Department of Mechanical Engineering Accredited By

NBA (Tier-I)

FLOW MEASUREMENT AND

FLUID MACHINERY LAB
Course Code: 18MEL67

STUDENT NAME

USN

SEMESTER & SECTION

BATCH

FACULTY NAME

An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University. Approved by

UGC/AICTE/Govt. of Karnataka, Accredited by NAAC (Grade 'A+') Bangalore-560064, Karnataka, INDIA
FLOW MEASUREMENT AND FLUID MACHINERY LAB [18MEL67]
 FLOW MEASUREMENT AND FLUID MACHINERY LAB [18MEL67]

List of Experiments

Sl
Aim Pg. No.
No

To calibrate and obtain the necessity practical skills for the operation of roto-meter for
1 1-2
different flow rates

To understand the flow behavior and determine the coefficient of discharge and
2 3-6
calibrate the given flow nozzle for different flow rates

To evaluate and analyze the effect of coefficient of discharge for varying flow through
3 7-10
Venturi meter

To quantitatively analyze the coefficient of discharge for varying flow rates through
4 11-14
Orifice meter

5 To determine the coefficient of discharge cd of a given notch 15-17

To determine the coefficient of friction (major losses) and calibrate the given flow
6 18-21
for different flow rates

To understand the significance of minor losses of a flow through pipe with different
7 22-24
pipe fittings

To determine the coefficient of impact of water jet when it strikes different vanes in
8 25-28
fixed condition

To study the performance of Pelton wheel turbine under constant speed, constant head
9 29-34
and draw its main (constant head) and operating (constant speed) characteristic curves

To study the performance of Francis turbine under constant speed, constant head and
10 35-39
draw its main (constant head) and operating (constant speed) characteristic curves

11 To study the performance of centrifugal pump and draw the characteristic curves 40-43
To conduct performance analysis of the Multistage Centrifugal Pump and to plot the
12 44-46
characteristic curves

13 To find the percentage of slip and study performance of Reciprocating pump 47-50

14 To conduct the performance test on two stage reciprocating air compressor 51-54

Question bank for flow and hydraulic machines experiments 55-58

 FLOW MEASUREMENT AND FLUID MACHINERY LAB [18MEL67]

FLOW MEASUREMENT AND FLUID MACHINERY LAB

Course Code 18MEL67 Credits 01

Hours/Week (L-T-P) 0-0-2 CIE Marks 50

Total Hrs. 26 SEE Marks 50

Exam Hrs. 03 Course Type Core

Stream Thermal

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

Students will be able to

1. Determine coefficient of friction, minor losses of flow through pipes

2. Determination of Force developed by impact of jet on Vanes.
3. Calibrate the flow measuring devices to measure the discharge coefficient and other flow parameters.
4. Conduct the experiments on hydraulic turbines to obtain different performance characteristics.
5. Determine and demonstrate performance parameters of pumps and compressor.
LABORATORY EXERCISES

UNIT -1- (13 Hrs.)

[Link]. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1
Determination of Coefficient of Friction of flow in a pipe.
2
Determination of Minor Losses of flow through pipes.
3
Determination of Force developed by impact of jet on Vanes.
4
Calibration of following Flow measuring devices

a. Orifice Plate

b. Venturi meter

c. Rotameter

d. Nozzle

e. Notchs
 FLOW MEASUREMENT AND FLUID MACHINERY LAB [18MEL67]

UNIT -2- (13 Hrs.)

1 Determination of performance parameters(Efficiency and Specific speed) and draw characteristic curves of
following turbines

a. Pelton wheel

b. Francis turbine

2 Determination of performance parameters(Efficiency) and draw characteristic curves of following pumps

a. Single stage & multi stage centrifugal pumps

b. Double acting Reciprocating pump

3 Determination of performance parameters (Efficiency) and draw characteristic curves of a two stage
Reciprocating Air compressor.

TEXT BOOKS

SINO Unit Text Book Title Author(s) Publisher(s) Edition/Year of Publication

1. 1,2 Tenth edition (2018)

A Text Book of Fluid Dr. Bansal R K Lakshmi

Mechanics and Publications
Hydraulic Machines

2. 1,2

Fluid Mechanics and Dr D S Kumar S K Kataria & Sons 2013 edition

Fluid power publishers of
engineering . engineering and
computer books,
Practices Delhi

3. 1,2

Hydraulics, Fluid S Ramamrutham Dhanpat Rai Ninth edition (2014)

Mechanics & Fluid publishing
machine company, (P) Ltd.
New Delhi
 FLOW MEASUREMENT AND FLUID MACHINERY LAB [18MEL67]

ONLINE RESOURCES

Topic/Title Link

[Link]
Fluid mechanics

[Link]
Hydraulic Turbines
KANPUR/machine/ui/Course_home-[Link]

Preparation of compressed air [Link]

LABORATORY ASSESSMENT METHOD

RECORD: 15 Marks

OBSERVATION :15 Marks

LAB TEST: 15 Marks

VIVA-VOCE: 05 Marks

SEE - FINAL EXAM: 50 Marks

CO-PO-PSO MAPPING
PO
CO PSO1 PSO2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 3 2 2 2 2 2
2 3 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 2 2 2 2 2
4 3 2 2 2 2 2
5 3 2 2 2 2 2
CL 3 2 2 2 2 2
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EXPERIMENT NO. 1

ROTOMETER

Aim: To calibrate the given Rotometer for different flow rates.

Apparatus: Rotometer experimental setup, stopwatch.

Theory: Write the theory on following topics

i. Definition of calibration
ii. Flow measuring instruments
iii. Principle of working of Rotometer
iv. Applications of Rotometer
Procedure:

1. Fill the sump with clean water to the full level

2. Keep the bypass valve fully closed and partially open the control valve
3. Start the pump and adjust the flow such that the float of Rotometer just starts to move upward
indicating the flow
4. After a steady state note down the Rotometer reading
5. Note down the time required for collecting ‘H’ meter of water in measuring tank
6. Repeat the experiment for different flow rates

Tabular column

Sl R Qr H T Qact %Error
No. lpm m3/s (m) sec m3/s

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Where

R = Rotometer reading in lpm.

Qr = Discharge through Rotometer, m3/s

Qr =
( × )

H = Rise of water in the measuring tank, m

T = time taken to collect ‘H’ m of water in the measuring tank , s

Qact = Actual Discharge, m3/s

( × )
=

A = Area of the measuring tank, m2

l = length of the tank, m

b = Breadth of the tank, m

( )
%Error = ∗ 100

Graphs:

i. Qr v/s Qact
ii. Qact v/s H

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EXPERIMENT NO.2

FLOW NOZZLE

Aim : To determine the coefficient of discharge and calibration of the given Flow Nozzle for different
flow rates.

Apparatus : Flow Nozzle experimental setup , stopwatch , scale .

Theory: write theory on following topics

i. Construction and working of Flow nozzle

ii. Advantages and disadvantages of Flow nozzle
Procedure:

1. Fill the sump with clean water to the full level .

2. Connect the flexible pipe to the selected pipe line by using quick action coupling.
3. Connect the differential manometer to the selected tapping of the flow nozzle.
4. Keep the valve open and switch on the pump
5. Keep the bypass valve fully open and the other valves are closed
6. Set a flow rate and wait for a steady state condition
7. Note down the difference in mercury level of differential manometer
8. Record the time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in the measuring tank
9. Repeat the above procedure for different flow rates
Specifications:

Diameter of the pipe or mouth of the nozzle, d 1 = 27mm

Diameter of the neck of the nozzle, d2 = 12mm

Length of the nozzle = 18mm

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Tabular column:

Sl 𝑥 h R T Qth Qact Cd % Error V Re

No. m of Hg m of water M s m3/s m3/s m/s

Where

𝑥 = Difference in mercury level of manometer, m of Hg

h = Difference in pressure head in manometer, m of water

= −1 ×𝑥

Sh = Specific gravity of mercury (heavier fluid) = 13.6

Sl = Specific gravity of water (lighter liquid) = 1

h = 12.6×x

R = Rise of water in measuring tank, m

T = time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in measuring tank , sec

Qth= theoretical discharge, m3/s

a1 = Area of the pipe or area at the mouth of nozzle , m 2

×
=

d1 = Diameter of the nozzle neck, m

a2 = area of the nozzle at its neck, m2

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×
=

d2 = Diameter of nozzle neck, m

Qact = Actual discharge m3/s

×
Qact =

A = Area of measuring tank, m2

A = l×b

l = length of the tank, m

b = breadth of the tank, m

Cd = Coefficient of discharge

( )
%Error = × 100

V= Velocity of water in m/s

Re= Reynold’s Number =

 = Density of water, 1000 kg/m3

µ = Absolute viscosity of water, 110-3 N-s /m2

Graphs:

i. Qact v/s h
ii. Qth v/s h
iii. Cd v/s Re

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Result:

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EXPERIMENT NO.3
VENTURIMETER

Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge and calibration of the given Venturimeter for different flow rates

Apparatus: Venturimeter experimental setup, stopwatch, scale

Theory: Write the theory on following topics

i. Statement of Bernoulli’s Equation

ii. Assumptions for Bernoulli’s equation
iii. Bernoulli’s Equation applications
iv. Venturimeter construction and working principle
v. Necessity of divergent portion in Venturimeter
vi. Derivation of discharge through Venturimeter

V E N T U R IM E T E R
F lo w

M e a s u rin g T a n k

G a te v a lv e
PU M P M OTOR
M a n o m e te r

STORAG E TANK

VENTURIMETER EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

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Procedure:

1. Fill the sump with clean water to the full level

2. Connect the flexible pipe to the selected pipe line by using quick action coupling
3. Connect the differential manometer to the selected tapping of the Venturimeter
4. Keep the valve open and switch on the pump
5. Keep the bypass valve fully open and the other valves are closed
6. Set a flow rate and wait for a steady state condition
7. Note down the difference in mercury level of differential Manometer
8. Record the time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in the measuring tank
9. Repeat the above procedure for different flow rates
Specifications:

Diameter of the pipe, d1= 27mm

Throat diameter, d2= 14mm

Tabular column:

Sl. 𝑥 h R T Qth Qact Cd % V Re

No. 3
m3/s Error
m of Hg m of water m s m /s m/s

Where

x= Difference in mercury level of manometer, m of Hg

h= Difference in pressure head in manometer, m of water

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= −1 ×𝑥

Sh= Specific gravity of Mercury (heavier liquid) =13.6

Sl= Specific gravity of Water (lighter Liquid) =1

h= 12.6  x

R= Rise of water in Measuring tank, m

T= Time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in measuring tank, s

Qth= Theoretical discharge, m3/s

a1 a 2 2 gh
=
2 2
a1  a 2

a1 =Area of the pipe or venturimeter inlet, m2

  d1 2
=
4

d 1 =Diameter of the pipe or venturimeter inlet, m

a 2 =Area of throat, m2

  d22
=
4

d 2 = Diameter of the throat, m

Qact= Actual disharge m3/s

A R
=
T

Cd= Coefficient of discharge

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( )
% Error = × 100

V=Velocity of water in m/s

Vd1
Re=Reynolds Number=  = Density of water, 1000 kg/m3


 = Absolute viscosity of water, 1x10-3 Ns/m2

Graphs:

[Link] v/s h

ii. Qth v/s h

iii. Cd v/s Re

Result:

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EXPERIMENT NO.4
ORIFICEMETER

Aim: To determine the coefficient of discharge and calibration of the given Orifice meter for different flow rates

Apparatus: Orificemeter experimental setup, stopwatch, scale

Theory: Write the theory on following topics

i. Construction and working of Orificemeter

ii. Advantages and disadvantages of Orificemeter

ORIFICEMETER

Measuring Tank

Gate valve
PUMP MOTOR

Manometer

STORAGE TANK

ORIFICEMETER EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Procedure:

1. Fill the sump with clean water to the full level

2. Connect the flexible pipe to the selected pipe line by using quick action coupling

3. Connect the differential manometer to the selected tapping of the Orifice meter

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4. Keep the valve open and switch on the pump

5. Keep the bypass valve fully open and the other valves are closed
6. Set a flow rate and wait for a steady state condition
7. Note down the difference in mercury level of differential Manometer
8. Record the time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in the measuring tank
9. Repeat the above procedure for different flow rates

Specifications:

Diameter of the pipe, d1= 25mm

Orifice diameter, d2= 12.5mm

Tabular column:

Sl. 𝑥 h R T Qth Qact Cd % V Re

No. 3
m3/s Error
m of Hg m of water m s m /s m/s

Where

x= Difference in mercury level of manometer, m of Hg

h= Difference in pressure head in manometer, m of water

S 
=  h  1  x
 Sl 

Sh= Specific gravity of Mercury (heavier liquid) =13.6

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Sl= Specific gravity of Water (lighter Liquid)=1

h= 12.6  x

R= Rise of water in Measuring tank, m

T= Time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in measuring tank, s

Qth= Theoretical discharge, m3/s

a1 a 2 2 gh
=
2 2
a1  a 2

a1 =Area of the pipe or inlet area of Orifice meter, m2

  d1 2
=
4

d 1 =Diameter of the pipe or Orificemeter inlet, m

a 2 =Area of orifice, m2

  d22
=
4

d 2 = Diameter of the orifice, m

Qact= Actual discharge m3/s

A R
=
T

A= Area of the measuring tank, m2

= lxb

l= Length of the tank, m

b=Breadth of the tank, m

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Cd= Coefficient of discharge

Qact
=
Qth

Qth  Qact 
% Error =  100
Qth

V=Velocity of water in m/s

Qact
=
a1

Vd1
Re=Reynold’s Number=


 = Density of water, 1000 kg/m3

 = Absolute viscosity of water, 1x10-3 N-s/m2

Graphs:

[Link] v/s h

ii. Qth v/s h

iii. Cd v/s Re

Result:

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EXPERIMENT NO.5

V - Notch

Aim: To find the coefficient of discharge of triangular notch.

Apparatus:
 An approach channel with baffle plates in it and fitted with notches.
 A surface level gauge (hook gauge) to measure the head over notch.
 A constant steady supply of water with a means of varying the flow rate.
 Measuring tank and stop watch to measure the flow rate.

Theory:
A notch may be defined as a sharp edged obstruction over which flow of a liquid occurs. The sheet of water
discharge by a notch is called nappe or vein. Notches are used for measuring the flow of water from a
reservoir and generally rectangular, trapezoidal or triangular in shape. The most common shape is triangular,
since it has the advantage of greater accuracy at reduced flow rates compared with other shapes. The
coefficient of discharge will be constant for all head. A triangular notch is also called as V – notch.

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Procedure:
 Fix the notch plate under test at the end of the approach channel in a vertical plane with the sharp edge
on the upstream side.
 Fill the channel up to crest level.
 Adjust the hook gauge reading to zero.
 Adjust the valve to get maximum constant discharge in the channel.
 Note the final hook gauge reading. This gives the head over the notch ‘H’.
 Collect the water discharging from the notch in the measuring tank of known dimension and measure
the rise of water level ‘R’ in the measuring tank for a known time ‘T’.
 Lower the water level in the approach channel in stages by adjusting the flow control valve and record
the series of reading ‘H’, ‘R’ and ‘T’ at each stage.

Observation:

Area of collecting tank, A= _____________m2

Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2
Breadth of Trapezoidal notch= bt = ________mm, ___________m
Breadth of rectangular notch= br = ________mm, ___________m
V notch = θ/2 = 45 deg. Side angle of trapezoidal notch = 14 deg.

Formulae:

1. For V- notch:

5
8
Q th  2 g tan H 2
m3/s
15 2
Where H = Head over the notch in meters

AR
2. Actual Discharge, Q act  m3/s
T
Where A = area of collecting tank in meters
R = rise of water level in the collecting tank in meters (0.1m)
T = time taken to rise 0.1m (R) of water in the collecting tank
Q act
3. Coefficient of discharge, Cd 
Q th

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Tabular Column:

Head Collecting tank

Type of Trial over the Qth Qact Log
R in t in AR Cd  Log H
Notch Nos notch, Qact  Qth Mean Qact
m sec T m3/s
H (m)
m3/s
Triangular 1

Result:

The coefficient of discharge of

V- Notch =------------------------

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EXPERIMENT NO.6
FRICTION IN PIPES (MAJOR ENERGY LOSS)

Aim: To determine the coefficient of friction of a given pipe

Apparatus: Friction pipe experimental setup, stop watch, measuring tape

Theory: Write theory on following topics

i. Definition of friction coefficient

ii. Darcy’s Weisbach and Chezy’s Formulae and their description
iii. Wet area
iv. Hydraulic mean depth

MAJOR (FRICTION IN PIPES) ENERGY LOSS EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

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Procedure:

1. Note down the diameter and length of the pipe

2. Fill the sump with clean water to the full level
3. Connect the manometer limbs between the tapings of the pipe
4. Start the pump and set the flow rate using control valve
5. Note down the difference in manometer
6. Note down the time taken for ‘R’ rise of water
7. Repeat the experiment for different flow rates
Specifications:

Inner diameter of the pipe d= 1inch=25.4mm for pipe 1

=3/4inch =18mm

=1/2inch=12.5mm

Length of the pipe L=1.5m for all three pipes

Tabular column:

Sl. 𝑥 h R T Qact V f Re Type of

No. flow
m of Hg m of m s m3/s m/s
water

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Where

x= Difference in mercury level of manometer, m of Hg

h= Difference in pressure head in manometer, m of water

S 
=  h  1  x
 Sl 

Sh= Specific gravity of Mercury (heavier liquid) =13.6

Sl= Specific gravity of Water (lighter Liquid) =1

h= 12.6  x

R= Rise of water in Measuring tank, m

T= Time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in measuring tank, s

Qact =Actual discharge m3/S

A R
=
T

A= Area of the measuring tank, m2 = l x b

l= Length of the tank, m

b=Breadth of the tank, m

Qact
V= Velocity of water in the pipe, m/s =
a1

f= Friction coefficient

2 ghd
=
4 LV 2

L= Length of the pipe, m

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Vd
Re=Reynold’s Number=


 = Density of water, 1000kg/m3

 = Absolute viscosity of water, 1x10-3 Ns/m2

Type of flow:

i. Laminar flow -----Re≤2000

ii. Transition flow-----Re between 3000 and 4000
iii. Turbulent flow------Re>4000
Result:

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EXPERIMENT NO.7
MINOR ENERGY LOSSES

Aim: To determine the minor energy losses of a flow through a pipe with different pipe fittings.

Apparatus: Major and minor energy losses experimental setup, stop watch, measuring tape

Theory: Write theory on following topics

i. Classification of energy losses in a pipe

ii. Definition of major and minor energy losses
iii. Determination of major energy losses theoretically
iv. Determination of minor energy losses( theoretical formulae used)
v. Equivalent length of a pipe
vi. Definition of TEL and HGL and their significance

MINOR ENERGY LOSSES EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

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Procedure:

1. Fill the sump with clean water to the full level

2. Keep the bypass valve fully open and the other valves closed

3. Start the pump and adjust the flow rate to some value

4. Select the fitting for which the pressure drop is to be determined and connect the manometer across that fitting
by opening the corresponding cocks

5. Remove the air bubbles in the manometer

6. Note down the mercury level difference in manometer

7. Note down the mercury level difference in manometer by connecting it to other fittings

8. Repeat the experiment for different flow rate

Specifications:

i. Diameter of pipe with uniform cross section=27mm

ii. Dimensions of measuring tank=600mmx500mmx250mm

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Tabular columns:

Type of pipe fittings 𝑥, m of Hg h, m of water

Converging collar

Diverging collar

Plain collar

Union

Ball valve

Gate valve

Wheel valve

Non return valve

Where

x= Difference in mercury level of manometer, m of Hg

h= Difference in pressure head in manometer, m of water

S 
=  h  1  x
 Sl 

Sh= Specific gravity of Mercury (heavier liquid) =13.6

Sl= Specific gravity of Water (lighter Liquid) =1

h= 12.6  x

Result:

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EXPERIMENT NO.8
IMPACT OF JET ON VANES

Aim: To determine the coefficient of impact of a water jet when it strikes different vanes in fixed condition

Apparatus: Impact of jet on vanes experimental setup, different types of vanes

Theory: Write following theory topics

i. Definition of impact of jet

ii. Principle behind the impact of jet on vanes
iii. Derivation of force applied by a jet on fixed flat plate, inclined vane and Hemispherical vane

Horizontal Lever arm

Balancing weight
weights Hemispherical vane

Gate valve

PUMP MOTOR

STORAGE TANK

IMPACT OF JET ON VANES EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

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Procedure:

1. Select the required diameter of the jet and vane shape and fix them in position

2. Carefully level the horizontal lever by rotating the knob provided at the top of the weighing balance to zero in
the weighing balance

3. Switch on the pump and adjust the flow control valve to give maximum possible flow through nozzle

4. Note down the flow rate in rotometer and weighing balance reading

5. Reduce the discharge in steps by adjusting the bypass valve and record the series of rotometer and weighing
balance readings

6. Repeat the above procedure for different shapes of vane

Specifications:

i. Diameter of Nozzle
ii. Angle of inclination for an inclined vane
Tabular column:

Type of vane No. of R Qr Fact V Fth Ci

trials lpm m3/s N m/s N
Flat vane 1
2
3
Inclined vane 1
2
3
Hemispherical 1
vane 2
3

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R= Rotometer reading, lpm

Qr = Discharge through Rotometer, m3/s
R
=
1000  60
Fact= Actual force exerted by the jet, N
V= Velocity of jet, m/s
Qr
=
a
a= Cross sectional area of nozzle, m2
 d2
=
4
d= Diameter of nozzle, m
Fth= Theoretical force applied by the jet, N
= aV 2 for flat plate

= aV 2 sin 2  for inclined vane

= 2aV 2 for hemispherical vane

ρ= Density of water= 1000kg/m3
θ= Angle of inclination, degrees
Ci= Coefficient of impact
Fact
=
Fth
Result:

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EXPERIMENT NO.9
PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

Aim: To study the performance of Pelton Wheel turbine under constant speed and constant head and draw the
Main (constant head) and operating (constant speed) characteristic curves

Apparatus: Pelton wheel experimental setup, stop watch

Theory: Write theory on following topics

i. Layout of hydroelectric power plant with some examples

ii. Definition of gross head, net head, head race, tail race, penstock, surge tank
iii. Definition of Prime mover, Classification of turbines, Impulse turbine
iv. Neat sketch of Pelton Wheel Turbine
v. Construction and working of Pelton wheel
vi. Turbine efficiencies( hydraulic, mechanical, overall, volumetric)
vii. Define unit quantities and draw unit characteristic curves
viii. Explain main, operating and iso-efficiency curves

FLOW PO W ER SUPPLY

SPEAR
PU M P
T U R B IN E P1
C O U P L IN G
M OTOR
DP P2

W ATER TANK

PELTON WHEEL EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

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SINGLE JET PELTON WHEEL

Procedure:

Constant speed:

1. Remove all the loads on the turbine

2. Switch on the pump starter, allow the pump to pick up full speed and becomes operational

3. Keep the gate valve opening at the maximum

4. Run the turbine with no load condition at the given speed

5. Apply the load (say 1kg) on brake drum using spring balance. Due to this speed of the turbine decreases.

6. Get back the original speed of the turbine by adjusting gate valve/ spear

7. Note down spring balance readings, pressure gauge and head over V-notch readings

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8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for different load conditions

9. Make sure that the load is released before switching off the turbine.

Constant head:

1. Remove all the loads on the turbine

2. Switch on the pump starter, allow the pump to pick up full speed and becomes operational

3. Keep the gate valve opening at the maximum

4. Set the pressure gauge to the given head (say 4kgf/cm2) using spear

5. Apply the load on brake drum using spring balance. Due this pressure head decreases.

6. Adjust the spear until the constant head is obtained

7. Note down spring balance readings, head over V-notch and speed of the turbine

8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for different load conditions

9. Make sure that the load is released before switching off the turbine.

Specifications:

Supply pump= 7.5HP, 3Ph, 440V, 50Hz

Mean diameter of turbine=225mm

No. Of buckets=20

Dia. of jet=17mm

Flow rate=165 lpm

Head = 100mm

Diameter of brake drum = 0.28m

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Tabular column: common for both constant head and constant speed conditions

S. No. W Pg N ‘h’ S H Q I/P O/P Ns ήo

kg kg/cm2 rpm m kg m m3/s kW kW %

Pg= Gauge pressure, kg/cm2

W= Load applied, kg
S=Spring balance reading, kg

N= Speed of the turbine or brake drum, rpm

h= Head over the V-notch, m

H= Head on turbine, m of water

=10 Pg +Z

Z=Gauge correction with respect to the centerline of turbine, m

Q= Discharge through the turbine, m3/s

= ×C 2g × tan × h

Cd= Coefficient of discharge of V notch=0.6

θ= Angle of V-notch=600

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I/P= Input power of the turbine, kW

wQH
=
1000

w= Specific weight of water=9810N/m3

O/P=Out Power of the turbine, kW

= ×

T=Torque induced, Nm

Db
= W  S   9.81 
2

Db= Diameter of the brake drum, m

ηt = Belt transmission efficiency = 0.85

ηo= Overall efficiency of the turbine, %

O/P
=  100
I/P

√
Ns= Specific speed of the turbine, N =

Graphs Main characteristic curves for constant Head

i. ηo v/s N
ii. O/P v/s N
iii. I/P v/s N
iv. Q v/s N
Operating characteristic curves for constant speed

i. ηo v/s H
ii. O/P v/s H,

iii I/P v/s N

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iv Q v/s H

Result:

FULL GATE OPENING

FULL
UNIT POWER Pu
UNIT DISCHARGE

3/4 GATE OPENING 3/4 NIT EFFICIENCY ?

1/2 GATE OPENING 1/2

1/4 GATE OPENING

1/4

UNIT SPEED N u
UNIT SPEED Nu UNIT SPEED Nu

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EXPERIMENT NO.10
FRANCIS TURBINE
Aim: To study the performance of Francis turbine under constant speed and constant head and draw the Main
(constant head) and operating (constant speed) characteristic curves

Apparatus: Francis experimental setup, stop watch

FRANCIS TURBINE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Theory: Write theory on following topics

i. Definition of reaction turbine

ii. Neat sketch of Francis Turbine

iii. Construction and working of Francis turbine

iv. Definition of inward and outward turbines
v. Draft tube, functions, types
vi. Difference between impulse and reaction turbines
vii. Explain main, operating and iso-efficiency curves for Francis turbine

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Procedure:

Constant speed:

1. Remove all the loads on the turbine

2. Switch on the pump starter, allow the pump to pick up full speed and becomes operational

3. Keep the gate valve opening at the maximum

4. Run the turbine with no load condition at the given speed

5. Apply electrical load (say 400 W) on alternator. Due to this speed of the turbine decreases.

6. Get back the original speed of the turbine by adjusting gate valve/ guide wheel

7. Note down readings on pressure gauge, vacuum gauge, time for n revolutions of energy meter disc and head
over rectangular -notch

8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for different load conditions

9. Make sure that the load is released before switching off the turbine.

Constant head:

1. Remove all the loads on the turbine

2. Switch on the pump starter, allow the pump to pick up full speed and becomes operational

3. Keep the gate valve opening at the maximum

4. Set the pressure gauge to the given head (say 0.75kgf/cm 2) using guide wheel

5. Apply electrical load (say 400 W) on alternator. Due this pressure head decreases

6. Adjust the guide wheel until the constant head is obtained

7. Note down readings on pressure gauge, vacuum gauge, time for n revolutions of energy meter disc and head
over rectangular -notch

8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for different load conditions

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9. Make sure that the load is released before switching off the turbine.

Tabular column: common for both constant head and constant speed conditions

Sl. EL Pg Vg N h t H Q I/P O/P ήo Ns

No.
W kgf/cm mm of rpm m s m m3/s kW kW %
2
Hg

EL= Electrical load applied on alternator, W

Pg= Gauge pressure, kgf/cm2

Vg=Vacuum gauge reading, mm of Hg,

N= Speed of the turbine or brake drum, rpm,

h= Head over the notch, m

t= time taken for n revolutions of energy meter disc

H= Head on turbine, m of water

=10 Pg +0.0136 Vg +Z

Z=Gauge correction with respect to the centreline of turbine, m

Q= Discharge through the turbine, m3/s

= (2/3)Cd L 2𝑔 h(3/2)

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where Cd=0.6 for rectangular notch

L=450 mm length of rectangular notch

θ = Angle of rectangular-notch =900

I/P= Input power of the turbine, kW

wQH
=
1000

w= Specific weight of water=9810N/m3

O/P=Out Power of the turbine, kW

×
=
× ×

n = No. of revolutions of energy meter disc

k = Energy meter constant = 750 kWh

ηg = Efficiency of generator = 0.85

Ns = Specific speed of the turbine

√
=

ηo= Overall efficiency of the turbine, %

O/P
=  100
I/P

Graphs:

Main characteristic curves

v. ηo v/s N
vi. O/P v/s N
vii. Q v/s N

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Operating characteristic curves

ii. ηo v/s H
iii. O/P v/s H
iv. Q v/s H
Result:

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EXPERIMENT NO.11
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Aim: To study the performance of Centrifugal Pump and draw the characteristic curves

Apparatus: Centrifugal experimental setup, stop watch

SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

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Theory:

Write the following theory topics

i. Neat sketch of centrifugal pump, working principle

ii. Different types of casings
iii. Efficiencies of centrifugal pump
iv. Manometric head, NPSH, total head
v. Priming of centrifugal pump
Procedure:

1. Prime the pump

2. Open the delivery valve fully and start the pump.

3. Note down the values of delivery pressure, suction pressure, speed of pump

4. Note down the time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in measuring tank and time for ‘n’ revolutions of energy
meter disc

5. Change the discharge using delivery valve and once again note down the above readings

6. Repeat the experiment for different discharges

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Tabular column:

Sl. Pg Vg N R T t H Q I/P O/P η

No.
kgf/cm2 mm rpm m s s m m3/s kW kW %
of Hg

Pg=Delivery pressure, kg/cm2

Vg= Vacuum gauge reading, mm of Hg

N= Speed of the pump, rpm

R= Rise of water in Measuring tank, m

T= Time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in measuring tank, s

t= time taken for n revolutions of energy meter disc

H= Total Head of the pump, m of water

= × 10.13 + 9.81P + 0.0136 760 − V

.

Q =Actual discharge m3/s

A R
= A= Area of the measuring tank, m2 =l x b,
T

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l= Length of the tank, m

b=Breadth of the tank, m

I/P=Input Power of the pump, kW

×
= 𝜂
× ×

n= Number of revolutions of energy meter disc

k= Energy meter constant

ηt= Transmission Efficiency =0.7

O/P= Output power of pump, kW

wQH
=
1000

w= Specific weight of water=9810 N/m3

η=Efficiency of pump, %

O/P
=  100
I/P

Graphs:

i. Efficiency v/s Q
ii. I/P v/s Q Operating characteristic curves of a centrifugal pump
iii. Q v/s H
iv. O/P v/s Q
Result:

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EXPERIMENT NO. 11
MULTI STAGE (TWO STAGE) CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Aim: To study the performance of multi stage Centrifugal Pump and draw the characteristic curves

Apparatus: Centrifugal experimental setup, stop watch

Theory:

Write the following theory topics

i. Neat sketch of multi stage centrifugal pump in series and parallel, working principle
ii. Difference between multi stage centrifugal pump and submersible pump
Procedure:

1. Prime the pump

2. Open the delivery valve fully and start the pump.

3. Note down the values of delivery pressure, suction pressure, speed of pump

4. Note down the time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in measuring tank and time for ‘n’ revolutions of energy
meter disc

5. Change the discharge using delivery valve and once again note down the above readings

6. Repeat the experiment for different discharges

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Tabular column:

Sl. Pg1 Ptotal Vg N R T t H Q I/P O/P η

No.
kgf/cm2 kg/cm2 mm rpm m s s m m3/s kW kW %
of
Hg

Where

Pg1=Delivery pressure of water in stage1, kg/cm2

Ptotal= Delivery pressure of water in stage 2, kg/cm2

Vg= Vacuum gauge reading, mm of Hg

N= Speed of the pump, rpm

R= Rise of water in Measuring tank, m

T= Time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in measuring tank, s

t= time taken for n revolutions of energy meter disc

H= Total Head of the pump, m of water

= × 10.13 + 9.81P + 0.0136 760 − V

.

Q =Actual discharge m3/s

A R
= A= Area of the measuring tank, m2 =l x b,
T

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l= Length of the tank, m

b=Breadth of the tank, m

I/P=Input Power of the pump, kW

×
= x𝜂
× ×

n= Number of revolutions of energy meter disc

k= Energy meter constant

ηt=Transmission Efficiency =0.7

O/P= Output power of the pump, kW

wQH
=
1000

w= Specific weight of water=9810 N/m3

η=Efficiency of pump, %

O/P
=  100
I/P

Graphs:

v. Efficiency v/s Q
vi. I/P v/s Q
vii. Q v/s H
viii. O/P v/s Q
Result:

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EXPERIMENT NO.13
RECIPROCATING PUMP
Aim: To find the percentage slip and study the performance of Reciprocating Pump

Apparatus: Reciprocating pump experimental setup, stop watch

Theory: Write the following theory topics

i. Neat sketch of reciprocating pump, working principle

ii. Slip, % slip
iii. Air vessels- working and applications
iv. Indicator diagram

Fig : - Double-Action Piston Pump

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Procedure:

1. Prime the pump

2. Open the delivery valve fully and start the pump.

3. Note down the values of delivery pressure, suction pressure and speed of pump

4. Note down the time taken to collect ‘R’ m of water in measuring tank and time for ‘n’ revolutions of energy
meter disc

5. Change the discharge using delivery valve and once again note down the above readings

6. Repeat the experiment for different discharges

Tabular column:

Sl. Pg Vg N R T t H Qth Qact S I/P O/P η

No.
kgf/cm2 mm rpm m s s m m3/s m3/s % kW kW %
of
Hg

Where

Pg1=Delivery pressure of water in stage 1, kg/cm 2

Pg2= Delivery pressure of water in stage 2, kg/cm2

Vg= Vacuum gauge reading, mm of Hg

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N= Speed of the pump, rpm

R= Rise of water in Measuring tank, m

T= Time taken to collect ‘R’ m rise of water in measuring tank, s

t= time taken for n revolutions of energy meter disc

H= Total Head of the pump, m of water

= × 10.13 + 9.81P + 0.0136 760 − V

.

LAc N
Qth=
60

L=Stroke length of cylinder, m

Ac= Area of the cylinder, m2

 D 2

=
4

D= Diameter of cylinder, m

Qact =Actual discharge m3/s

A R
=
T

A= Area of the measuring tank, m2

=lxb

l= Length of the tank, m

b=Breadth of the tank, m

S= Percentage Slip

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Qth  Qact 
=  100
Qth

I/P=Input Power of the turbine, kW

×
= x𝜂
× ×

n= Number of revolutions of energy meter disc

k= Energy meter constant

𝜂 = Transmission efficiency=0.7

O/P= Output power of the pump, kW

wQH
=
1000

w= Specific weight of water=9810 N/m3

η=Efficiency of pump, %

O/P
=  100
I/P

Graphs:

iii. Efficiency v/s Q

iv. IP v/s Q
v. Q v/s H
vi. O/P v/s Q
Result:

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EXPERIMENT NO.13
TWO STAGE RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR

Aim: To conduct a performance test on two stage reciprocating air compressor

Apparatus: Two stage reciprocating air compressor setup, tachometer

Theory: Write the following theory topics

i. Compressed air applications

ii. Working of two stage air compressor
iii. Compressor efficiencies
iv. Methods used to get nearly isothermal compression

AIR COOLER

ON/OFF o RPM
LP HP C
First stage Second stage
Main
COMPRESSOR Manometer

OUTLET
T1
AIR

TWO STAGE RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Procedure:

1. Close the delivery valve

2. Switch on the compressor and leave for some time to attain normal speed
3. When the compressor develops the pressure, adjust the control valve and maintain a constant
delivery pressure

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4. Note down the manometer reading, speed of motor and compressor, intermediate pressure,
discharge pressure
5. Repeat the experiment for different discharge pressures
Specifications:

i. Diameter of LP Cylinder= 69mm

ii. Stroke length of LP Cylinder= 79mm
iii. Diameter of orifice= 16mm
Tabular column:

Sl. Pd Pi Nm Nc T hw ha Va Vth Wiso Ws ηv ηiso

No.
kgf/c kgf/c rpm rpm s m of m of m3/s m3/ kW kW % %

m2 m2 water air s

Pd= Delivery pressure of air, kgf/cm2

Pi= Pressure of HP cylinder, kgf/cm2

Nm= Motor speed, rpm

Nc = Compressor speed, rpm

hw= Manometer reading, m of water

ha= Head of air, m of air

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 w hw Pa
=  w = Density of water, 1000kg/m3,  a = Density of air, kg/m3 =
a RT a

Pa= Atmospheric pressure, 1.013 x100 kPa, R= Gas constant =0.287 kJ/kg K for air

Ta= Atmospheric or room temperature, K,

Va= Actual volume of air delivered = C A 2gh , m3/s

2   d02
Cd= Coefficient of Discharge=0.62, Ao= Area of orifice, m =
4

do= Diameter of orifice, m g= Acceleration due to gravity, 9.81m/s 2

Vth= Theoretical Volume of air delivered, m3/s

=
×

D =Diameter of LP Cylinder, m

L =Stroke length of LP Cylinder, m

Wiso=Isothermal work, kW

P 
= P1V a log e  d 
 P1 

P1= Pa= Atmospheric pressure=1.013x100 kPa

Ws = Shaft work, kPa

ηt = Transmission efficiency = 0.90

ηv= Volumetric efficiency, %

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Va
v =  100
Vth

ηiso = Isothermal efficiency, %

= × 100

Graphs:

i. ηv v/s Pd
ii. ηiso v/s Pd
iii. ηv v/s Nc
iv. Ws v/s Va
Result:

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QUESTION BANK FOR FLOW AND HYDRAULIC MACHINES EXPERIMENTS

1. Define fluid.
2. Differentiate between fluid and solid.
3. Define Specific volume
4. Define Specific gravity.
5. Define Viscosity.
6. Define Compressibility.
7. Define vapour pressure.
8. Define Capillarity.
9. Define Surface tension.
10. Differentiate between Absolute and gauge pressures.
11. Mention two pressure measuring instruments.
12. What is peizometer?
13. How manometers are classified.
14. What is pitot static tube?
15. Write down the units for dynamic and kinematic viscosity.
16. State Newton’s law of viscosity.
17. Differentiate between Newtonian and non Newtonian fluid.
18. Differentiate between ideal and real fluid.
19. What is ideal plastic fluid?
20. Define velocity gradient.
21. What is the difference weight density and mass density?
22. What is the difference between dynamic and kinematic viscosity?
23. Differentiate between specific weight and specific volume.
24. Define relative density.
25. What is vacuum pressure?
26. What is absolute zero pressure?
27. Write down the value of atmospheric pressure head in terms of water and Hg.
28. Define steady flow.
29. Define uniform flow.
30. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow.
31. How will you classify the flow as laminar and turbulent?
32. Differentiate between compressible and incompressible flow.
33. Differentiate between rotational and irrotational flow.
34. Define stream function.
35. Define velocity potential function.
36. Write down continuity equation for compressible and incompressible fluid.
37. Write down continuity equation in three dimensions.
38. Write down Euler’s equation of motion.
39. Write down Bernoulli’s equation of motion for ideal and real fluid.
40. State the assumptions made in Bernoulli’s equation of motion.
41. Mention the applications of Bernoulli’s equation of motion.
42. Mention few discharge measuring devices
43. Draw the venturimeter and mention the parts.
44. Why the divergent cone is longer than convergent cone in venturimeter?
45. Compare the merits and demerits of venturimeter with orifice meter.

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46. Why Cd value is high in venturimeter than orifice meter?

47. What is the difference between Pitot tube and Pitot static tube?
48. What is orifice plate?
49. What do you mean by vena contracta?
50. Define coefficient of discharge.
51. Define coefficient of velocity.
52. Define coefficient of contraction.
53. State Buckingham’s Pi Theorem.
54. What is dimensional homogeneity?
55. What is dimensionless number?
56. Mention the methods for dimensional analysis.
57. Mention few important dimensionless numbers.
58. Mention the type of forces acting in moving fluid.
59. Define Reynold’s number.
60. What is the difference between model and prototype?
61. Mention two application of similarity laws
62. Define geometric similarity.
63. Define kinematic similarity.
64. Define dynamic similarity.
65. What is the difference between fluid kinematics and fluid dynamics?
66. Write down Hagen poiseulle's equation
67. Sketch the velocity distribution for laminar flow between parallel plates.
68. Sketch the shear stress distribution for laminar flow between parallel plates
69. Differentiate between Hydraulic Gradient line and Total Energy line.
70. Write down Darcy -weisback's equation.
71. Mention the application of moody diagram.
72. What is the difference between friction factor and coefficient of friction?
73. What do you mean by major energy loss?
74. List down the type of minor energy losses.
75. Define drag force.
76. Define lift force.
77. What are the classifications of turbine
78. Define impulse turbine.
79. Define reaction turbine.
80. Differentiate between impulse and reaction turbine.
81. What is the function of draft tube?
82. Define specific speed of turbine.
83. What are the main parameters in designing a Pelton wheel turbine?
84. What is breaking jet in Pelton wheel turbine?
85. What is the function of casing in Pelton turbine
86. Draw a simple sketch of Pelton wheel bucket.
87. What is the function of surge tank fixed to penstock in Pelton turbine?
88. How the inlet discharge is controlled in Pelton turbine?
89. What is water hammer?
90. What do you mean by head race?
91. What do you mean by tail race?

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92. What is speed ratio?

93. What is flow ratio?
94. What is the difference between propeller and Kaplan turbine?
95. Mention the parts of Kaplan turbine.
96. Differentiate between inward and outward flow reaction turbine.
97. What is the difference between Francis turbine and Modern Francis turbine?
98. What is the difference between outward and inward flow turbine?
99. What is mixed flow reaction turbine? Give an example.
100. Why draft tube is not required in impulse turbine?
101. How turbines are classified based on head. Give example.
102. How turbines are classified based on flow. Give example
103. How turbines are classified based on working principle. Give example.
104. What does velocity triangle indicates?
105. Draw the velocity triangle for radial flow reaction turbine.
106. Draw the velocity triangle for tangential flow turbine.
107. Mention the type of characteristic curves for turbines.
108. How performance characteristic curves are drawn for turbine.
109. Mention the types of efficiencies calculated for turbine.
110. Define Hydraulic efficiency
111. Define Mechanical efficiency.
112. Define overall efficiency.
113. Define pump.
114. How pumps are classified?
115. Differentiate pump and turbine.
116. Define Rotodynamic pump.
117. Define Positive displacement pump.
118. Differentiate between Rotodynamic and positive displacement pump.
119. Define cavitation in pump.
120. What is the need for priming in pump?
121. Give examples for Rotodynamic pump
122. Give examples for Positive displacement pump.
123. Mention the parts of centrifugal pump.
124. Mention the type of casing used in centrifugal pump.
125. Why the foot valve is fitted with strainer?
126. Why the foot valve is a non return type valve?
127. Differentiate between volute casing and vortex casing.
128. What is the function of volute casing?
129. What is the function of guide vanes?
130. Why the vanes are curved radially backward?
131. What do you mean by relative velocity?
132. What is whirl velocity?
133. What do you mean by absolute velocity?
134. What is the function of impeller?
135. Mention the types of impeller used.
136. Mention the types of efficiencies calculated for pump.
137. Define Hydraulic efficiency

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138. Define Mechanical efficiency.

139. Define overall efficiency
140. Define specific speed of pump.
141. Mention the type of characteristic curves for pump
142. How performance characteristic curves are drawn for pump.
143. Mention the parts of reciprocating pump.
144. What is the function of air vessel?
145. What is slip of reciprocating pump?
146. What is negative slip?
147. What is the condition for occurrence of negative slip?
148. What does indicator diagram indicates?
149. What is the difference between actual and ideal indicator diagram?
150. Briefly explain Gear pump.
151. Differentiate between internal gear pump and external gear pump.
152. Briefly explain vane pump.
153. What is rotary pump?
154. Draw the velocity triangle for centrifugal pump.
155. Draw the indicator diagram fro reciprocating pump.
156. What is the amount of work saved by air vessel?
157. Mention the merits and demerits of centrifugal pump.
158. Mention the merits and demerits of reciprocating pump.
159. What is separation in reciprocating pump?
160. How separation occurs in reciprocating pump?
161. Write down the equation for loss of head due to acceleration in reciprocating
pump.
162. Write down the equation for loss of head due to friction in reciprocating pump.
163. Differentiate single acting and double acting reciprocating pump.

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