaan mata 1. The limitation of the sense of sight is the ability limit
untuk melihat objek. of the eye to see the object.
2. Ilusi optik berlaku apabila otak kita tidak dapat 2. The optical illusion occurs when our brain cannot
mentafsir dengan tepat apa yang sebenarnya dilihat interpret accurately what is actually seen by the eye.
oleh mata. 3. The blind spot does not have any photoreceptor and
3. Titik buta tidak mengandungi sebarang fotoreseptor we cannot see an object if its image is formed on it.
dan kita tidak dapat melihat objek jika imej objek
tersebut jatuh di atasnya.

Kecacatan Mata Eye Defects


1. Orang yang mengalami rabun jauh: 1. A short-sighted person:
(a) Dapat melihat objek dekat dengan jelas tetapi (a) Can see nearby objects clearly but distant objects
objek jauh kelihatan kabur kerana imej objek jauh appear blur due to the image of the distant object
terbentuk di hadapan retina. which falls in front of the retina.
(b) Bebola mata terlalu panjang atau kanta mata (b) The eyeballs are too long and the eye lenses are
terlalu tebal. Hal ini kerana otot silia terlalu too thick. This is because the ciliary muscles are
lemah untuk menipiskan kanta mata. too weak to make the eye lens thinner.
(c) Dapat dibetulkan dengan memakai cermin mata (c) Can be corrected by wearing concave lenses.
berkanta cekung. 2. A long-sighted person:
2. Orang yang mengalami rabun dekat: (a) Can see distant objects clearly but nearby objects
(a) Dapat melihat objek jauh dengan jelas tetapi appear blur because the image of a near object
objek dekat kelihatan kabur kerana imej objek falls behind the retina.
dekat terbentuk di belakang retina. (b) The eyeballs are too short and the eye lenses are
(b) Bebola mata terlalu pendek dan kanta mata too thin. This is because the ciliary muscles are
terlalu nipis. Hal ini kerana otot silia terlalu lemah too weak to make the eye lens thicker.
untuk menebalkan kanta mata. (c) The defect can be corrected by wearing convex
(c) Kecacatan mata ini dapat dibetulkan dengan lenses.
memakai cermin mata berkanta cembung. 3. Astigmatism is caused by the irregular curvature of
3. Astigmatisme disebabkan oleh permukaan the cornea or the eye lens and can be corrected by
lengkungan kornea atau kanta yang tidak sekata dan wearing cylindrical lenses (asymmetrical lens).
dapat dibetulkan dengan memakai kanta kaca mata
berbentuk silinder.

Gerak Balas dalam Tumbuhan The Response in Plants


1. Gerak balas oleh tumbuhan terhadap rangsangan 1. The response of plants towards stimuli is called
disebut tropisme. tropism.
2. Gerakan tropisme seperti fototropisme adalah penting 2. The tropic movements such as phototropism are
untuk membantu tumbuhan memperoleh keperluan important to help the plants to obtain the basic needs
asas seperti cahaya, air dan mineral. like light, water and minerals.

Penglihatan dalam Manusia dan Haiwan Visions in Humans and Animals


1. Penglihatan stereoskopik ialah penglihatan yang 1. Stereoscopic vision is the vision whereby both eyes are
kedua-dua matanya terletak di hadapan kepala. located in front of the head.
2. Pembentukan imej tiga dimensi membolehkan 2. The formation of three-dimensional images enables
manusia dan pemangsa menganggar jarak dengan humans and predators to estimate distances accurately.
tepat. 3. Monocular vision is the vision whereby both eyes are
3. Penglihatan monokular ialah penglihatan yang kedua- located at the sides of the head.
dua matanya terletak di sisi kepala. 4. The formation of two-dimensional images
4. Pembentukan imej dua dimensi menyukarkan mangsa makes it difficult for preys to estimate
menganggar jarak dengan tepat. distance accurately.
5. Namun, medan penglihatan bagi penglihatan 5. However, the field of view of monocular
monokular adalah lebih luas. vision is wider. Nota Grafik

3
Standard Kandungan
1.1 Sistem saraf manusia Tarikh:

1.1 AKTIVITI Sistem saraf manusia PBD


PERBINCANGAN The human nervous system Masteri
KBAT
BAB

Buku teks m/s 4 – 5


1 Labelkan sistem saraf manusia yang diberi di bawah. TP1

1 Label the human nervous system given below.

Saraf tunjang Saraf spina Sistem saraf pusat Saraf kranium Otak Sistem saraf periferi
Spinal cord Spinal nerves Central nervous system Cranial nerves Brain Peripheral nervous system

(c) Sistem saraf (d) Saraf


⎩ (a) Otak
Brain kranium

pusat
⎪ Cranial ⎪
Central
nervous
⎨ nerves ⎪
system
⎪ (b) Saraf (12 pasang/ ⎪ (f) Sistem

(pusat
⎧ tunjang pairs) ⎨ saraf
periferi
Spinal
kawalan ⎪ Peripheral
cord
badan (e) Saraf ⎪ nervous
body control spina system
centre) Spinal

nerves

Galeri Info (31 pasang/
Saraf kranium menghubungkan otak dengan pairs)
organ deria. Saraf spina menghubungkan
saraf tunjang dengan otot rangka. Praktis
The cranial nerve connects the brain with the Kendiri
sensory organs. The spinal nerves connect the
spinal cord to the skeletal muscle.

2 Baca perbualan di bawah. Kemudian, tulis jawapan yang mungkin diberikan oleh murid itu dalam
ruang yang disediakan dalam rajah di bawah. TP4/KBAT
Read the conversation below. Then, write the possible answers given by the student in the space provided
in the diagram below.

Sistem saraf manusia mengawal dan


mengkoordinasi organ dan bahagian badan
supaya berfungsi secara harmoni dan cekap.
Apakah kepentingan lain sistem saraf manusia?
The human nervous system controls and
coordinates the organs and body parts to
work harmoniously and efficiently. What are
the other importances of the human nervous
system?

Sistem saraf manusia dapat:/The human nervous system is able to:


Maklumat/Information (a) mengesan rangsangan /detect stimuli .
Rangsangan/Stimuli (b) menghantar maklumat dalam bentuk impuls .
Gerak balas/Response
send information in the form of impulses .
Impuls/Impulses
Mentafsir/Interpret (c) mentafsir impuls./ interpret impulses.
(d) menghasilkan gerak balas yang sesuai.
produce an appropriate response .

4
Tarikh:

1.2 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Tindakan terkawal dan luar kawal
Voluntary and involuntary actions
PBD
Masteri

BAB
Buku teks m/s 6 – 8
1 Bezakan tindakan terkawal dan luar kawal di bawah. TP2
Differentiate the voluntary and involuntary actions below.
1
Membaca Tidak sedar Tersentuh Bercakap Tangan
Reading Unconscious In contact Talking Hand
Menulis Sedar Pernafasan Peristalsis Denyutan jantung
Writing Conscious Breathing Peristalsis Heartbeat

(a) Tindakan terkawal (b) Tindakan luar kawal


Otak
Voluntary actions Brain Involuntary actions
(i) Tindakan yang (i) Tindakan yang berlaku
dilakukan secara secara tidak sedar .
Mengawal
sedar . Controls Actions that occur
Actions that are taken under unconscious
under conscious control.
control (ii) Contoh tindakan:
(ii) Contoh tindakan: Examples of actions:
Examples of actions: • Medula oblongata:
Membaca, menulis  Medulla oblongata:
bercakap Mengawal Denyutan jantung, 
Controls
Reading, writing, pernafasan, peristalsis
talking Mengawal Heartbeat, breathing, 
Controls
peristalsis

• Saraf tunjang/Spinal cord:


Menarik tangan apabila tersentuh cerek panas
Praktis Withdrawing of hand when in contact with a hot kettle
Kendiri

2 Lengkapkan peta alir tentang urutan aliran impuls dalam tindakan terkawal dan luar kawal. TP1
Complete the flow map with the sequences on the pathway of an impulse in voluntary and involuntary actions.

Saraf tunjang Efektor Afektor (reseptor) Otak


Spinal cord Effector Affector (receptor) Brain

(a) Tindakan terkawal/Voluntary action

Rangsangan (i) Afektor Gerak


(ii) Otak/Brain (iii) Efektor
Stimulus (reseptor) impuls impuls balas
Effector
(bunyi/ impulse impulse Response
sound) Affector  (otot/ (lari/
(receptor) kelenjar run)
muscle/
(telinga/
gland)
ear)

(b) Tindakan luar kawal/Involuntary action

Rangsangan Gerak
(i) Afektor (ii) Saraf (iii) Efektor
Stimulus impuls impuls balas
(reseptor) tunjang Effector
(objek impulse impulse Response
Affector  Spinal (otot/
tajam/ (jari
cord muscle)
sharp (receptor) teralih/
object) finger
(kulit/skin)
moves
away)

5
Tarikh:

1.3 EKSPERIMEN Gerak balas tindakan terkawal dan luar kawal PBD
Penemuan
INKUIRI The response of voluntary and involuntary actions
Inkuiri
KBAT
BAB

Buku teks m/s 6 – 8


Tujuan Mengkaji tindakan terkawal dan luar kawal
1 To study voluntary and involuntary actions

Bahan dan Pembaris setengah meter, lampu suluh


Radas Half meter ruler, torch
Tangan rakan anda
Your friend’s hand
Prosedur ktiviti A: Tindakan terkawal
A
Activity A: Voluntary action
1 Minta rakan anda pegang sebatang pembaris
setengah meter pada hujung tanda 50 cm dan tanda
sifar berada pada ketinggian 60 cm dari permukaan
meja.
Ask your friend to hold the half meter ruler at the end
of the 50 cm mark and the zero mark is at a height of
60 cm from the surface of the table.
2 Letakkan tangan anda di hujung pembaris pada tanda Tangan anda
sifar tanpa menyentuhnya. Your hand
Place your hand at the end of the ruler on the zero
mark without touching it.
3 Rakan anda akan melepaskan pembaris itu secara 60 cm
tiba-tiba dan anda hendaklah cuba menangkap
pembaris tersebut secepat yang mungkin.
Your friend will release the ruler suddenly and you
must try to catch the ruler as fast as possible.
4 Rekodkan jarak x, yang dilalui oleh pembaris, iaitu skala pada pembaris semasa anda
menangkap pembaris tersebut. Jarak, x, merupakan ukuran masa gerak balas anda.
Record the distance x, passed by the ruler based on the scale on the ruler when you catch
it. Distance, x is the measurement of your response time.
5 Ulang langkah 1 hingga 4 sebanyak dua kali. Kemudian, hitung purata jarak x.
Repeat step 1 to 4 twice . Then, calculate the average distance x.

Aktiviti B/Activity B: Tindakan luar kawal/Involuntary action

Iris
Iris

Lampu suluh
Torch
Pupil
Pupil

1 Halakan cahaya lampu suluh ke arah mata seorang murid dari tepi.
Shine the torch light towards a student’s eye from the side.
2 Minta ahli kumpulan untuk memerhatikan perubahan saiz pupil pada mata murid
tersebut.
Ask the group members to observe the change in pupil size of the student’s eye.

Aktiviti A/Activity A
Keputusan
Masa gerak balas (s) 1 2 3 Purata/Average
Response time (s)

(Jawapan murid/Student’s answer)


Aktiviti B/Activity B
Pupil mengecil apabila cahaya dihalakan ke arahnya.
The pupil becomes smaller when light is shone towards it.

6
Perbincangan Aktiviti A/Activity A
1 Apakah gerak balas dalam aktiviti ini? TP1
What is the response in this activity?

BAB
Menangkap pembaris/Catching the ruler
2 Adakah gerak balas ini merupakan tindakan terkawal atau luar kawal? Terangkan.
Is this response a voluntary or an involuntary action? Explain. TP2 1
Tindakan terkawal . Tindakan ini dilakukan secara sedar .
A action. This action is done consciously .
voluntary
3 Apakah organ badan yang mengawal tindakan ini? TP1
What is the organ of the body which controls this action?
Otak/The brain
4 Apakah kepentingan masa gerak balas dalam kehidupan harian? TP2
What is the importance of the response time in everyday life?
Untuk mengkoordinasi dan mengawal organ-organ badan supaya berfungsi secara
cekap pada masa yang diperlukan.
To coordinate and control body organs to function efficiently in the time
required.

Aktiviti B/Activity B
5 Apakah rangsangan dan gerak balas dalam aktiviti ini? TP1
What are the stimulus and response in this activity?
Rangsangan/Stimulus: Cahaya/Light
Gerak balas/Response: Saiz pupil/The size of the pupil
6 Adakah gerak balas ini merupakan tindakan terkawal atau luar kawal? Terangkan.
Is this response a voluntary or an involuntary action? Explain. TP2
Tindakan luar kawal . Tindakan ini dilakukan secara tidak sedar .
An involuntary action. This action is conducted unconsciously .
7 Mengapakah pupil perlu bergerak balas terhadap cahaya terang? TP2
Why do the pupils need to respond to bright light?
Untuk mengurangkan jumlah cahaya yang memasuki mata.
To reduce the amount of light entering the eye.
8 Lukiskan keadaan pupil yang diperhatikan dalam aktiviti ini.
Draw the condition of the pupil observed in this activity.

Iris
Iris

Lampu suluh
Torch
Pupil
Pupil

9 Apakah kepentingan gerak balas ini? TP2


What is the importance of this response?
Untuk menghalang cahaya yang berlebihan daripada memasuki mata.
To prevent excessive light from entering the eye.

Kesimpulan Tindakan menangkap pembaris merupakan tindakan terkawal manakala pupil


mengecil merupakan tindakan luar kawal .
The action of catching the ruler is a voluntary action while the constriction of pupil is
an involuntary action.

7
Standard Kandungan
1.2 Rangsangan dan gerak balas dalam manusia Tarikh:

1.4 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Struktur mata manusia dan fungsinya
Structure of the human eye and their functions
PBD
Masteri
BAB

Buku teks m/s 11 – 12


1 Labelkan struktur mata manusia./Label the structure of the human eye. TP1

1 Iris Koroid Gelemair Kanta mata Bintik kuning


Iris Choroid Aqueous humour Eye lens Yellow spot
Sklera Kornea Gelemaca Otot silia Bintik buta
Sclera Cornea Vitreous humour Ciliary muscles Blind spot
Retina Pupil Konjunktiva Ligamen penggantung
Retina Pupil Conjunctiva Suspensory ligaments

(h) Gelemair (i) Sklera (j) Koroid


(a) Kornea
Aqueous humour Sclera Choroid
Cornea

(b) Iris (k) Retina


Iris Retina

(c) Pupil
Pupil (l) Bintik kuning
Yellow spot

(d) Kanta mata


Eye lens

(e) Ligamen
penggantung
(m) Bintik buta
Suspensory
Blind spot
ligaments

(f) Konjunktiva (g) Otot silia (n) Gelemaca


Conjunctiva Ciliary muscles Vitreous humour

2 (a) Namakan dua fotoreseptor pada Gelemaca Retina Koroid Sklera


Vitreous humour Retina Choroid Sclera
retina./Name two photoreceptors on the
retina. TP1
Sel kon dan sel rod
Cone cell and rod cell Sel kon
Cahaya Cone cells
(b) Apakah fungsi sel rod dan sel kon? TP2 Light Sel rod
What are the functions of the rod cells Rod cells
and the cone cells?

(i) Sel kon Peka kepada cahaya berwarna dalam keadaan bercahaya.
Cone cells Sensitive to coloured lights in bright condition.

(ii) Sel rod Peka kepada keamatan cahaya yang berbeza termasuk cahaya
Rod cells samar tetapi tidak peka kepada cahaya berwarna .
Sensitive to different intensity of light including dim

light but not sensitive to coloured lights.

8
3 Kenal pasti bahagian mata berdasarkan fungsinya. TP2
Identify the parts of the eye based on their functions.

Bahagian mata Fungsi

BAB
Parts of the eye Functions

(a) Konjunktiva
Conjunctiva
Membran lut sinar yang melindungi kornea
Transparent membrane that protects the cornea
1
(b) Kornea Membias dan memfokuskan cahaya ke atas retina
Cornea Refracts and focuses light onto the retina

(c) Kanta mata Memfokuskan cahaya ke atas retina


Eye lens Focuses light onto the retina

(d) Pupil/Anak mata Membenarkan cahaya memasuki mata


Pupil Allows light to enter the eye

(e) Iris Mengawal saiz pupil


Iris Controls the size of the pupil

(f) Otot silia Mengubah ketebalan kanta mata


Praktis
Ciliary muscles Change the thickness of the eye lens Kendiri

(g) Ligamen penggantung Memegang kanta mata


Suspensory ligaments Hold the eye lens

(h) Gelemair/Gelemaca Mengekalkan bentuk mata dan membantu untuk membias


Aqueous humour/ serta memfokuskan cahaya ke atas retina
Vitreous humour Maintains the shape of the eye and helps to refract and focus
light onto the retina

(i) Sklera Melindungi dan mengekalkan bentuk mata


Sclera Protects and maintains the shape of the eye

(j) Koroid Mengelakkan pantulan cahaya dalam mata dan membekalkan


Choroid oksigen serta nutrien kepada mata
Prevents reflection of light in the eye and supplies oxygen and
nutrients to the eye

(k) Retina Mengandungi fotoreseptor yang mengesan dan menghasilkan


Retina impuls saraf
Contains photoreceptors that detect light and produce nerve
impulses

(l) Bintik kuning Bahagian mata yang paling peka terhadap cahaya
Yellow spot The part of the eye that is the most sensitive to light

(m) Saraf optik Menghantar impuls saraf dari retina ke otak untuk ditafsirkan
4 Lengkapkan peta alir tentang laluanSends
Optic nerve lintasan cahaya
nerve dalam
impulses mekanisme
from the retinapenglihatan
to the brainmanusia.
for TP2
Complete the flow map about the path of light in the human sight mechanism.
interpretation

Kornea (a) Gelemair (b) Pupil (c) Kanta mata


Cornea Aqueous humour Pupil Eye lens

impuls impuls
(d) Gelemaca (e) Retina/Retina impulse (f) Saraf optik impulse Otak
(fotoreseptor/ Optic nerve Brain
Vitreous humour
photoreceptor)

9
Tarikh:

1.5 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Struktur telinga manusia dan mekanisme pendengaran
Structure of the human ear and hearing mechanism
PBD
Masteri
KBAT
BAB

Buku teks m/s 13, 14 & 17


1 Labelkan struktur telinga manusia.  TP1
1 Label the structure of the human ear.

Cuping telinga Koklea Salur separuh bulat Saraf auditori Osikel


Pinna Cochlea Semicircular canals Auditory nerve Ossicles
Tiub Eustachio Salur telinga Gegendang telinga Jendela bujur
Eustachian tube Ear canal Eardrum Oval window

(d) Osikel (e) Salur separuh bulat


Ossicles Semicircular canals

Telinga Telinga Telinga


(a) Cuping telinga luar tengah dalam
Pinna Outer Middle Inner
ear ear ear
(f) Saraf auditori
Auditory nerve
(b) Salur
telinga
(g) Koklea
Ear canal
Cochlea

(h) Jendela bujur


Oval window
(c) Gegendang
telinga
Eardrum
(i) Tiub Eustachio
Eustachian tube

2 Apakah fungsi telinga?/What is the function of the ear? TP1


bunyi sound
Galeri Info
Mengesan /To detect Salur telinga juga dikenal
3 Bahagian telinga yang manakah akan terganggu apabila seseorang mengalami sebagai salur auditori.
Ear canal is also known as
mabuk laut atau selepas menggunakan lif? TP1 auditory canal.
Which part of the ear is affected when a person suffers from seasickness or after
using a lift?
Salur separuh bulat/Semicircular canals

4 Tandakan ( ✓ ) dua struktur telinga yang tidak memainkan peranan dalam pendengaran. TP1
Tick ( ✓ ) two structures of the ear which do not play a part in hearing.
Cuping telinga Salur separuh bulat Tiub Eustachio
✓ ✓
Pinna Semicircular canals Eustachian tube
5 Nyatakan kandungan bahagian telinga./State the content of the parts of the ear. TP1

Bendalir/Fluid Udara/Air

(a) Telinga luar/External ear : Udara/Air


(b) Telinga tengah/Middle ear : Udara/Air
(c) Telinga dalam/Inner ear : Bendalir/Fluid

10
6 Namakan bahagian telinga berdasarkan fungsinya. TP2
Name the parts of the ear based on their functions.
Bahagian telinga Fungsi

BAB
Parts of the ear Functions
(a) Cuping telinga Mengumpul dan menghantar gelombang bunyi ke dalam salur
1
Telinga luar

Pinna telinga
Outer ear

Collects and sends sound waves into the ear canal


(b) Salur telinga Menyalurkan gelombang bunyi ke gegendang telinga
Ear canal Channels sound waves to the eardrum
(c) Gegendang telinga Bergetar apabila gelombang bunyi mengenainya dan
Eardrum memindahkan getaran ke osikel
Vibrates when it is hit by sound waves and sends vibrations to
ossicles
(d) Osikel Menguatkan getaran bunyi dan memindahkannya ke jendela
Telinga tengah

Ossicles bujur
Middle ear

Amplify sound vibrations and send them to the oval window


(e) Jendela bujur Menghantar getaran dari osikel ke koklea
Oval window Sends vibrations from the ossicles to the cochlea
(f) Tiub Eustachio Mengimbangkan tekanan udara di kedua-dua belah gegendang
Eustachian tube telinga
Equalises the air pressure on both sides of the eardrum
(g) Koklea Mengesan dan menukarkan getaran bunyi kepada impuls
Cochlea saraf
Telinga dalam

Detects and converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses


(h) Salur separuh bulat Mengesan kedudukan kepala dan mengawal keseimbangan
Inner ear

Semicircular canals badan


Detect the position of the head and control the body balance
(i) Saraf auditori Menghantar impuls saraf ke otak untuk pentafsiran
Auditory nerve Sends nerve impulses to the brain for interpretation

7 Lengkapkan peta alir tentang laluan gelombang bunyi dalam mekanisme pendengaran. TP2
Complete the flow map about the path of the sound wave in the hearing mechanism.

(a) Cuping bunyi


(b) Salur bunyi
telinga sound
telinga sound
Pinna Ear
canal

getaran Jendela
(c) Gedendang getaran (d) Osikel kuat bujur
telinga vibration Ossicles strong Oval
Eardrum vibration
window

(e) Koklea impuls (f) Saraf impuls Otak


Cochlea impulse auditori impulse Brain
Auditory
nerve

8 Ali menghadapi masalah hilang pendengaran. Bahagian telinga manakah yang mungkin rosak dan
cadangkan satu cara untuk mengatasi masalahnya? TP3/KBAT
Ali faces the problem of hearing loss. Which part of the ear may be damaged and suggest a
way to resolve his problem?
Gegendang telinga/Osikel/Koklea/Saraf auditori. Pembedahan boleh dijalankan.
Eardrum/Ossicles/Cochlea/Auditory nerve. A surgery can be conducted. Praktis
Kendiri

11
Tarikh:

1.6 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Struktur hidung dan pengesanan rangsangan
Structure of the nose and stimuli detection
PBD
Masteri
KBAT
BAB

Buku teks m/s 14 & 15


1 Labelkan struktur hidung dan kenal pasti kedudukan reseptor bau.

1 Label the structure of the nose and identify the position of the smell receptor.
Saraf olfaktori Rongga hidung Lubang hidung Sel deria bau
Olfactory nerve Nasal cavity Nostril Sensory cells of smell

(c) Saraf olfaktori


(a) Rongga hidung Olfactory nerve
Nasal cavity

(d) Sel deria bau


Sensory cells of smell
(b) Lubang hidung
Nostril

2 Apakah fungsi hidung? TP1 Praktis


What is the function of the nose? Kendiri

Mengesan bau

To detect smell

3 Apakah nama lain bagi sel deria bau yang mengesan bau? TP1
What is the other name of the sensory cells of smell that detects smell?
Reseptor bau/Sel olfaktori/Smell receptor/Olfactory cell

4 Di manakah terletaknya reseptor yang peka terhadap rangsangan bau? TP1


Where are the receptors that are sensitive to the smell stimuli located?
Di bahagian atas rongga hidung./At the upper part of the nasal cavity.
5 Aishah mendapati hidungnya tidak dapat menghidu bau makanan dengan baik apabila menghidap
selesema. Berikan penjelasan anda. TP3/KBAT
Aishah finds that her nose is unable to smell the food well when she has flu. Give your explanation.
Reseptor bau/Sel deria bau dilitupi oleh satu lapisan tebal mukus yang menghalang wap kimia
daripada makanan merangsang reseptor bau .
The smell receptors/sensory cells of smell are covered with a thick layer of mucus

that prevents chemical vapours from the food from stimulating the smell receptors .

6 Nyatakan laluan impuls setelah bahan kimia dalam udara diterima oleh reseptor di dalam hidung. TP2
State the path of an impulse after a chemical substance in the air is received by the receptor in the nose.

Otak Saraf olfaktori Sel deria bau


Brain Olfactory nerve Sensory cells of smell

Bahan kimia Otak/Brain


dalam mukus Sel deria impuls Saraf impuls
Chemical bau impulse olfaktori impulse (Mentafsir
substances in Sensory Olfactory impuls)
mucus cells of nerve (Interpret
(Rangsangan/ smell impulses)
Stimulus)

12
Tarikh:

1.7 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Struktur lidah dan deria rasa
The structure of the tongue and the sense of taste
PBD
Kontekstual

BAB
Buku teks m/s 15
1 Labelkan jenis rasa pada bahagian lidah yang peka terhadapnya. Kemudian, padankan jenis makanan
yang dirasa paling baik di bahagian itu./Label the tastes which the parts of the tongue are sensitive to.
Then, match the types of food that taste the best on those parts. TP2 1
Masin/Salty Masam/Sour Manis/Sweet Umami/Umami Pahit/Bitter

Makanan/Food

(a) Pahit Cuka


• •
Bitter Vinegar

(b) Masam Madu


• •
Sour Honey

(c) Masin Peria


• •
Salty Bitter gourd

(d) Umami Ikan masin


• •
Umami Salted fish

(e) Manis Daging


• •
Sweet Meat

2 Kaji rajah struktur lidah di bawah dan lengkapkan pernyataan. TP2


Study the diagram of the structure of tongue below and complete the statement.

Manis Masin Masam Pahit Reseptor rasa Papila Tunas rasa Umami
Sweet Salty Sour Bitter Taste receptor Papillae Taste buds Umami
Reseptor rasa Liang
Taste receptor Pore

Reseptor rasa
Taste receptor

Tunas rasa pada papila Saraf


Papila pada lidah
Taste bud on the papilla Nerve
Papillae on the tongue

Papila (bintik kecil) pada permukaan lidah dilapisi beratus-ratus tunas rasa yang
mengandungi reseptor rasa . Reseptor rasa ini dapat mengesan lima jenis rasa asas, iaitu
manis , masin , masam , pahit dan umami . Rasa umami
dikaitkan dengan rasa lazat seperti rasa daging dalam sup atau mononatrium glutamat (MSG).
The papillae (small spots) on the surface of the tongue are covered by hundreds of taste buds
containing taste receptors . These taste receptors can detect the five basic types of taste,
i.e. sweet , salty , sour , bitter and umami . The taste of umami is
associated with a delicious taste like meat in a soup or monosodium glutamate (MSG).

3 Lengkapkan peta alir di bawah untuk menunjukkan bagaimana lidah mengesan rasa. TP2
Complete the flow map below to show how the tongue detects tastes.
Bahan kimia dalam
makanan melarut dalam
(a) Reseptor rasa impuls (b) Saraf impuls (c) Otak
air liur
Taste receptor impulse Nerve impulse Brain
The chemical substance
in food dissolves in saliva

13
Tarikh:

1.8 EKSPERIMEN Struktur lidah dan pengesanan rangsangan PBD


Penemuan
INKUIRI Structure of the tongue and stimuli detection
Inkuiri
KBAT
BAB

Buku teks m/s 21


Tujuan Mengenal pasti kawasan berbeza pada lidah yang terlibat dalam pengesanan rasa
1 To identify the different areas of the tongue that are involved in the detection of taste

Bahan dan Jus peria, cuka, larutan gula, larutan garam biasa, sup cendawan segera, penyedut
Radas minuman, cawan/Bitter gourd juice, vinegar, sugar solution, common salt solution, instant
mushroom soup, drinking straw, cup

Prosedur 1 Minta rakan anda berkumur dengan air


suling sebelum memulakan aktiviti ini untuk Penyedut
minuman
mengeluarkan semua sisa makanan di dalam Drinking
mulut. straw
Ask your friend to gargle with distilled water
before conducting this activity to remove all the 1

food remains in the mouth. 2 7 3

2 Titiskan setitik jus peria pada bahagian yang 4


6
5

berlainan lidah rakan anda seperti yang


Larutan
ditunjukkan dalam rajah./Place a drop of bitter Solution
gourd juice onto different parts of your friend’s
tongue as shown in the diagram.
3 Rekod bahagian lidah yang paling peka terhadap rasa jus itu dalam jadual di bawah.
Record the part of the tongue that is the most sensitive to the taste of the juice in the
table below.
4 Ulang langkah 1 hingga 3 dengan menggunakan cuka, larutan gula, larutan garam
biasa dan sup cendawan segera./Repeat steps 1 to 3 by using vinegar, sugar solution,
common salt solution and instant mushroom soup.
Keputusan
Jenis larutan Bahagian lidah Jenis rasa
Type of solution Part of the tongue Type of taste
Jus peria
1 Pahit/Bitter
Bitter gourd juice
Cuka
2, 3 Masam/Sour
Vinegar
Larutan gula
6 Manis/Sweet
Sugar solution
Larutan garam biasa
4, 5 Masin/Salty
Common salt solution
Sup cendawan segera
7 Umami/Umami
Instant mushroom soup

Perbincangan 1 Berikan lima rasa yang dapat dikesan oleh tunas rasa pada lidah. TP1
Give the five tastes which can be detected by the taste buds on the tongue.
Masam, manis, masin, pahit dan umami/Sour, sweet, salty, bitter and umami

2 Yogen mengelap kering lidahnya dengan kertas tisu. Dia mendapati bahawa rasa
makanan kering tidak dapat dikesan dengan baik oleh lidahnya yang kering.
Bagaimanakah anda dapat menjelaskan kejadian ini? TP3/KBAT
Yogen wiped his tongue with a tissue paper. He found that the taste of dry food could
not be properly detected by his dry tongue. How can you explain this incident?
Bahan kimia dalam makanan perlu melarut dalam air liur untuk merangsang
tunas rasa.
Chemical substances in food need to dissolve in saliva to trigger the taste buds.

Kesimpulan Lidah ialah organ deria rasa./The tongue is the sensory organ of taste.

14
Tarikh:

1.9 EKSPERIMEN Hubung kait antara deria bau dengan deria rasa PBD
Penemuan
INKUIRI Relationship between the sense of smell and the sense of taste
Inkuiri

BAB
Buku teks m/s 22 – 23
Tujuan Mengkaji hubung kait antara deria bau dengan deria rasa
To study the relationship between the sense of smell and the sense of taste
1
Bahan dan Betik, nanas, pisang, limau, jalur kain hitam, pisau dan garpu bersih
Radas Papaya, pineapple, banana, lime, strip of black cloth, clean knife and fork

Prosedur Apakah ini? 1 Sediakan potongan kecil betik, nanas, pisang dan
What is this? limau.
Prepare small pieces of papaya, pineapple, banana and
lime.
2 Minta rakan anda menyatakan jenis buah yang telah
dirasa dengan mata ditutup.
Request your friend to state the types of fruit tasted
with the eyes blindfolded.

3 Rekod keputusan dalam jadual di bawah./Record the results in the table below.
4 Ulang langkah 1 hingga 3 dengan meminta rakan anda memicit hidungnya.
Repeat steps 1 to 3 by requesting your friend to pinch his/her nose.

Keputusan Tandakan ( ✓ ) untuk tekaan yang betul dan ( ✗ ) bagi tekaan yang salah.
Tick ( ✓ ) the correct guess and ( ✗ ) the wrong guess.
Dapat mengenal pasti jenis buah
Jenis buah Able to determine the type of fruit
Type of fruit Hidung tidak dipicit Hidung dipicit
Nose is not pinched Nose is pinched
Betik/Papaya
Nanas/Pineapple
Pisang/Banana
Limau/Lime
(Jawapan murid/Student’s answer)
1 Dapatkah rakan anda mengenal pasti dengan tepat rasa semua jenis makanan yang
diberikan dengan hidung dipicit?/Can your friend determine accurately the tastes of all
the foods given with the nose pinched? TP1
Tidak/No
2 Namakan deria (deria rasa atau deria bau) yang digunakan untuk mengesan makanan
Name the sense/senses (sense of taste or sense of smell) used to detect food TP2
(a) ketika hidung dipicit./when the nose is pinched.
Deria rasa/Sense of taste
(b) ketika hidung tidak dipicit./when the nose is not pinched.
Deria rasa dan deria bau/Senses of taste and smell

3 Mengapakah seseorang yang menghidap demam selesema kurang peka terhadap rasa
makanan?/Why does a person who has a cold or the flu is less sensitive towards the taste
of food? TP2
Lapisan mukus tebal yang terhasil menghalang wap kimia dalam
Praktis
makanan daripada merangsangkan reseptor bau .
Kendiri
The thick layer of mucus produced prevents chemical vapour in the food

from stimulating the smell receptors.


Kesimpulan Deria rasa dibantu oleh deria bau .
The sense of taste is helped by the sense of smell .

15
Tarikh:

1.10 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Struktur kulit dan pengesanan rangsangan
Structure of the skin and the detection of stimuli
PBD
Masteri
BAB

Buku teks m/s 16


1 Kenal pasti dan labelkan jenis reseptor berlainan yang terdapat dalam kulit.

1 Identify and label the different types of receptors in the skin.

Reseptor sentuhan/Touch receptor Reseptor sakit/Pain receptor


Reseptor sejuk/Cold receptor Reseptor tekanan/Pressure receptor
Reseptor haba/Heat receptor

(a) Reseptor sakit Rambut


Pain receptor Hair
Epidermis
Epidermis
(b) Reseptor haba
(d) Reseptor
Heat receptor Saraf sentuhan
Dermis Nerve
Dermis
Touch receptor

(c) Reseptor sejuk (e) Reseptor


Cold receptor tekanan
Pressure receptor
Lemak/Fat

2 Nyatakan reseptor yang terletak dalam/State the receptors situated in the TP1

(a) epidermis/epidermis : Reseptor sakit/Pain receptor 

: Reseptor haba, sejuk dan sentuhan


(b) dermis/dermis
Heat, cold and touch receptors

(c) lapisan lemak/fat layer : Reseptor tekanan/Pressure receptor

3 Apakah lapisan kulit yang/What is the skin layer which TP1


(a) melindungi permukaan luar badan?
protects the outer surface of the body?
Epidermis/Epidermis
(b) mengandungi salur darah, kelenjar peluh dan reseptor?
contains blood vessels, sweat glands and receptors?
Dermis/Dermis

4 Tandakan ( ✓ ) fungsi lain kulit./Tick ( ✓ ) other functions of the skin. TP1



✓ Mengawal atur suhu badan
Regulates body temperature
Membasmi mikroorganisma Praktis
Kendiri
Destroys microorganisms
✓ Mencegah kehilangan air berlebihan
Prevents excessive water loss

5 Lengkapkan peta alir tentang laluan impuls setelah rangsangan haba diterima oleh reseptor dalam
kulit./Complete the flow map about the path of an impulse after a heat stimulus is received by the
receptor in the skin. TP2

Saraf/Nerves     Otak/Brain     Reseptor panas/Heat receptor

Reseptor haba Otak/Brain


Rangsangan impuls impuls
haba Heat receptor impulse Saraf impulse (Mentafsir
Heat Nerves impuls)
(Dalam kulit) (Interpret
stimulus (In the skin) impulses)

16
Tarikh:

1.11 EKSPERIMEN Kepekaan kulit terhadap rangsangan PBD


Penemuan
INKUIRI Sensitivity of the skin towards stimuli
Inkuiri
KBAT

BAB
Buku teks m/s 19 – 20
Tujuan Mengkaji kepekaan kulit pada bahagian badan yang berlainan terhadap rangsangan
sentuhan
To study the sensitivity of the skin on different parts of the body towards stimuli of touch 1
Bahan dan Pencungkil gigi, kadbod (7 cm × 5 cm), pita selofan, jalur kain hitam
Radas Toothpicks, cardboard (7 cm × 5 cm), cellophane tape, strip of black cloth

Pita selofan
Prosedur Cellophane tape

Kadbod
Cardboard

2 cm

Pencungkil gigi
Toothpick

1 Sediakan susunan bahan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.


Set up the materials as shown in the diagram.
2 Tutup mata rakan anda dengan sejalur kain hitam.
Blindfold your friend with a strip of black cloth.
3 Sentuh di bahagian-bahagian badan rakan anda, seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam
jadual, dengan satu atau dua batang pencungkil gigi.
Touch the parts of your friend’s body, as shown in the table, with one or two toothpicks.
4 Minta rakan anda menyatakan sama ada sebatang atau dua batang pencungkil gigi yang
digunakan.
Request your friend to state whether one or two toothpicks are used.

Keputusan Tandakan ( ✓ ) untuk tekaan yang betul dan ( ✗ ) bagi tekaan yang salah.
Tick ( ✓ ) the correct guess and ( ✗ ) the wrong guess.

Tekaan bilangan pencungkil gigi


Bahagian badan Guessing the number of toothpicks
Part of body
Satu/One Dua/Two

Hujung jari/Fingertip

Siku/Elbow

Lutut/Knee

Tapak tangan/Palm of the hand

Belakang telinga/Back of the ear

Belakang leher/Back of the neck


(Jawapan murid/Student’s answer)

17
Perbincangan 1 Berdasarkan keputusan aktiviti, kelaskan bahagian badan dalam aktiviti ini. TP2
Based on the results of the activity, classify the parts of the body in this activity.
(a) Peka terhadap rangsangan sentuhan
BAB

Sensitive to the touch stimuli


Hujung jari, belakang telinga, belakang leher

1 Fingertip, back of the ear, back of the neck


(b) Kurang peka terhadap rangsangan sentuhan
Less sensitive to the touch stimuli
Siku, lutut, tapak tangan
Elbow, knee, palm of the hand

2 Berikan dua faktor yang mempengaruhi kepekaan kulit. TP2


Give two factors that affect the sensitivity of the skin.
(a) Ketebalan epidermis
The thickness of the epidermis

(b) Bilangan reseptor


The number of receptors

3 Apakah hubung kait antara faktor-faktor yang dinyatakan di 2 dengan kepekaan kulit
terhadap rangsangan? TP2
What is the relationship between the factors stated in 2 and the sensitivity of the skin
towards stimuli?
(a) Semakin ( nipis , tebal ) epidermis kulit, semakin peka kulit terhadap rangsangan.
The ( thinner , thicker ) the skin epidermis, the more sensitive the skin to stimuli.
(b) Semakin ( kurang , banyak ) reseptor dalam kulit, semakin peka kulit terhadap
rangsangan.
The ( less , more ) receptors there are in the skin, the more sensitive the skin is to
stimuli.
4 Beri sebab bagi situasi-situasi yang berikut. TP3/KBAT
Give reasons for the following situations.
(a) Orang buta menyentuh simbol tulisan Braille
dengan hujung jari mereka untuk membantu
mereka membaca. Hal ini demikian kerana
hujung jari mempunyai epidermis yang
nipis dan mempunyai banyak
reseptor.
Blind people touch Braille symbols with their fingertips
to help them to read. This is because fingertips
have epidermis that is thin and has
many receptors.

(b) Suntikan biasanya diberi pada bahagian lengan


seorang pesakit. Hal ini demikian kerana epidermis
di kulit lengan adalah lebih tebal dan bilangan
reseptor adalah kurang .
An injection is usually given on the arm of a
patient. This is because the epidermis in the
arm is thicker and has fewer
Praktis receptors.
Kendiri

Kesimpulan Kepekaan kulit terhadap rangsangan adalah berbeza di bahagian badan yang
berlainan.
The sensitivity of the skin towards stimuli differs in different parts of the body.

18
Tarikh:

1.12 EKSPERIMEN Ilusi optik sebagai had deria penglihatan PBD


Penemuan
INKUIRI Optical illusion as a limitation of the sense of sight
Inkuiri
KBAT

BAB
Buku teks m/s 24
Tujuan Mengkaji ilusi optik
To study optical illusion
1
Prosedur
(a) Apakah yang dapat dilihat dalam (b)
setiap gambar? Tengok pada jarak
dekat!
What do you see in each picture? Look
closely!

Semua garis sebenarnya adalah selari


antara satu dengan yang lain.
All the lines are actually parallel to one
another.

(c)

A B E F

C D G H

Garis AB dan EF kelihatan lebih pendek


daripada garis CD dan GH walaupun
kesemuanya adalah sama panjang.
Lines AB and EF appear shorter than lines
CD and GH although all lines are of the
same length.
Video

Perhatikan rajah-rajah yang ditunjukkan di atas.


Observe the diagrams shown above.

Pemerhatian Pemerhatian yang anda buat sebenarnya adalah tidak benar .


not true
The observations you have made are actually .

Perbincangan 1 Apakah had deria penglihatan yang terlibat dalam aktiviti ini? TP1
What is the limitation of the sense of sight involved in this activity?
Ilusi optik/Optical illusion

2 Terangkan had deria penglihatan yang dinyatakan di soalan 1. TP2


Explain the limitation of the sense of sight stated in question 1.
Otak tidak dapat mentafsir dengan tepat apa yang sebenarnya dilihat
oleh mata.
The brain is unable to interpret accurately what is actually seen by the
eyes.

Kesimpulan Ilusi optik ialah had deria penglihatan disebabkan oleh otak tidak dapat mentafsir
apa yang dilihat oleh mata dengan tepat.
An optical illusion is a limitation in the sense of sight in which the brain cannot interpret
accurately what is seen by the eyes.

19
Tarikh:

1.13 EKSPERIMEN Titik buta (Bintik buta) PBD


Penemuan
INKUIRI Blind spot
Inkuiri
KBAT
BAB

Buku teks m/s 25


Tujuan Mengkaji titik buta/To study the blind spot

1 Bahan dan Kertas putih, pen/White paper, pen Galeri Info


Radas
Titik buta merupakan
satu kelemahan dalam
Prosedur penglihatan kita.
It is a disadvantage for
us to have the blind
spot in our vision.
1 Tutup mata kiri anda dan pegang buku ini dengan tangan.
Close your left eye and hold this book with your hand.
2 Lihat tanda pangkah dengan mata kanan dan gerakkan buku ini ke arah mata dengan
perlahan-lahan./Look straight at the cross with your right eye and slowly move the book
towards your eye.

Pemerhatian Pada suatu jarak yang tertentu, titik itu hilang daripada pandangan dan
muncul semula apabila buku ini digerakkan mendekati mata.

At a certain distance, the dot disappears and then reappears when this book is
moved nearer to the eye.

Perbincangan 1 Pada suatu ketika, imej titik jatuh pada titik X yang terletak di pangkal saraf optik
mata seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di bawah.
At a moment, the image of the dot falls on spot X which is located at the base of the
optic nerve as shown in the diagram below.

(a) Apakah titik X? TP1


What is spot X?
Titik buta/Blind spot
(b) Nyatakan keadaan titik pada ketika itu. TP2
+ X State the condition of the dot at that moment.
Titik hilang daripada pandangan.
The dot disappears from view.

2 Adakah terdapat sebarang fotoreseptor pada titik buta? TP1


Are there any photoreceptors on the blind spot?
Tidak/No

3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) pada pernyataan yang benar dan pangkah ( ✗ ) pada pernyataan yang
palsu. TP1
Tick ( ✓ ) the statement that is true and cross ( ✗ ) the statement that is false.
(a) Titik buta ialah titik yang terletak pada retina.

The blind spot is a point that is located on the retina.

Praktis (b) Kewujudan titik buta membawa kebaikan kepada kita.



Kendiri The existence of the blind spot brings advantages to us.

Kesimpulan Kita tidak dapat melihat sesuatu objek jika imejnya terbentuk pada titik buta .
We cannot see an object if the image of the object falls on the blind spot .

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Pembelajaran Berasaskan Projek 1: Mengatasi had deria penglihatan dan pendengaran (rujuk silang m.s. 167)
Project-Based Learning 1: Overcoming the limitation of sight and hearing (cross-reference p. 168)

20
Tarikh:

1.14 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Kecacatan penglihatan dan cara membetulkannya
Eye defects and ways to correct them
PBD
Kontekstual

BAB
Buku teks m/s 26 – 27
1 Lukiskan rajah sinar tentang kecacatan mata. Kemudian lengkapkan ruangan di bawah. TP2
Draw the light ray about eye defects. Then complete the spaces below.
1
(a) Rabun jauh/Short-sightedness (b) Rabun dekat/Long-sightedness

Objek jauh kelihatan kabur kerana Objek dekat kelihatan kabur kerana
imej terbentuk di hadapan retina. imej terbentuk di belakang retina.
The distant objects appear blur because The near objects appear blur because the
the image is formed in front of the image is formed behind the retina.
retina.

2 Beri sebab-sebab berlakunya kecacatan mata dan nyatakan kanta pembetulan yang sesuai. TP2
Give reasons why the eye defects occur and state the suitable correction lenses.

Kecacatan
Sebab kecacatan Kanta pembetulan
mata
Reason of defect Correction lens
Eye defect

Rabun jauh (a) Bebola mata terlalu panjang .


Short- The eyeball is too long .
sightedness tebal
(b) Kanta mata terlalu .
The eye lens is too thick .
Kanta cekung / Concave lens

Rabun dekat (a) Bebola mata terlalu pendek .


Long- The eyeball is too short .
sightedness nipis
(b) Kanta mata terlalu .
The eye lens is too thin .
Kanta cembung / Convex lens

3 Kaji petikan di bawah./Study the passage below. TP1 

Titik fokus
Permukaan lengkungan kornea atau kanta Kornea Focal point
mata yang tidak sekata menyebabkan semua Cornea
sinar cahaya dari suatu objek tidak bertemu
Cahaya
pada satu titik di retina. Light
The irregular curvature of the surface of the
cornea or the eye lens causes all the light rays
from an object not to meet at a point on the Kanta
retina. Lens

Namakan kecacatan mata itu dan nyatakan kanta yang digunakan untuk membetulkannya.
Name the eye defect and state the type of lens used to correct it.
Kecacatan mata : Astigmatisme
Eye defect Astigmatism
Kanta untuk membetulkannya : Kanta berbentuk silinder Praktis
Lens to correct it Cylindrical lenses Kendiri

21
Tarikh:

1.15 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Gerak balas tumbuhan terhadap rangsangan
Responses of plants towards stimuli
PBD
Masteri
BAB

Buku teks m/s 30, 33 – 35


1 Nyatakan dan padankan jenis tropisme atau gerak balas kepada kepentingannya. TP1

1 State and match the types of tropism or response to their importance.


Tigmotropisme Geotropisme Fototropisme Gerak balas nastik Hidrotropisme
Thigmotropism Geotropism Phototropism Nastic movement Hydrotropism

Rangsangan Jenis tropisme Kepentingan


Stimuli Type of tropism Importance
Membolehkan tumbuhan memperoleh air dan
(a) Cahaya
Fototropisme garam mineral
Light Phototropism Enables plants to obtain water and mineral salts

(b) Graviti Membolehkan tumbuhan memperoleh cahaya


Geotropisme
Gravity Geotropism untuk fotosintesis
Enables plants to obtain light for photosynthesis
(c)
Air Hidrotropisme Menyokong tumbuhan dan memboleh­kannya
Water Hydrotropism memperoleh air dan garam mineral
Supports the plants and enables them to obtain
(d) Sentuhan water and mineral salts
Tigmotropisme
Touch Thigmotropism
Bertindak sebagai pertahanan
As a defense
(e) Gerak balas
Sentuhan
nastik Memberi sokongan kepada tumbuhan
Touch
Nastic movement Gives support to the plants

2 Kenal pasti jenis tropisme./Identify the types of tropism. TP1

(a) Pucuk tumbuh ke arah cahaya. Fototropisme positif


Shoots grow towards light. Positive phototropism

(b) Akar tumbuh menjauhi cahaya. Fototropisme negatif


Roots grow away from light. Negative phototropism
(c) Akar tumbuh ke arah graviti. Geotropisme positif
Roots grow towards gravity. Positive geotropism

(d) Pucuk tumbuh menjauhi graviti. Geotropisme negatif


Shoots grow away from gravity. Negative geotropism

(e) Akar tumbuh ke arah air. Hidrotropisme positif


Roots grow towards water. Positive hydrotropism

(f) Pucuk tumbuh menjauhi air. Hidrotropisme negatif


Shoots grow away from water. Negative hydrotropism

(g) Sulur paut melilit pada ranting kayu. Tigmotropisme


Tendrils coil around twigs. Thigmotropism
(h) Daun semalu tertutup serta-merta apabila disentuh.
The leaves of the mimosa plant close immediately upon Gerakan nastik
touching. Nastic movement

AKTIVITI HANDS-ON
Eksperimen Wajib 1: Gerak balas tumbuhan terhadap pelbagai rangsangan (rujuk silang m.s. 171 – 174)
Compulsory Experiment 1: The responses of plants towards various stimuli (cross-reference p. 171 – 174) Praktis
Kendiri

22
Tarikh:

1.16 AKTIVITI
PERBINCANGAN
Penglihatan stereoskopik dan monokular
Stereoscopic and monocular visions
PBD
Kontruktivisme

BAB
Buku teks m/s 36 – 37
Lengkapkan jadual di bawah tentang penglihatan stereoskopik dan monokular haiwan. TP2
Complete the table below on the stereoscopic and monocular visions of the animals.
1
Sempit Sisi Luas Dapat
Narrow Side Wide Can
Memburu Pemangsa Mangsa Hadapan
Hunt Predators Prey In front
Manusia Bertindih Pemangsa Dua dimensi
Humans Overlapping Predator Two-dimensional
Mangsa Tidak dapat Melarikan Tiga dimensi
Prey Cannot Escape Three-dimensional

Jenis penglihatan
Type of vision

Penglihatan stereoskopik Penglihatan monokular


Stereoscopic vision Monocular vision

(a) Kedudukan kedua- Hadapan kepala Sisi kepala


dua mata In front Side
Position of both eyes of the head of the head

(b) Medan penglihatan Sempit dan bertindih Luas dan tidak bertindih
Field of vision Narrow and overlapping Wide and does not overlap

(c) Jenis imej yang Imej tiga dimensi Imej dua dimensi
terbentuk Three-dimensional image Two-dimensional image
Type of image formed

(d) Penganggaran jarak, Dapat menganggar Tidak dapat menganggar jarak


saiz dan kedalaman jarak dengan tepat dengan tepat
Estimation of Can estimate distance Cannot estimate distance
distance, size and accurately accurately
depth

(e) Jenis organisma Manusia dan kebanyakan Kebanyakan haiwan mangsa


Types of organisms haiwan pemangsa Most of the prey
Humans and most of the
predators

(f) Kepentingan Membantu pemangsa Membantu mangsa mengesan


Importance memburu mangsa dan melarikan diri daripada
Helps predators to hunt pemangsa
prey Helps prey to detect and
Praktis escape
Kendiri from predators

23
Tarikh:

1.17 AKTIVITI Pendengaran stereofonik dan deria lain pada haiwan PBD
PERBINCANGAN Stereophonic hearing and other senses in animals Penemuan
Inkuiri
BAB

Buku teks m/s 37 – 39


1 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan murid A sedang cuba menentukan dengan tepat arah dan lokasi sumber
1 bunyi dengan kedua-dua matanya tertutup./The diagram below shows student A is trying to determine
accurately the direction and location of the source of sound with both eyes blindfolded.
(a) Apakah pendengaran yang menggunakan kedua-
dua belah telinga? TP1
What is the hearing that uses both ears?
Pendengaran stereofonik/Stereophonic hearing

(b) Apakah kelebihan pendengaran stereofonik? TP2


What is the advantage of stereophonic hearing?
Membolehkan arah dan lokasi
bunyi ditentukan dengan lebih tepat.
It enables the direction and location of
sound
Murid A to be determined more accurately.
Student A
(c) Pendengaran stereofonik membantu haiwan pemangsa untuk menentukan lokasi mangsanya.
Sebaliknya, apakah kepentingan pendengaran stereofonik kepada haiwan mangsa?
Stereophonic hearing helps predators to determine the location of their prey. On the other hand,
what is the importance of stereophonic hearing to the prey?
Membantu haiwan mangsa untuk menentukan lokasi haiwan pemangsa dan
melarikan diri daripadanya.
To help the prey to determine the location of the predators and escape from them.

2 Berikut menunjukkan pasangan haiwan dengan organ derianya. Bulatkan jawapan yang betul. TP2
The following are the pairs of animals with their sensory organs. Circle the correct answers.

Landak Afrika Selatan – Misai Ular kapak – Garis lateral


South Arican porcupine – Moustache Viper snake – Lateral line

Ikan elektrik – Organ Jacobson Belalang – Penderia tubuh


Electric fish – Jacobson organ Grasshopper – Body sense

24
PT3 PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 1 KOMPONEN
PP

BAB
Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.
Instructions: Answer all questions. 1
Bahagian A/Section A
1 Seorang pelajar makan 2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan struktur Apakah fungsi P?

beberapa jenis makanan dan telinga manusia. What is the function of P?
didapati bahagian lidah X dan Diagram 2 shows the structure A Memfokuskan sinar cahaya
Y dalam Rajah 1 terangsang. of the human ear. Focuses light rays
A student eats several kinds of B Mengawal saiz pupil
food and he finds that the parts A Controls the size of the pupil
of tongue X and Y in Diagram 1 C C Mengubah imej kepada
are stimulated. impuls
Changes images to impulses
D D Membenarkan cahaya masuk
ke dalam mata
Y Allows light to enter the eye
B
X Rajah 2/Diagram 2 4 Apakah persamaan haiwan-
haiwan seperti lembu, kambing
Rajah 1/Diagram 1 Bahagian telinga yang mana-

dan arnab?
kah mengawal keseimbangan
Antara yang berikut, yang
What is the similarity of the
badan?
manakah jenis-jenis makanan animals such as cows, goats and
Which part of the ear controls
yang dimakan oleh pelajar itu? rabbits?
body balance?
Which of the following are the A Mempunyai medan peng-
food eaten by the student? lihatan yang luas
I Garam biasa 3 Rajah 3 menunjukkan mata Have a wide field of vision
Common salt manusia. B Boleh menganggar jarak
II Madu Diagram 3 shows the human dengan tepat
Honey eye. Can estimate distance
III Lemon accurately
P
Lemon C Mempunyai penglihatan
IV Kopi stereoskopik
Coffee Have stereoscopic vision
A I dan II B III dan IV D Mempunyai pandangan
I and II III and IV objek tiga dimensi
C II dan III D I dan IV Have a three-dimensional
II and III I and IV view of objects
Rajah 3/Diagram 3

Bahagian B/Section B
1 (a) Berdasarkan faktor penghubung yang diberi, lengkapkan peta titi tentang jenis-jenis tropisme.
Based on the given relating factor, complete the bridge map on the types of tropism.

ialah rangsangan
bagi Graviti Air Cahaya Sentuhan
is the stimulus for Gravity Water Light Touch
as as as
Faktor
penghubung Geotropisme Hidrotropisme Fototropisme Tigmotropisme
Relating factor Geotropism Hydrotropism Phototropism Thigmotropism

[2 markah/2 marks]

25
(b) Lengkapkan pernyataan/Complete the statements.

(i) Tigmotropisme ialah gerak balas yang membantu tumbuhan mendapatkan sokongan .
Thigmotropism is a response which helps plants to get support .
(ii) Gerak balas nastik tidak dipengaruhi oleh arah rangsangan.
Nastic movement is not affected by the direction of the stimulus.
[2 markah/2 marks]
Bahagian C/Section C
2 Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan struktur telinga manusia.
Diagram 2.1 shows the structure of the human ear.
Q (a) Kenal pasti organ-organ yang dilabel P, Q dan R. TP1
P
Identify the organs labelled P, Q and R.
P: Cuping telinga/Pinna
R Q: Osikel/Ossicles
R: Koklea/Cochlea
 [3 markah/3 marks]

Rajah 2.1/Diagram 2.1

(b) Nyatakan fungsi bahagian yang berlabel P./State the functions of the part labelled P. TP2
Mengumpul dan menghantar gelombang bunyi ke dalam salur telinga.
Collects and sends sound waves into the ear canal.
 [1 markah/1 mark]
(c) Kee Seng terasa pening setelah menaiki lif di dalam sebuah hotel. TP3/Mengaplikasi
Kee Seng feels dizzy after taking a lift in a hotel.
Apakah bahagian telinga yang telah terganggu? Berikan penerangan.
What is the part of the ear being disturbed? Give an explanation. Praktis
Formatif
Salur separuh bulat. Bahagian telinga ini mengawal keseimbangan badan.
Semicircular canals. This part of the ear controls the body balance.
[2 markah/2 marks]
(d) Seorang tua kehilangan pendengaran pada sebelah telinganya.
Apakah masalah yang dihadapi semasa pertuturan dengan ahli
keluarganya?/An old man loses his hearing in one ear. What is the Haa...
problem that he encounters when communicating with his family
members? TP4/Menganalisis
Gegendang telinganya mungkin sudah menjadi kurang kenyal. Hal
ini menyebabkan dia tidak dapat mendengar bunyi dengan jelas
dan tidak dapat menentukan arah bunyi dengan tepat.
His eardrum may have become less elastic. This causes him not able Rajah 2.2/Diagram 2.2
to hear the sound clearly and he cannot determine the source of the
sound accurately.
 [2 markah/2 marks]
(e) Cadangkan bagaimana anda dapat melindungi mata dan penglihatan anda. TP3/Mengaplikasi
Suggest how to protect your eyes and sight.
Elakkan membaca dalam keadaan cahaya malap dan tetapkan satu jarak di antara mata dengan bahan
bacaan.
Avoid reading in dim light and keep a distance between the eyes and the reading material.
[2 markah/2 marks]

26

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