Chemical Engineering 374
Fluid Mechanics
Lecture 2
Fluid Properties
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2
Spiritual Thought
• D&C 42:2
“If thou shalt ask, thou shalt receive
revelation upon revelation, knowledge upon
knowledge, that thou mayest know the mysteries
and peacable things – that which bringeth joy, that
which bringeth life eternal”
• D&C 46:18
“ To another is given the word of knowledge,
that all may be taught to be wise and to have
knowledge.”
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Fluids Roadmap
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Key Points
• Fluid Definition
– Sheer Stress
• Fluid Properties
1. Density
• Density variation with P,T
2. Viscosity (molecular interpretation, equation)
• Temperature/pressure effect on viscosity
• Newtonian fluids
• Non-Newtonian fluids
3. Kinematic Viscosity
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What is a Fluid?
– Liquid or Gas
– “deforms continuously under applied shear
stress”
– Liquid: form a free surface
– Gases: fill volume, no free surface, mixing
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Fluid?
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Continuum vs. Particles
Distinct Particles
Mass
Continuum
Length (nm scale)
Mass
Length (m scale)
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Density
• mass/volume
– metric vs. British?
» 1000 kg/m3, 1.2 kg/m3
» 62.3 lbm/ft3, 0.0752 lbm/ft3
• Specific Gravity
• Specific Weight
• Industry Specific
– Degrees API, Brix Gravity, Degrees Baume, etc.
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Density
16000
14000
12000
Density (kg/m3)
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Mercury Water Seawater SAE 30 oil Gasoline
1200
1000
Density (kg/m3)
800
600
400
200
0
Water Seawater SAE 30 oil Gasoline
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Density Changes
• Gas: Ideal Gas
• Liquid: nearly constant
– 4% variation in T 0 ˚C to 100 ˚C
– 1% variation in P 1 atm to 200 atm
Density of water versus temperature
4%
variation
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi
Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Density changes w/ Pressure
• Coefficient of Compressibility
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Density changes w/ Temperature
• Coefficient of Volume Expansion
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Examples
Harry potter, when transmuting a tank of water (3m 3 at 1 atm) accidentally
shrinks the walls of the tank (while not changing the mass of water inside) to 2
m 3. How much additional pressure is exerted on the walls of the tank as a
result? (κ = 21,000 atm)
On his next attempt he uses less water (only 1 m 3) in the same tank, but he
increases the temperature by 300 ˚C. How much volume does the water now
take up? (β = 2.61x10-4/K)
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Viscosity
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Viscosity I
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Viscosity II
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Viscosity Changes with T & P
• Liquids: molecules are everywhere,
constantly getting in way of motion
– T up, molecules move faster…
• μ decreases
• gases: molecules are sparce, rarely hit
each other
– T up, molecules move faster…
• more frequent collisions, μ increases
• Pressure:
– Small effect for both
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Kinematic Viscosity
• ν (units of m 2/s)
• Μ steam vs. water is factor 100 different
• Ρ sream vs. water is Factor 1000 different
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Non-Newtonian Fluids
Newtonian Bingham Plastic Pseudoplastic Dilitant
m m m m
dv/dy dv/dy dv/dy dv/dy
t t t t
dv/dy dv/dy dv/dy dv/dy
t=m*dv/dy t=m*dv/dy + ty t=k*|dv/dy| n
